毛竹采伐剩余物的化学成分、纤维形态及纸浆性能
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摘要
为了更好地利用毛竹Phyllostachys edulis采伐剩余物,以4年生毛竹采伐剩余物竹枝和竹梢为研究对象,采用体视显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪以及热重分析仪等对毛竹采伐剩余物的化学成分和纤维形态等的性质进行分析,且利用硫酸盐法对毛竹采伐剩余物进行制浆造纸,并对纸张性能进行了评价。结果表明:毛竹采伐剩余物主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组成;毛竹采伐剩余物的硝酸-乙醇纤维素质量分数介于342.9～409.3 g·kg~(-1),α-纤维素质量分数约420.0 g·kg~(-1),木质素约240.0 g·kg~(-1),苯醇抽提物为36.7～54.3 g·kg~(-1), 10.0 g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠抽提物为256.7～296.7 g·kg~(-1),灰分质量分数为8.5～26.5 g·kg~(-1);毛竹采伐剩余物半纤维素主要是由阿拉伯糖,木糖和糠醛等糖单元组成,其中以木糖为主(>85.0%);毛竹采伐剩余物纤维长度主要分布在400～2 000μm,长宽比为64.70～65.54;毛竹采伐剩余物热解过程主要分为3个阶段,热分解过程主要发生在第2阶段,毛竹采伐剩余物最大热分解温度为339～341℃;毛竹采伐剩余物经硫酸盐法成浆后,纸浆得率为44.71%,有良好的成浆性能,有较高的抗张强度(63.88 N·m-1·g-1)和耐破强度(4.14 kPa·m~(-2)·g~(-1)),比巨龙竹Dendrocalamus sinicus和龙竹D. peculiaris要优良,可作为纸浆材使用。
To make better use of log ging residues of Phyllostachys edulis,this study used bamboo culm tops and branches as research objects.Properties of the bamboo culm tops and branches,such as chemical composition and fiber morphology,were analyzed by Stereoscopic Microscope,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR),and Thermogravimetric Analyzer(four-year-old bamboo).The kraft process was used for pulp and paper and evaluating its pulping properties.The results showed that the logging residues of moso bamboo were mainly composed of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin.The contents of nitric acid-ethanol cellulose in bamboo residues were between 342.9-409.3 g·kg~(-1),and the contents of α-cellulose were about 420.0 g·kg~(-1).The insoluble lignin contents were about 240.0 g·kg~(-1),the phenyl alcohol extract contents were 36.7-54.3 g·kg~(-1),the10.0 g·L~(-1) NaOH extract contents were 256.7-296.7 g·kg~(-1),the ash contents were 8.5-26.5 g·kg~(-1),and the hemicellulose bamboo logging residues were mainly composed of sugar units such as arabinose,xylose and furfural.The contents of xylose were more than 85.0%.The bamboo fibers of logging residues were mainly distributed in the range of 400-2 000 μm and the aspect ratio was 64.70-65.54;The pyrolysis process of bamboo logging residues is mainly divided into three stages,and the thermal decomposition process mainly occurs in the second stage.The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the bamboo logging residue was 339-341℃;the bamboo logging residues were treated by the sulfate method.After pulping,the pulp yield was 44.71%,with good pulping performance,high tensile strength(63.88 N·m-1·g-1) and burst strength(4.14 kPa·m~(-2)·g~(-1)),better than Dendrocalamus sinicus and D.peculiaris,and the logging residues from bamboo could be used as pulp instead of wood.
