武汉市酸雨变化特征及影响因子分析
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摘要
利用质量控制后1990—2014年酸雨逐日观测数据,分析武汉市酸雨变化特征,并研究酸雨与降水强度、风、气团来源及污染源的关系。结果表明:武汉站年均pH值为4. 86,属弱酸雨等级,酸雨强度整体呈增加趋势但2007年后趋于减弱;年均电导率为39.1μS·cm~(-1),呈8. 8μS·cm·(10 a)~(-1)的增加趋势。酸雨强度冬强夏弱,发生频率冬多夏少,电导率冬高夏低。武汉市强酸雨pH值和电导率呈显著负相关,非酸雨呈显著正相关。降水强度在酸雨强弱、发生频率演变过程中作用显著,但不同季节各有差异。1500 m高度处风速增大,武汉市酸雨强度减弱、发生频率减少,西南风向下酸雨发生频率高。强酸雨主要受来自南方酸雨重污染区气团影响,外来污染源经大气输送对武汉市强酸雨贡献大。武汉市SO_2浓度趋于减少,NO_2浓度趋于增加,两者浓度之和自2000年以来呈减少趋势。
Based on the daily observation data of acid rain in Wuhan during 1990 — 2014, we studied the variation of acid rain and its relationship with rainfall intensity, wind, air mass source and pollutant source.The results indicated that the precipitation in Wuhan shows weak acidity and the annual mean pH is 4. 86.The acid rain intensity showed an increasing trend in general but has tended to weaken since 2007. The annual mean electrical conductivity is 50. 3μS · cm~(-1) with a rise of 8. 8 μS · cm~(-1) per decade. The pH value is lower in winter than in summer while the frequency and electrical conductivity are higher in winter than in summer. The conductivity and pH value of intense acid rain have an obvious negative correlation while a significant positive correlation is for non-acid rain. The rainfall intensity is an important factor in the development of acid rain intensity and frequency, showing differences in different seasons. The intensity and the frequency of acid rain decrease when the wind speed at 1500 m height increases. Acid rain occurs more in southwest wind direction. The intense acid rain is mainly affected by acid rain from the south heavy air pollution area,and the external pollution sources by the atmospheric transmission contribute greatly to the intense acid rain in Wuhan. The sulphur dioxide content(SO_2) in Wuhan tends to decline while the nitrogen dioxide content(NO_2) tends to increase. The total concentrations of the two have presented a decreasing trend since 2000.
Based on the daily observation data of acid rain in Wuhan during 1990 — 2014, we studied the variation of acid rain and its relationship with rainfall intensity, wind, air mass source and pollutant source.The results indicated that the precipitation in Wuhan shows weak acidity and the annual mean pH is 4. 86.The acid rain intensity showed an increasing trend in general but has tended to weaken since 2007. The annual mean electrical conductivity is 50. 3μS · cm~(-1) with a rise of 8. 8 μS · cm~(-1) per decade. The pH value is lower in winter than in summer while the frequency and electrical conductivity are higher in winter than in summer. The conductivity and pH value of intense acid rain have an obvious negative correlation while a significant positive correlation is for non-acid rain. The rainfall intensity is an important factor in the development of acid rain intensity and frequency, showing differences in different seasons. The intensity and the frequency of acid rain decrease when the wind speed at 1500 m height increases. Acid rain occurs more in southwest wind direction. The intense acid rain is mainly affected by acid rain from the south heavy air pollution area,and the external pollution sources by the atmospheric transmission contribute greatly to the intense acid rain in Wuhan. The sulphur dioxide content(SO_2) in Wuhan tends to decline while the nitrogen dioxide content(NO_2) tends to increase. The total concentrations of the two have presented a decreasing trend since 2000.
引文
巴金,2008.中国地区酸雨的长期演变及时空分布特征分析[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院.Ba J, 2008. Study on the long-term trend and spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of acid rain over China[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese).
巴金,汤洁,王淑凤,等,2008.重庆地区近10年酸雨时空分布和季节变化特征分析[J].气象,34(9):81-88.Ba J,Tang J,Wang S F,et al.2008. Analysis of spatio-temporal distribution and seasonality of acid rain in Chongqing from 1997 to 2006[J]. Meteor Mon.34(9):81-88(in Chinese).
