人工饲养白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)夏、秋季行为节律研究
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摘要
白颈长尾雉Syrmaticusellioti是鸡形目Galliformes雉科Phasianidae长尾雉属Syrmaticus珍稀鸟类。为了解笼养白颈长尾雉夏秋季行为节律的特点和变化规律, 2016年6月和10月采用瞬时扫描法对湖南省野生动物救护繁育中心笼养的6只白颈长尾雉行为节律进行观测。将白颈长尾雉的行为分为取食、运动、警戒、静止、清理共5类,包含16种具体行为,对每一种行为进行描述,初步建立白颈长尾雉行为谱。统计各时间段白颈长尾雉行为种数,研究发现白颈长尾雉夏季的行为种类较多且更活跃。游走、站立、休憩、摄食、觅食、理羽和张望等行为在各个时间段有发生。运动和静止行为是人工饲养白颈长尾雉主要行为类型。夏季的警觉行为相较秋季发生频率更高。建议笼养条件下在繁殖期间对雄鸟进行分栏管理,避免雄鸟求偶炫耀争夺配偶打斗受伤,同时雌雄搭配多应以1雄2雌或者1雄3雌搭配为佳;警觉行为在秋季发生的频率较低,秋季白颈长尾雉受威胁情况不多,且不存在求偶、孵卵、育雏等繁殖期行为,只需要保证自身安全即可,非繁殖期共笼饲养是可行的,只需保持合理的密度即可。初步掌握白颈长尾雉夏秋季节的行为习性,时间规律和活动节律,能为笼养白颈长尾雉饲养、野外放归、保护等提供科学参考。
Syrmaticus ellioti(Elliot's Pheasant) belongs to the order Galliformes and family Phasianidae. To understand the behavioral rhythm characteristics of S. ellioti in summer and autumn, a transient scanning method was used to observe the behavioral rhythms of six S. ellioti individuals in the Hunan Wild Animal Rescue and Breeding Center in June and October 2016. Study on the behavior of S. ellioti was divided into feeding, movement, alert, stationary, and cleaning, up to a total of 5 categories, including 16 specific behaviors and a description of each behavior. The results showed that S. ellioti showed more types of behavior and was more active in summer than in autumn. Behavior, such as walking, standing, sitting, feeding,foraging, preening, and looking occurred in summer and autumn. Movement and stationary behavior in the artificially reared S. ellioti were the main behavior types. Alert behavior in summer was more frequent than that in autumn, suggesting that artificially reared S. ellioti should be managed carefully during the breeding period, to avoid fighting injuries from male courtship for spouses, and male and female collocation should be a male and two females or one male and three females; and the low frequency of occurrence in the autumn should be noted. In autumn, limited threatening situations, no courtship,hatching and brooding, and breeding behavior occurred; therefore, it is necessary to only ensure their own safety during this time, and mixed breeding during the non-breeding period is a feasible method to maintain a reasonable density. This study preliminarily illustrated the temporal variation in S. ellioti behavior during summer and autumn, and could provide a scientific reference for the protection and management of the breeding and reintroduction of S. ellioti in the wild.
Syrmaticus ellioti(Elliot's Pheasant) belongs to the order Galliformes and family Phasianidae. To understand the behavioral rhythm characteristics of S. ellioti in summer and autumn, a transient scanning method was used to observe the behavioral rhythms of six S. ellioti individuals in the Hunan Wild Animal Rescue and Breeding Center in June and October 2016. Study on the behavior of S. ellioti was divided into feeding, movement, alert, stationary, and cleaning, up to a total of 5 categories, including 16 specific behaviors and a description of each behavior. The results showed that S. ellioti showed more types of behavior and was more active in summer than in autumn. Behavior, such as walking, standing, sitting, feeding,foraging, preening, and looking occurred in summer and autumn. Movement and stationary behavior in the artificially reared S. ellioti were the main behavior types. Alert behavior in summer was more frequent than that in autumn, suggesting that artificially reared S. ellioti should be managed carefully during the breeding period, to avoid fighting injuries from male courtship for spouses, and male and female collocation should be a male and two females or one male and three females; and the low frequency of occurrence in the autumn should be noted. In autumn, limited threatening situations, no courtship,hatching and brooding, and breeding behavior occurred; therefore, it is necessary to only ensure their own safety during this time, and mixed breeding during the non-breeding period is a feasible method to maintain a reasonable density. This study preliminarily illustrated the temporal variation in S. ellioti behavior during summer and autumn, and could provide a scientific reference for the protection and management of the breeding and reintroduction of S. ellioti in the wild.
引文
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[20]刘鹏,张微微.官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉季节性生境选择[J].生态学报,2017,37(18):6005-6013.
[21]宿秀江,何建军,薛亚东,等.白云山自然保护区雉类对生境的选择[J].湖南林业科技,2016,43(2):26-33.
[22]WANG Ning,LIU Yang,ZHANG Zhengwang.Characterization of nine microsatellite loci for a globally vulnerable species,Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)[J].Conservation Genetics,2009,10(5):1511-1514.
[23]姚艳,姜卫星,唐松元,等.笼养白颈长尾雉血液生理生化指标的测定[J].经济动物学报,2015,19(1):44-46.
[24]谌南辉,谌澄光,李彦萍.一起白颈长尾雉发病死亡报告[J].经济动物学报,1998,(4):32-36.