To make better use of log ging residues of Phyllostachys edulis,this study used bamboo culm tops and branches as research objects.Properties of the bamboo culm tops and branches,such as chemical composition and fiber morphology,were analyzed by Stereoscopic Microscope,Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR),and Thermogravimetric Analyzer(four-year-old bamboo).The kraft process was used for pulp and paper and evaluating its pulping properties.The results showed that the logging residues of moso bamboo were mainly composed of cellulose,hemicellulose and lignin.The contents of nitric acid-ethanol cellulose in bamboo residues were between 342.9-409.3 g·kg~(-1),and the contents of α-cellulose were about 420.0 g·kg~(-1).The insoluble lignin contents were about 240.0 g·kg~(-1),the phenyl alcohol extract contents were 36.7-54.3 g·kg~(-1),the10.0 g·L~(-1) NaOH extract contents were 256.7-296.7 g·kg~(-1),the ash contents were 8.5-26.5 g·kg~(-1),and the hemicellulose bamboo logging residues were mainly composed of sugar units such as arabinose,xylose and furfural.The contents of xylose were more than 85.0%.The bamboo fibers of logging residues were mainly distributed in the range of 400-2 000 μm and the aspect ratio was 64.70-65.54;The pyrolysis process of bamboo logging residues is mainly divided into three stages,and the thermal decomposition process mainly occurs in the second stage.The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the bamboo logging residue was 339-341℃;the bamboo logging residues were treated by the sulfate method.After pulping,the pulp yield was 44.71%,with good pulping performance,high tensile strength(63.88 N·m-1·g-1) and burst strength(4.14 kPa·m~(-2)·g~(-1)),better than Dendrocalamus sinicus and D.peculiaris,and the logging residues from bamboo could be used as pulp instead of wood.
引文
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[14]蒋新元,胡迅,李湘洲,等.不同部位竹材制备竹活性炭及其对苯酚的吸附性能[J].林业科学,2009,45(4):107-111.JIANG Xinyuan,HU Xun,LI Xiangzhou,et al.Preparation of bamboo activated carbon by different parts of bamboo and their adsorption on phenol[J].Sci Silv Sin,2009,45(4):107-111.
[15]崔敏,殷亚方,姜笑梅,等.不同竹龄毛竹物理性质的差异分析[J].福建林学院学报,2010,30(4):338-343.CUI Min,YIN Yafang,JIANG Xiaomei,et al.Variation analysis of physical characteristics in Phyllostachy pubescens stem at different growth ages[J].J Fujian Coll For,2010,30(4):338-343.
[16]别士霞,沈葵忠,焦健,等.竹材加工剩余物的应用研究[J].黑龙江造纸,2014,42(1):7-10.BIE Shixia,CHEN Kuizhong,JIAO Jian,et al.Study on the application of bamboo processing surplus[J].Heilongjiang Pulp Paper,2014,42(1):7-10.
[17]石淑兰,何福望.制浆造纸分析与检测[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003.
[18]王忠厚.制浆造纸工艺[M].2版.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006.
[19]苏文会,顾小平,马灵飞,等.大木竹化学成分的研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2005,22(2):180-184.SU Wenhui,GU Xiaoping,MA Lingfei,et al.Study on chemical compositions of Bambusa wenchouensis wood[J].JZhejiang For Coll,2005,22(2):180-184.
[20]苏文会,范少辉,彭颖,等.车筒竹、箣竹和越南巨竹竹材的纤维形态与组织比量[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(3):386-390.SU Wenhui,FAN Shaohui,PENG Ying,et al.Fiber forms and tissue measurements of Bambusa sinospinosa,Bambusa blumeana and Dendrocalamus yunnanicus stem[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2011,28(3):386-390.
[21]LATIF S S,NAHAR S,HASAN M.Fabrication and electrical characterization of bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite[J].J Reinf Plast Compos,2015,34(3):187-195.
[22]楚杰,马莉,张军华.热处理竹材的化学成分傅里叶变化红外光谱分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2016,36(11):3557-3562.CHU Jie,MA Li,ZHANG Junhua.The chemical composition of bamboo after heat pretreatment with fourier infrared spectrum analysis[J].Spectrosc Spect Anal,2016,36(11):3557-3562.
[23]魡KERHOLM M,SALM魪N L.The oriented structure of lignin and its viscoelastic properties studied by static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy[J].Holzforschung,2003,57(5):459-465.
[24]LUO Qiang,PENG Hong,ZHOU Mengyang,et al.Alkali extration and physicochemical characterization of hemicellulose from young bamboo(Phyllostachy spubescens Mazel)[J].Bioresources,2012,7(4):5817-5828.
[25]MA Xiaojuan,CAO Shilin,LUO Xiaolin,et al.Pulp and fiber characterization of bamboo dissolving pulp[J].JBiobased Mater Bioenergy,2012,6(3):323-328.