陈德林.谷淑芳,李洪珍,1989.降水酸度与降水物理量关系的分析[J].气象科学研究院院刊,4(1):82-87. Chen D L,Gu S F,Li H Z, 1989. Analysis of the relationship between the acidity and physical character of precipitation[J]. J Aca Meteor Sci, 4(1):82-87(in Chinese).
丁国安,徐晓斌,王淑凤.等.2004.中国气象局酸雨网基本资料数据集及初步分析[J].应用气象学报,15(增刊):85-94. Ding G A,Xu X B,Wang S F.et al,2004. Datdbase from the acid rain network of China Meteorlogical Administration and its preliminary analyses[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,15(S):85-94(in Chinese).
董蕙青,黄海洪,高安宁,等,2005.影响广西酸雨的大气环流特征分析[J].气象,31(10):51-55. Dong H Q,Huang H H.Gao A N,et al,2005. Analysis of effect of atmosphere circulation on acid rain in Guangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,31(10):51-55(in Chinese).
杜光智.黄晓华,黄霞,等,2003.湖北省酸雨的时空分布规律及成因分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,12(4):377-381. Du G Z,Huang X H, Huang X,et al.2003. Temporal and spatial distribution of acid rain in Hubei Province with a discussion on the cause[J].Resour Environ Yangtze Basin, 12(4):377-381(in Chinese).
洪盛茂,1997.临安地区强酸雨的特点[J].大气科学,21(1):31-38.Hong S M, 1997. The characterisitic of the strong acid rain in Lin'an[J]. Sci Atmos Sinica,21(1):31-38(in Chinese).
侯青,赵艳霞,2009. 2007年中国区域性酸雨的若干特征[J].气候变化研究进展,5(1):7-11. Hou Q,Zhao Y X,2009. An analysis on characterristics of regional acid rain over China in 2007[J]. Adv Climate Change Res,5(1):7-11(in Chinese).
胡倬,1984.酸雨的气象解释及可测性探讨[J].环境科学.5(1):73-76. Hu Z.1984. Discussion on meteorological interpreation and measurability of acid rain[J]. Environ Sci, 5(1):73-76(in Chinese).
黄美元,沈志来,刘帅仁,等.1995.中国西南典型地区酸雨形成过程研究[J].大气科学,19(3):359-366. Huang M Y.Shen Z L,Liu S R,et al,1995. A study on the formation processes of acid rain in some areas of Southweat China[J]. Sci Atmos Sinica. 19(3):359-366(in Chinese).
廖洁,朱志超,侯祺棕,2005.武汉市酸雨分布规体及其成因分析[J].工业安全与环保,31(3):39-40. Liao J,Zhu Z C, Hou Q Z,2005.The distribution regulation and cause analysis on acid rain in Wuhan city[J]. Industrial safety and environmental protection,31(3):39-40(in Chinese).
林长城,林祥明,邹燕,等,2005.福州气象条件与酸雨的关系研究[J].热带气象学报,21(3):330-336. Lin C C,Lin X M,Zou Y,et al,2005. Study on the relationship between meteorological conditions and acid rain in fuzhou[J]. J Trop Meteor,21(3):330-336(in Chinese).
蒲维维.于波,赵秀娟,等.2012.北京地区酸雨的天气影响因素及降水化学特征分析[J].气象科学,32(5):565-572. Pu W W, Yu B,Zhao X J,et al,2012. The analysis of synoptic factors and chemical characteristics of acid rain in Beijing[J]. Scientia Meteor Sinica,32(5):565-572(in Chinese).
邱明燕,石春娥,张浩,等.2009.合肥市酸雨变化特征及其影响因子[J].环境科学学报,29(6):1329-1338. Qiu M Y,Shi C E,Zhang H,et al, 2009. Marked changes of acid rain in Hefei and their causes[J]. Acta Sci Circum,29(6):1329-1338(in Chinese).
石春娥,邱明燕,张爱民,等,2010.安徽省酸雨分布特征和发展趋势及其影响因子[J].环境科学.31(6),1675-1681. Shi C E,Qiu M Y,Zhang A M,et al,2010. Spatiotemporal trends and the impact factors of acid rain in Anhui Province[J]. Environ Sci,31(6):1675-1681(in Chinese).
