中国基础教育公共服务均等化空间格局及其影响因素
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摘要
基于教育POI设施数据,利用ArcGIS比较统计地图(Cartogram)、核密度分析和探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)等方法对基础教育公共服务均等化空间格局进行研究,并采用地理加权回归(GWR)方法对其格局形成的影响因素进行探究。结果表明:东部和中部地区基础教育公共服务资源数量约占65%,基础教育公共服务的高值区域与城市群所在区域较为吻合,低值区域主要分布于胡焕庸线以西,东西部基础教育资源绝对数量差异明显。学前教育服务人均数量的低值区主要分布在西部,中部也存在部分低值塌陷区,相较于中小学,学前教育公共服务的非均等化问题突出。小学和中学教育公共服务人均数量的高高集聚(H-H)和低低集聚(L-L)区域在东中西地区均有分布,综合而言,地区基础教育公共服务人均数量均等化优于绝对数量的均等化状况。常住人口、第三产业比例、建成区面积是基础教育公共服务均等化空间格局分异的主要影响因素。
With the rapid socio-economic development and the progress of urbanization, the demand for basic education public service is increasing both in rural and urban areas. As a result, the issue of regional and urban-rural non-equalization has become increasingly prominent, which significantly affects the development of the harmonious society. Under this background, the paper discussed the equalization of basic education public service. Based on the POI data of basic education facilities, the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of the equalization of basic education public service in China were studied with the method of ArcGIS spatial statistical analysis functions, such as cartogram, kernel density, geographical weighted regression (GWR) and the exploratory sequential data analysis(ESDA). The results show that the basic education public service of eastern and central China accounts for about65%, and the high-value regions of the basic education public service are observed in urban agglomerations of China, while the low-value regions are mainly located to the west of the "Hu Line". The low-value regions of the preschool education public service per capita are found in the central and western regions of China. Compared with the elementary and secondary education public service, the non-equalization situation of the preschool public service is more obvious. The high-high concentrated regions, the elementary and secondary education public service per capita highly owned regions, and the low-low concentrated regions are distributed all over the country. In general, the equalization of regional basic education public service per capita is superior to the absolute numbers. The spatial heterogeneity is recognized by geographical weighted regression model. The resident population, tertiary industry proportion,and urban built-up area are the major factors influencing the spatial pattern of the equalization of basic education public service. Education fiscal expenditure, GDP per capita and the fixed asset investment are the secondary driving forces of the spatial pattern of the equalization of basic education public service.
With the rapid socio-economic development and the progress of urbanization, the demand for basic education public service is increasing both in rural and urban areas. As a result, the issue of regional and urban-rural non-equalization has become increasingly prominent, which significantly affects the development of the harmonious society. Under this background, the paper discussed the equalization of basic education public service. Based on the POI data of basic education facilities, the spatial pattern and the influencing factors of the equalization of basic education public service in China were studied with the method of ArcGIS spatial statistical analysis functions, such as cartogram, kernel density, geographical weighted regression (GWR) and the exploratory sequential data analysis(ESDA). The results show that the basic education public service of eastern and central China accounts for about65%, and the high-value regions of the basic education public service are observed in urban agglomerations of China, while the low-value regions are mainly located to the west of the "Hu Line". The low-value regions of the preschool education public service per capita are found in the central and western regions of China. Compared with the elementary and secondary education public service, the non-equalization situation of the preschool public service is more obvious. The high-high concentrated regions, the elementary and secondary education public service per capita highly owned regions, and the low-low concentrated regions are distributed all over the country. In general, the equalization of regional basic education public service per capita is superior to the absolute numbers. The spatial heterogeneity is recognized by geographical weighted regression model. The resident population, tertiary industry proportion,and urban built-up area are the major factors influencing the spatial pattern of the equalization of basic education public service. Education fiscal expenditure, GDP per capita and the fixed asset investment are the secondary driving forces of the spatial pattern of the equalization of basic education public service.
引文
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[27]周荣,喻登科.中国区域基础教育资源配置均等化的影响因素分析.科技和产业,2012,12(1):63-67.[Zhou Rong,Yu Dengke.Analysis of infection factors of China's regional elementary education resource collocation's equalization.Science Technology and Industry,2012,12(1):63-67.]
[28]胡耀宗.基本公共服务均等化视阈下的义务教育政策选择.清华大学教育研究,2009,30(6):66-72.[Hu Yaozong.The compulsory education policy choice from the perspective of the theory on equalization of basic public services.Tsinghua Journal of Education,2009,30(6):66-72.]
[29]秦勇,薛蔚.中国义务教育均等化的法律保障.中国石油大学学报:社会科学版,2015,31(2):49-54.[Qin Yong,Xue Wei.A study of legal protection of the Chinese compulsory education equalization.Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Social Sciences,2015,31(2):49-54.]