[26]崔敏.毛竹竹龄对制浆性能的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.CUI Min.Influence of Bamboo Ages on the Pulping Performance of Phyllostachy pubescens[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010.
[27]李忠正.植物纤维资源化学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2012.
[28]刘晓波,韩绍中,穆道友,等.德宏州巨龙竹纤维形态和化学成分与制浆性能的初步研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,31(1):83-88.LIU Xiaobo,HAN Shaozhong,MU Daoyou,et al.Preliminary study on the chemical component and fiber morphology and pulping properties of Dendrocalamus sinicus from Dehongzhou[J].J Kunming Univ Sci Technol,2006,31(1)83-88.
[29]杨清,彭镇华,孙启祥,等.金平龙竹的化学成分与制浆性能[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(8):33-35.YANG Qing,PENG Zhenhua,SUN Qixiang,et al.Chemical components and pulping properties of Dendrocalamus peculiaris[J].J Northeast For Univ,2007,35(8):33-35.
[2]徐有明,郝培应,刘清平.竹材性质及其资源开发利用的研究进展[J].东北林业大学学报,2003,31(5):71-77.XU Youming,HAO Peiying,LIU Qingping.Advances of bamboo properties and their resources exploitation and utilization[J].J Northeast For Univ,2003,31(5):71-77.
[3]SCURLOCK J M O,DAYTON D C,HAMES B.Bamboo:an overlooked biomass resource?[J].Biomass Bioenergy2000,19(4):229-244.
[4]QIAN Shaoping,WANG Hui,ZAREI E,et al.Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the properties of moso bamboo particles reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites[J].Compos Part B Eng,2015,82:23-29.
[5]张齐生.竹类资源加工的特点及其利用途径的展望[J].中国林业产业,2004(1):9-11.ZHANG Qisheng.Characteristics of bamboo resource processing and prospect of its utilization[J].China For Ind2004(1):9-11.
[6]张建,汪奎宏,李琴,等.我国竹材利用率现状分析与建议[J].林业机械与木工设备,2006,34(8):7-10.ZHANG Jian,WANG Kuihong,LI Qin,et al.Status analysis and suggestions for bamboo utilization rate in China[J]For Mach Woodwork Equip,2006,34(8):7-10.
[7]段新芳,周泽峰,徐金梅,等.我国林业剩余物资源、利用现状及建议[J].中国人造板,2017,24(11):1-5.DUAN Xinfang,ZHOU Zefeng,XU Jinmei,et al.Utilization situation and suggestion of forestry residues resource in China[J].China Wood-Bas Pan,2017,24(11):1-5.
[8]王红彦,左旭,王道龙,等.中国林木剩余物数量估算[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(2):29-38.WANG Hongyan,ZUO Xu,WANG Daolong,et al.The estimation of forest residue resources in China[J].J Cent South Univ For Technol,2017,37(2):29-38.
[9]辜夕容,邓雪梅,刘颖旎,等.竹废弃物的资源化利用研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(1):236-242.GU Xirong,DENG Xuemei,LIU Yinni,et al.Review on comprehensive utilization of bamboo residues[J].Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,2016,32(1):236-242.
[10]YAN Keliang,LIU Fang,CHEN Qing,et al.Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of lignin derived from enzymatic hydrolysis residue of bamboo pretreated with white-rot fungus[J].Biotechnol Biofuels,2016,9(1):76.doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0489-y.
[11]YANG Zhanping,XU Songwei,MA Xiaolong,et al.Characterization and acetylation behavior of bamboo pulp[J]Wood Sci Technol,2008,42(8):621-632.
[12]邓长春,林晓庆,李建平,等.我国采伐剩余物的清理和利用现状及对策[J].四川林业科技,2016,37(2):107-110.DENG Changchun,LIN Xiaoqing,LI Jianping,et al.The status and some suggestions about the cleaning and utilization of logging residues in China[J].J Sichuan For Sci Technol,2016,37(2):107-110.
[13]MORIANA R,VILAPLANA F,EK M.Forest residues as renewable resources for bio-based polymeric materials and bioenergy:chemical composition,structure and thermal properties[J].Cellulose,2015,22(5):3409-3423.