石敏,张青新,于宁,等,2011.基于气流轨迹大气输送对大连市酸雨形成分析[J].环境科学与技术,34(12H):236-241. Shi M,Zhang Q X,Yu N,et al,2011. Analysis on the form of acid rain in Dalian based on air trajectory clustering[J]. Environ Sci Tech,34(12H):236-241(in Chinese).
孙根厚,汤洁,2013.1992—2010年泰山地区酸雨变化特征及其趋势分析[J].气象,39(3):347-354. Sun G H,Tang J, 2013. Variation characteristics and trend of acid rain in Taishan Mountain Area[J]. Meteor Mon,39(3):347-354(in Chinese).
汤洁,徐晓斌,杨志彪.等.2008.电导率加和性质及其在酸雨观测数据质量评估中的应用[J].应用气象学报,19(4):385-392.Tang J,Xu X B,Yang Z B,et al,2008. The conductivity additivity of ionic components in precipitation and its application to the data evaluation of acid rain monitoring[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,19(4):385-392(in Chinese).
汤洁,俞向明,程红兵,等,2010a.酸雨观测中pH测量负偏差来源[J].应用气象学报,21(4):458-463. Tang J,Yu X M,Cheng H B,et al. 2010a. The cause of pH measurement negative bias in acid rain monitoring[J]. J Appl Meteor,21(4):458-463(in Chi-nese).
汤洁,徐晓斌,巴金,等,2010b. 1992~2006年中国降水酸度的变化趋势[J].科学通报,55(8):705-712. Tang J,Xu X B,Ba J,et al,2010b. Trends of the precipitation acidity over China during1992-2006[J] Chin Sci Bull,55(8):705-712(in Chinese).
王苗,刘敏,王凯,等,2016a. 2007—2014年湖北省酸雨变化时空特征分析[J].气象,42(7):857-864. Wang M,Liu M, Wang K,et al,2016a. Analysis of variation acid rain in Hubei during 2007-2014[J]. Meteor Mon,42(7):857-864(in Chinese).
王苗,王凯,刘敏.2016b. 2014年湖北省酸雨若干特征及其与霾关系分析[J].环境科学与技术,39(4):149-153. Wang M,Wang K,Liu M, 2016b. Characteristics of acid rain of Hubei Province in2014 and relationship between acid rain and smog[J]. Environ Sci Tech,39(4):149-153(in Chinese).
徐梅,祝青林,朱玉强,等,2016.近20年天津市酸雨变化特征及趋势分析[J].气象,42(4):436-442. Xu M,Zhu Q L,Zhu Y Q,et al,2016. Characteristics and variation trend of acid rain in Tianjin during the last 20 years[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(4):436-442(in Chinese).
张新民,柴发合,王淑兰,等,2010.中国酸雨研究现状[J].环境科学研究,23(5):527-532. Zhang X M,Chai F H,Wang S L,et al,2010. Research progress of acid precipitation in China[J]. Res Environ Sci,23(5):527-532(in Chinese).
张铮,孟广礼,1992.1988年两广地区春季酸雨观测和天气形势分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),28(1):86-95. Zhang Z,Meng G L,1992. An observation of spring's acid rain and an analysis of weather situtation at the Liangguang's Area of China in1988. Universitatis Pekinensis(Acta Scinentiarum Naturalium),28(1):86-95(in Chinese).
赵艳霞,侯青,2008. 1993—2006年中国区域酸雨变化特征及成因分析[J].气象学报,66(6):1032-1042. Zhao Y X,Hou Q,2008.Ananalysis on spatial/temporal evolution of acid rain in China(1993—2006)and its causes[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica,66(6):1032-1042(in Chinese).
赵艳霞,侯青,徐晓斌,等,2006. 2005年中国酸雨时空分布特征[J].气候变化研究进展,2(5):242-245. Zhao Y X,Hou Q,Xu X B,et al. 2006. Spatial-temporal distribution of acid rain in China during 2005. Adv Climate Change Res, 2(5):242-245(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2005.酸雨观测业务规范[M].北京:气象出版社:24-25. China Meteorological Administration, 2005. Operational Specifications for Acid Rain Observation[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:24-25(in Chinese).
巴金,汤洁,王淑凤,等,2008.重庆地区近10年酸雨时空分布和季节变化特征分析[J].气象,34(9):81-88.Ba J,Tang J,Wang S F,et al.2008. Analysis of spatio-temporal distribution and seasonality of acid rain in Chongqing from 1997 to 2006[J]. Meteor Mon.34(9):81-88(in Chinese).
