弱中心化的配电网市场交易机制、模型与技术实现
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摘要
新一轮电力体制改革的进行推动了双边开放电力市场的发展,新结构下市场成员间的互动行为更加灵活多变。为引导市场成员理性报价,鼓励各成员间开展良性竞争,首先,构建了综合成员利益和系统网损的能量优化模型。其次,提出了弱中心化的新型市场机制,该机制设计了市场交易成员、框架和流程。在市场成员中,配电网系统运营商作为超级用户参与市场的监管工作,并与普通用户共同参与市场出清。普通用户在出清过程中可权衡利弊多次修改自身报价,还原了电力市场自由竞争、分散决策的特性。然后,利用交替方向乘子算法进行市场出清,市场成员间只需传递少量信息即可通过并行计算达到市场均衡,抑制了成本信息不对称引发的恶意报价行为。最后,针对所提交易机制设计了基于区块链技术的以太坊智能合约方案,通过算例和部署在以太坊私有链上的智能合约,验证了所提市场机制的有效性。
The renewed electricity reform has promoted the development of the bilateral open electricity market,and the interaction among market members is more flexible in the new structure.To guide the rational quotation and encourage healthy competition among members,firstly,an energy optimization model which contains interests of members and power losses is established.Secondly,a new weakly-centralized market mechanism is proposed.The mechanism designs market members,the frame and the process.In the market members,distribution system operator participates in the supervision of the market as super users and joins in market clearing with ordinary users.Ordinary users may weight the pros and cons and modify their offers many times in the clearing process,which restores characteristics of the electricity market for free competition and decentralized decision-making.Then,the alternating direction method of multipliers is used to clear the market,and market members can achieve market equilibrium by parallel computation with only a small amount of information,which can restrain the malicious bidding behavior caused by asymmetric cost information.Finally,a smart contract based on block chain technology is designed for the market mechanism.Through the example and the smart contract deployed on the private chain of Ethereum,the effectiveness of the proposed market mechanism is verified.
The renewed electricity reform has promoted the development of the bilateral open electricity market,and the interaction among market members is more flexible in the new structure.To guide the rational quotation and encourage healthy competition among members,firstly,an energy optimization model which contains interests of members and power losses is established.Secondly,a new weakly-centralized market mechanism is proposed.The mechanism designs market members,the frame and the process.In the market members,distribution system operator participates in the supervision of the market as super users and joins in market clearing with ordinary users.Ordinary users may weight the pros and cons and modify their offers many times in the clearing process,which restores characteristics of the electricity market for free competition and decentralized decision-making.Then,the alternating direction method of multipliers is used to clear the market,and market members can achieve market equilibrium by parallel computation with only a small amount of information,which can restrain the malicious bidding behavior caused by asymmetric cost information.Finally,a smart contract based on block chain technology is designed for the market mechanism.Through the example and the smart contract deployed on the private chain of Ethereum,the effectiveness of the proposed market mechanism is verified.
引文
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[9]张馨瑜,陈启鑫,葛睿,等.考虑灵活块交易的电力现货市场出清模型[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(24):35-41.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170614006.ZHANG Xinyu,CHEN Qixin,GE Rui,et al.Clearing model of electricity spot market considering flexible block orders[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(24):35-41.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170614006.
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[12]沈俭荣,文云峰,郭创新,等.基于产消方式的互联微网协同自治运行策略[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(9):40-47.SHEN Jianrong,WEN Yunfeng,GUO Chuangxin,et al.Prosumer-based autonomous-synergetic operation strategy for interconnected microgrids[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(9):40-47.
[13]林静怀,米为民,叶飞,等.智能调度建模技术中若干问题的研究[J].电网技术,2011,35(6):1-4.LIN Jinghuai,MI Weimin,YE Fei,et al.Several issues in modeling technique for intelligent dispatching[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(6):1-4.
[14]舒畅,钟海旺,夏清.基于优化理论市场化的日前电力市场机制设计[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(2):55-62.SHU Chang,ZHONG Haiwang,XIA Qing.Day-ahead electricity market design based on market interpretation of optimization theory[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(2):55-62.
[15]李彬,曹望璋,张洁,等.基于异构区块链的多能系统交易体系及关键技术[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,ZHANG Jie,et al.Transaction system and key technologies of multi-energy system based on heterogeneous blockchain[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.
[16]李彬,卢超,曹望璋,等.基于区块链技术的自动需求响应系统应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3691-3702.LI Bin,LU Chao,CAO Wangzhang,et al.A preliminary study of block chain based automated demand response system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3691-3702.