[14]蒋新元,胡迅,李湘洲,等.不同部位竹材制备竹活性炭及其对苯酚的吸附性能[J].林业科学,2009,45(4):107-111.JIANG Xinyuan,HU Xun,LI Xiangzhou,et al.Preparation of bamboo activated carbon by different parts of bamboo and their adsorption on phenol[J].Sci Silv Sin,2009,45(4):107-111.
[15]崔敏,殷亚方,姜笑梅,等.不同竹龄毛竹物理性质的差异分析[J].福建林学院学报,2010,30(4):338-343.CUI Min,YIN Yafang,JIANG Xiaomei,et al.Variation analysis of physical characteristics in Phyllostachy pubescens stem at different growth ages[J].J Fujian Coll For,2010,30(4):338-343.
[16]别士霞,沈葵忠,焦健,等.竹材加工剩余物的应用研究[J].黑龙江造纸,2014,42(1):7-10.BIE Shixia,CHEN Kuizhong,JIAO Jian,et al.Study on the application of bamboo processing surplus[J].Heilongjiang Pulp Paper,2014,42(1):7-10.
[17]石淑兰,何福望.制浆造纸分析与检测[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003.
[18]王忠厚.制浆造纸工艺[M].2版.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006.
[19]苏文会,顾小平,马灵飞,等.大木竹化学成分的研究[J].浙江林学院学报,2005,22(2):180-184.SU Wenhui,GU Xiaoping,MA Lingfei,et al.Study on chemical compositions of Bambusa wenchouensis wood[J].JZhejiang For Coll,2005,22(2):180-184.
[20]苏文会,范少辉,彭颖,等.车筒竹、箣竹和越南巨竹竹材的纤维形态与组织比量[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(3):386-390.SU Wenhui,FAN Shaohui,PENG Ying,et al.Fiber forms and tissue measurements of Bambusa sinospinosa,Bambusa blumeana and Dendrocalamus yunnanicus stem[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2011,28(3):386-390.
[21]LATIF S S,NAHAR S,HASAN M.Fabrication and electrical characterization of bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite[J].J Reinf Plast Compos,2015,34(3):187-195.
[22]楚杰,马莉,张军华.热处理竹材的化学成分傅里叶变化红外光谱分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2016,36(11):3557-3562.CHU Jie,MA Li,ZHANG Junhua.The chemical composition of bamboo after heat pretreatment with fourier infrared spectrum analysis[J].Spectrosc Spect Anal,2016,36(11):3557-3562.
[23]魡KERHOLM M,SALM魪N L.The oriented structure of lignin and its viscoelastic properties studied by static and dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy[J].Holzforschung,2003,57(5):459-465.
[24]LUO Qiang,PENG Hong,ZHOU Mengyang,et al.Alkali extration and physicochemical characterization of hemicellulose from young bamboo(Phyllostachy spubescens Mazel)[J].Bioresources,2012,7(4):5817-5828.
[25]MA Xiaojuan,CAO Shilin,LUO Xiaolin,et al.Pulp and fiber characterization of bamboo dissolving pulp[J].JBiobased Mater Bioenergy,2012,6(3):323-328.
[26]崔敏.毛竹竹龄对制浆性能的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.CUI Min.Influence of Bamboo Ages on the Pulping Performance of Phyllostachy pubescens[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010.
[27]李忠正.植物纤维资源化学[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2012.
[28]刘晓波,韩绍中,穆道友,等.德宏州巨龙竹纤维形态和化学成分与制浆性能的初步研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,31(1):83-88.LIU Xiaobo,HAN Shaozhong,MU Daoyou,et al.Preliminary study on the chemical component and fiber morphology and pulping properties of Dendrocalamus sinicus from Dehongzhou[J].J Kunming Univ Sci Technol,2006,31(1)83-88.
[29]杨清,彭镇华,孙启祥,等.金平龙竹的化学成分与制浆性能[J].东北林业大学学报,2007,35(8):33-35.YANG Qing,PENG Zhenhua,SUN Qixiang,et al.Chemical components and pulping properties of Dendrocalamus peculiaris[J].J Northeast For Univ,2007,35(8):33-35.