陈德林.谷淑芳,李洪珍,1989.降水酸度与降水物理量关系的分析[J].气象科学研究院院刊,4(1):82-87. Chen D L,Gu S F,Li H Z, 1989. Analysis of the relationship between the acidity and physical character of precipitation[J]. J Aca Meteor Sci, 4(1):82-87(in Chinese).
丁国安,徐晓斌,王淑凤.等.2004.中国气象局酸雨网基本资料数据集及初步分析[J].应用气象学报,15(增刊):85-94. Ding G A,Xu X B,Wang S F.et al,2004. Datdbase from the acid rain network of China Meteorlogical Administration and its preliminary analyses[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,15(S):85-94(in Chinese).
董蕙青,黄海洪,高安宁,等,2005.影响广西酸雨的大气环流特征分析[J].气象,31(10):51-55. Dong H Q,Huang H H.Gao A N,et al,2005. Analysis of effect of atmosphere circulation on acid rain in Guangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,31(10):51-55(in Chinese).
杜光智.黄晓华,黄霞,等,2003.湖北省酸雨的时空分布规律及成因分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,12(4):377-381. Du G Z,Huang X H, Huang X,et al.2003. Temporal and spatial distribution of acid rain in Hubei Province with a discussion on the cause[J].Resour Environ Yangtze Basin, 12(4):377-381(in Chinese).
洪盛茂,1997.临安地区强酸雨的特点[J].大气科学,21(1):31-38.Hong S M, 1997. The characterisitic of the strong acid rain in Lin'an[J]. Sci Atmos Sinica,21(1):31-38(in Chinese).
侯青,赵艳霞,2009. 2007年中国区域性酸雨的若干特征[J].气候变化研究进展,5(1):7-11. Hou Q,Zhao Y X,2009. An analysis on characterristics of regional acid rain over China in 2007[J]. Adv Climate Change Res,5(1):7-11(in Chinese).
胡倬,1984.酸雨的气象解释及可测性探讨[J].环境科学.5(1):73-76. Hu Z.1984. Discussion on meteorological interpreation and measurability of acid rain[J]. Environ Sci, 5(1):73-76(in Chinese).
黄美元,沈志来,刘帅仁,等.1995.中国西南典型地区酸雨形成过程研究[J].大气科学,19(3):359-366. Huang M Y.Shen Z L,Liu S R,et al,1995. A study on the formation processes of acid rain in some areas of Southweat China[J]. Sci Atmos Sinica. 19(3):359-366(in Chinese).
廖洁,朱志超,侯祺棕,2005.武汉市酸雨分布规体及其成因分析[J].工业安全与环保,31(3):39-40. Liao J,Zhu Z C, Hou Q Z,2005.The distribution regulation and cause analysis on acid rain in Wuhan city[J]. Industrial safety and environmental protection,31(3):39-40(in Chinese).
林长城,林祥明,邹燕,等,2005.福州气象条件与酸雨的关系研究[J].热带气象学报,21(3):330-336. Lin C C,Lin X M,Zou Y,et al,2005. Study on the relationship between meteorological conditions and acid rain in fuzhou[J]. J Trop Meteor,21(3):330-336(in Chinese).
蒲维维.于波,赵秀娟,等.2012.北京地区酸雨的天气影响因素及降水化学特征分析[J].气象科学,32(5):565-572. Pu W W, Yu B,Zhao X J,et al,2012. The analysis of synoptic factors and chemical characteristics of acid rain in Beijing[J]. Scientia Meteor Sinica,32(5):565-572(in Chinese).
邱明燕,石春娥,张浩,等.2009.合肥市酸雨变化特征及其影响因子[J].环境科学学报,29(6):1329-1338. Qiu M Y,Shi C E,Zhang H,et al, 2009. Marked changes of acid rain in Hefei and their causes[J]. Acta Sci Circum,29(6):1329-1338(in Chinese).
石春娥,邱明燕,张爱民,等,2010.安徽省酸雨分布特征和发展趋势及其影响因子[J].环境科学.31(6),1675-1681. Shi C E,Qiu M Y,Zhang A M,et al,2010. Spatiotemporal trends and the impact factors of acid rain in Anhui Province[J]. Environ Sci,31(6):1675-1681(in Chinese).