[30]李晓嘉,刘鹏.财政支出视角下的基础教育服务均等化研究.财经科学,2009,(11):10-14.[Li Xiaojia,Liu Peng.Research on equalization of basic education services from the perspective of financial expenditure.Finance&Economics,2009,(11):10-14.]
[31]Henriques R,Ba??o F,Lobo V.Carto-SOM:Cartogram creation using self-organizing maps.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2009,23(4):483-511.
[32]Gastner M T,Newman M E.Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(20):7499-7504.
[33]李玏,刘家明,宋涛,等.北京市绿带游憩空间分布特征及其成因.地理研究,2015,34(8):1507-1521.[Li Le,Liu Jiaming,Song Tao,et al.Spatial characteristics and causes of recreational space in the urban green belt of Beijing,China.Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1507-1521.]
[34]袁丰,魏也华,陈雯,等.苏州市区信息通讯企业空间集聚与新企业选址.地理学报,2010,65(2):153-163.[Yuan Feng,Wei Yehua,Chen Wen,et al.Spatial agglomeration and new firm formation in the information and communication technology industry in Suzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):153-163.]
[35]马卫,白永平,张雍华,等.2002-2011年中国新型城市化空间格局与收敛性分析.经济地理,2015,35(2):62-70.[Ma Wei,Bai Yongping,Zhang Yonghua,et al.Spatial pattern and convergence of new urbanization in China,2002-2011.Economic Geography,2015,35(2):62-70.]
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[2]郑文升,蒋华雄,艾红如,等.中国基础医疗卫生资源供给水平的区域差异.地理研究,2015,34(11):2049-2060.[Zheng Wensheng,Jiang Huaxiong,Ai Hongru,et al.Analysis of regional inequalities of basic medical resources supply in China.Geographical Research,2015,34(11):2049-2060.]
[3]高军波,周春山.西方国家城市公共服务设施供给理论及研究进展.世界地理研究,2009,18(4):81-90.[Gao Junbo,Zhou Chunshan.The progress of the theory and research on the supply of urban public service facilities in western countries.World Regional Studies,2009,18(4):81-90.]
[4]Samuelson P A.The pure theory of public expenditure.Review of Economics&Statistics,1954,36(4):387-389.
[5]Hansmann H.Ownership of the firm.Journal of Law Economics&Organization,1988,4(2):267-304.
[6]Scott D,Jackson E L.Factors that limit and strategies that might encourage people's use of public parks.Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,1996,14(1):1-17.
[7]Kramer R.Government is us:Public administration in an Anti-Government era.Journal of Organizational Change Management,1999,77(6):685-686.
[8]Grytten J,Lund E,Rongen G.Equity in access to public dental services:The experience from Norway.Acta Odontologica Scandinavica,2001,59(6):372-378.
[9]Neutens T,Schwanen T,Frank W,et al.Evaluating the temporal organization of public service provision using spacetime accessibility analysis.Urban Geography,2013,31(8):1039-1064.
[10]Vargas A M D,Ferreira E F E,Mattos F D F,et al.Access to public health services in a borderline area between two cities.Saude E Sociedade,2011,20(3):821-828.
[11]Tremblay J F.Fiscal federalism and public service provision in Canada.Public Policy Review,2007,3(1):51-90.
[12]韩增林,李彬,张坤领.中国城乡基本公共服务均等化及其空间格局分析.地理研究,2015,34(11):2035-2048.[Han Zenglin,Li Bin,Zhang Kunling.Evaluation and spatial analysis of the equalization of basic public service in urban and rural areas in China.Geographical Research,2015,34(11):2035-2048.]
[13]马慧强,韩增林,江海旭,等.我国基本公共服务空间差异格局与质量特征分析.经济地理,2011,31(2):212-217.[Ma Huiqiang,Han Zenglin,Jiang Haixu,et al.The characteristics and spatial differences of basic public services of cities at prefecture level above in China.Economic Geography,2011,31(2):212-217.]
[14]赵林,吴迪,吴殿廷,等.河南省基本公共服务质量空间格局与空间效应研究.地理科学,2016,36(10):1495-1504.[Zhao Lin,Wu Di,Wu Dianting,et al.The spatial pattern and effect of basic public service quality in Henan province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(10):1495-1504.]
[15]赵林,张宇硕,吴殿廷,等.东北地区基本公共服务失配度时空格局演化与形成机理.经济地理,2015,35(3):36-44.[Zhao Lin,Zhang Yushuo,Wu Dianting,et al.The spatio-temporal evolution and formation mechanism of basic public service mismatch in northeast of China.Economic Geography,2015,35(3):36-44.]
[16]文军,顾楚丹.基础教育资源分配的城乡差异及其社会后果:基于中国教育统计数据的分析.华东师范大学学报:教育科学版,2017,35(2):33-42.[Wen Jun,Gu Chudan.The rural-urban differences in resources allocation of basic education and its social consequence:Based on the analysis of China's education statistics.Journal of East China Normal University:Educational Sciences,2017,35(2):33-42.]