[25]庾太林,陆祖军,李飞龙,等.白颈长尾雉圈养种群大肠杆菌耐药性及其耐药基因[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2014,33(3):543-550.
[26]丁平,杨月伟,李智,等.白颈长尾雉栖息地的植被特征研究[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2001,28(5):557-562.
[27]叶淑英,王振龙,路纪琪,等.人为干扰对城市园林麻雀惊飞距离的影响[J].郑州大学学报(理学版),2013,45(4):96-101.
[28]刘选珍,李洪文,余建秋,等.三种圈养雉类的行为比较研究[J].野生动物学报,2012,33(4):191-195.
[29]蔡路昀,徐言朋,蒋萍萍,等.白颈长尾雉的活动区和日活动距离[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(6):679-683.
[30]丁平,张词祖.白颈长尾雉繁殖生态的研究[J].动物学研究,1990,8(2):139-145.
[2]LUKACS D E,POULIN M,BESENTHAL H,et al.Diurnal and nocturnal activity time budgets of Asian Elephants(Elephas maximus)in a zoological park[J].Animal Behavior&Cognition,2016,3(2):63-77.
[3]尚玉昌.动物的行为节律[J].生物学通报,2006,41(10):8-10.
[4]ASCHOFF J.Comparative physiology:diurnal rhythms[J].Annual Review of Physiology,1963,25(1):581-600.
[5]杨勇,温俊宝,胡德夫.鸟类栖息地研究进展[J].林业科学,2011,47(11):172-180.
[6]窦亮,徐雨,耿秋扎西,等.笼养绿尾虹雉炫耀行为节律及天气因素对该行为的影响研究[J].四川动物,2015,34(3):399-402.
[7]廖嘉欣,赵运林,徐正刚,等.洞庭湖小天鹅越冬中期行为节律研究[J].西南林业大学学报,2015,(6):85-91.
[8]徐正刚,段酬苍,冯蕾,等.冬季圈养灰雁行为初步观察[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(5):869-874.
[9]XU Jiliang,ZHANG Zhengwang,WANG Yong,et al.Spatio-temporal responses of male Reeves's pheasants Syrmaticus reevesii to forest edges in the Dabie Mountains,central China[J].Wildlife Biology,2011,(1):16-24.
[10]段酬苍,赵运林,李立,等.救助小天鹅越冬期行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2016,37(3):216-220.
[11]徐正刚,吴良,赵运林,等.洞庭湖笼养鸿雁行为节律研究[J].野生动物学报,2015,36(4):416-421.
[12]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[13]江惠敏.白颈长尾雉的人工饲养管理与繁殖[J].养禽与禽病防治,2005,(11):40-42.
[14]黄松,方秀峰,黄接棠.白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti)的人工繁殖[J].安徽大学学报(自科版),2003,27(3):98-102.
[15]沈钧,余新华.白颈长尾雉的饲育[J].动物学杂志,1988,(6):40-41.
[16]石建斌,郑光美.白颈长尾雉栖息地的季节变化[J].动物学研究,1997,18(3):275-283.
[17]丁平,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.浙江西部白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化研究[J].动物学研究,2000,21(1):65-69.
[18]丁平,李智,姜仕仁,等.白颈长尾雉栖息地小区利用度影响因子研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(1):103-108.
[19]ZHOU Chunfa,XU Jiliang,ZHANG Zhengwang.Dramatic decline of the Vulnerable Reeves's pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii,endemic to central China[J].Oryx,2015,49(3):529-534.
[20]刘鹏,张微微.官山自然保护区白颈长尾雉季节性生境选择[J].生态学报,2017,37(18):6005-6013.
[21]宿秀江,何建军,薛亚东,等.白云山自然保护区雉类对生境的选择[J].湖南林业科技,2016,43(2):26-33.
[22]WANG Ning,LIU Yang,ZHANG Zhengwang.Characterization of nine microsatellite loci for a globally vulnerable species,Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)[J].Conservation Genetics,2009,10(5):1511-1514.
[23]姚艳,姜卫星,唐松元,等.笼养白颈长尾雉血液生理生化指标的测定[J].经济动物学报,2015,19(1):44-46.
[24]谌南辉,谌澄光,李彦萍.一起白颈长尾雉发病死亡报告[J].经济动物学报,1998,(4):32-36.
[25]庾太林,陆祖军,李飞龙,等.白颈长尾雉圈养种群大肠杆菌耐药性及其耐药基因[J].基因组学与应用生物学,2014,33(3):543-550.
[26]丁平,杨月伟,李智,等.白颈长尾雉栖息地的植被特征研究[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2001,28(5):557-562.
[27]叶淑英,王振龙,路纪琪,等.人为干扰对城市园林麻雀惊飞距离的影响[J].郑州大学学报(理学版),2013,45(4):96-101.
[28]刘选珍,李洪文,余建秋,等.三种圈养雉类的行为比较研究[J].野生动物学报,2012,33(4):191-195.
[29]蔡路昀,徐言朋,蒋萍萍,等.白颈长尾雉的活动区和日活动距离[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2007,34(6):679-683.
[30]丁平,张词祖.白颈长尾雉繁殖生态的研究[J].动物学研究,1990,8(2):139-145.