石敏,张青新,于宁,等,2011.基于气流轨迹大气输送对大连市酸雨形成分析[J].环境科学与技术,34(12H):236-241. Shi M,Zhang Q X,Yu N,et al,2011. Analysis on the form of acid rain in Dalian based on air trajectory clustering[J]. Environ Sci Tech,34(12H):236-241(in Chinese).
孙根厚,汤洁,2013.1992—2010年泰山地区酸雨变化特征及其趋势分析[J].气象,39(3):347-354. Sun G H,Tang J, 2013. Variation characteristics and trend of acid rain in Taishan Mountain Area[J]. Meteor Mon,39(3):347-354(in Chinese).
汤洁,徐晓斌,杨志彪.等.2008.电导率加和性质及其在酸雨观测数据质量评估中的应用[J].应用气象学报,19(4):385-392.Tang J,Xu X B,Yang Z B,et al,2008. The conductivity additivity of ionic components in precipitation and its application to the data evaluation of acid rain monitoring[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,19(4):385-392(in Chinese).
汤洁,俞向明,程红兵,等,2010a.酸雨观测中pH测量负偏差来源[J].应用气象学报,21(4):458-463. Tang J,Yu X M,Cheng H B,et al. 2010a. The cause of pH measurement negative bias in acid rain monitoring[J]. J Appl Meteor,21(4):458-463(in Chi-nese).
汤洁,徐晓斌,巴金,等,2010b. 1992~2006年中国降水酸度的变化趋势[J].科学通报,55(8):705-712. Tang J,Xu X B,Ba J,et al,2010b. Trends of the precipitation acidity over China during1992-2006[J] Chin Sci Bull,55(8):705-712(in Chinese).
王苗,刘敏,王凯,等,2016a. 2007—2014年湖北省酸雨变化时空特征分析[J].气象,42(7):857-864. Wang M,Liu M, Wang K,et al,2016a. Analysis of variation acid rain in Hubei during 2007-2014[J]. Meteor Mon,42(7):857-864(in Chinese).
王苗,王凯,刘敏.2016b. 2014年湖北省酸雨若干特征及其与霾关系分析[J].环境科学与技术,39(4):149-153. Wang M,Wang K,Liu M, 2016b. Characteristics of acid rain of Hubei Province in2014 and relationship between acid rain and smog[J]. Environ Sci Tech,39(4):149-153(in Chinese).
徐梅,祝青林,朱玉强,等,2016.近20年天津市酸雨变化特征及趋势分析[J].气象,42(4):436-442. Xu M,Zhu Q L,Zhu Y Q,et al,2016. Characteristics and variation trend of acid rain in Tianjin during the last 20 years[J]. Meteor Mon, 42(4):436-442(in Chinese).
张新民,柴发合,王淑兰,等,2010.中国酸雨研究现状[J].环境科学研究,23(5):527-532. Zhang X M,Chai F H,Wang S L,et al,2010. Research progress of acid precipitation in China[J]. Res Environ Sci,23(5):527-532(in Chinese).
张铮,孟广礼,1992.1988年两广地区春季酸雨观测和天气形势分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),28(1):86-95. Zhang Z,Meng G L,1992. An observation of spring's acid rain and an analysis of weather situtation at the Liangguang's Area of China in1988. Universitatis Pekinensis(Acta Scinentiarum Naturalium),28(1):86-95(in Chinese).
赵艳霞,侯青,2008. 1993—2006年中国区域酸雨变化特征及成因分析[J].气象学报,66(6):1032-1042. Zhao Y X,Hou Q,2008.Ananalysis on spatial/temporal evolution of acid rain in China(1993—2006)and its causes[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica,66(6):1032-1042(in Chinese).
赵艳霞,侯青,徐晓斌,等,2006. 2005年中国酸雨时空分布特征[J].气候变化研究进展,2(5):242-245. Zhao Y X,Hou Q,Xu X B,et al. 2006. Spatial-temporal distribution of acid rain in China during 2005. Adv Climate Change Res, 2(5):242-245(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2005.酸雨观测业务规范[M].北京:气象出版社:24-25. China Meteorological Administration, 2005. Operational Specifications for Acid Rain Observation[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:24-25(in Chinese).