[17]戴文亮.新公共服务视阈下的基础教育公平.理论月刊,2012,(4):156-159.[Dai Wenliang.The equity of basic education from the perspective of new public service.Theory Monthly,2012,(4):156-159.]
[18]孙德超.义务教育服务不均等的现实考察及均等化途径研究.社会科学战线,2012,(11):224-228.[Sun Dechao.Research on the reality of unequal service in compulsory education and the ways of equalization.Social Science Front,2012,(11):224-228.]
[19]翟博,孙百才.中国基础教育均衡发展实证研究报告.教育研究,2012,(5):72.[Zhai Bo,Sun Baicai.An empirical analysis report on the equilibrium development of basic education in China.Educational Research,2012,(5):72.]
[20]王永山.合理配置教育资源全面提升西部基础教育.民族教育研究,2004,15(4):66-70.[Wang Yongshan.Rational allocation of educational resources to promote basic education in the west.Journal of Research on Education for Ethnic Minorities,2004,15(4):66-70.]
[21]李佳洺,陆大道,徐成东,等.胡焕庸线两侧人口的空间分异性及其变化.地理学报,2017,72(1):148-160.[Li Jiaming,Lu Dadao,Xu Chengdong,et al.Spatial heterogeneity and its changes of population on the two sides of Hu Line.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):148-160.]
[22]刘琼莲.论基本公共教育服务均等化及其判断标准.中国行政管理,2014,(10):33-36.[Liu Qionglian.On the basic public education services equalization and its judgment standard.Chinese Public Administration,2014,(10):33-36.]
[23]温娇秀,蒋洪.中国省际间基础教育服务均等化水平的变化.财贸经济,2014,(1):44-53.[Wen Jiaoxiu,Jiang Hong.Changes in China's inter-provincial equalization of basic education service.Finance&Trade Economics,2014,(1):44-53.]
[24]翟博.中国基础教育均衡发展实证分析.教育研究,2007,(7):22-30.[Zhai Bo.Demonstrative analysis on the equilibrium development of China's basic education.Educational Research,2007,(7):22-30.]
[25]高天智,申莉涛.基于因子分析法的公共教育服务均等化水平及差异性实证研究.长安大学学报:社会科学版,2016,18(2):134-140.[Gao Tianzhi,Shen Litao.Empirical study of the equalization and differentiation of public education services based on factor analysis.Journal of Chang'an University:Social Science Edition,2016,18(2):134-140.]
[26]吕炜,刘国辉.中国教育均等化若干影响因素研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2010,(5):20-33.[Lv Wei,Liu Guohui.Research on some influencing factors of China's educational equalization.The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2010,(5):20-33.]
[27]周荣,喻登科.中国区域基础教育资源配置均等化的影响因素分析.科技和产业,2012,12(1):63-67.[Zhou Rong,Yu Dengke.Analysis of infection factors of China's regional elementary education resource collocation's equalization.Science Technology and Industry,2012,12(1):63-67.]
[28]胡耀宗.基本公共服务均等化视阈下的义务教育政策选择.清华大学教育研究,2009,30(6):66-72.[Hu Yaozong.The compulsory education policy choice from the perspective of the theory on equalization of basic public services.Tsinghua Journal of Education,2009,30(6):66-72.]
[29]秦勇,薛蔚.中国义务教育均等化的法律保障.中国石油大学学报:社会科学版,2015,31(2):49-54.[Qin Yong,Xue Wei.A study of legal protection of the Chinese compulsory education equalization.Journal of China University of Petroleum:Edition of Social Sciences,2015,31(2):49-54.]
[30]李晓嘉,刘鹏.财政支出视角下的基础教育服务均等化研究.财经科学,2009,(11):10-14.[Li Xiaojia,Liu Peng.Research on equalization of basic education services from the perspective of financial expenditure.Finance&Economics,2009,(11):10-14.]
[31]Henriques R,Ba??o F,Lobo V.Carto-SOM:Cartogram creation using self-organizing maps.International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2009,23(4):483-511.
[32]Gastner M T,Newman M E.Diffusion-based method for producing density-equalizing maps.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(20):7499-7504.
[33]李玏,刘家明,宋涛,等.北京市绿带游憩空间分布特征及其成因.地理研究,2015,34(8):1507-1521.[Li Le,Liu Jiaming,Song Tao,et al.Spatial characteristics and causes of recreational space in the urban green belt of Beijing,China.Geographical Research,2015,34(8):1507-1521.]
[34]袁丰,魏也华,陈雯,等.苏州市区信息通讯企业空间集聚与新企业选址.地理学报,2010,65(2):153-163.[Yuan Feng,Wei Yehua,Chen Wen,et al.Spatial agglomeration and new firm formation in the information and communication technology industry in Suzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(2):153-163.]
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