[17]平健,陈思捷,张宁,等.基于智能合约的配电网去中心化交易机制[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3682-3690.PING Jian,CHEN Sijie,ZHANG Ning,et al.Decentralized transactive mechanism in distribution network based on smart contract[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3682-3690.
[18]NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:apeer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL].[2008-09-08].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
[19]顾伟,任佳依,高君,等.含分布式电源和可调负荷的售电公司优化调度模型[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(14):37-44.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170217005.GU Wei,REN Jiayi,GAO Jun,et al.Optimal dispatching model of electricity retailers considering distributed generator and adjustable load[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(14):37-44.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170217005.
[20]刘敦楠,孟雅儒.考虑非价格因素的售电公司竞争力分析[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(23):53-60.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161017005.LIU Dunnan,MENG Yaru.Analysis on competitiveness of electricity retailers considering non-price factor[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(23):53-60.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161017005.
[21]李泓泽,何海峰,郭鑫.厂网分开后独立发电企业竞争力评价的相关问题探讨[J].电网技术,2004,28(20):7-10.LI Hongze,HE Haifeng,GUO Xin.Evaluation of independent generation’s competition competence after separation of grid and generation[J].Power System Technology,2004,28(20):7-10.
[22]WOOD A J,WOLLENBERG B F.Power generation operation and control[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,1996.
[23]刘连光,潘明明,田世明,等.考虑源网荷多元主体的售电竞争非合作博弈方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1618-1625.LIU Lianguang,PAN Mingming,TIAN Shiming,et al.Anon-cooperative game analysis of a competitive electricity retail considering multiple subjects of source-grid-load[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1618-1625.
[24]POZO D,CONTRERAS J.Finding multiple Nash equilibria in pool-based markets:a stochastic EPEC approach[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2011,26(3):1744-1752.
[25]BOYD S,PARIKH N,CHU E.Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Foundations&Trends in Machine Learning,2010,3(1):1-122.
[2]孔祥瑞,李鹏,严正,等.售电侧放开环境下的电力市场压力测试分析[J].电网技术,2016,40(11):3279-3286.KONG Xiangrui,LI Peng,YAN Zheng,et al.Stress testing on electricity market with retail transactions opened[J].Power System Technology,2016,40(11):3279-3286.
[3]DAVID A K,WEN F.Market power in electricity supply[J].IEEE Power Engineering Review,2001,21(12):67-68.
[4]曾嘉志,赵雄飞,李静,等.用电侧市场放开下的电力市场多主体博弈[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(24):129-136.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170616005.ZENG Jiazhi,ZHAO Xiongfei,LI Jing,et al.Game among multiple entities in electricity market with liberalization of power demand side market[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(24):129-136.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170616005.
[5]谢青洋,应黎明,祝勇刚.基于经济机制设计理论的电力市场竞争机制设计[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(10):1709-1716.XIE Qingyang,YING Liming,ZHU Yonggang.Competitive power market mechanism design based on the designing economic mechanisms theory[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(10):1709-1716.
[6]郝然,艾芊,姜子卿.区域综合能源系统多主体非完全信息下的双层博弈策略[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):194-201.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170612013.HAO Ran,AI Qian,JIANG Ziqing.Bi-level game strategy for multi-agent with incomplete information in regional integrated energy system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):194-201.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170612013.
[7]DOU C X,LIU B.Multi-agent based hierarchical hybrid control for smart microgrid[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(2):771-778.
[8]张炜,王秀丽.基于分段竞价的售电侧需求响应策略[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(14):24-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170218006.ZHANG Wei,WANG Xiuli.Block bidding based demand response strategy for power sales side[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(14):24-29.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170218006.
[9]张馨瑜,陈启鑫,葛睿,等.考虑灵活块交易的电力现货市场出清模型[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(24):35-41.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170614006.ZHANG Xinyu,CHEN Qixin,GE Rui,et al.Clearing model of electricity spot market considering flexible block orders[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(24):35-41.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170614006.
[10]赵敏,沈沉,刘锋,等.基于博弈论的多微电网系统交易模式研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(4):848-857.ZHAO Min,SHEN Chen,LIU Feng,et al.A game-theoretic approach to analyzing power trading possibilities in multimicrogrids[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(4):848-857.
[11]KASBEKAR G S,SARKAR S.Pricing games among interconnected microgrids[C]//Power and Energy Society General Meeting,July 22-26,2012,San Diego,USA:1-8.
[12]沈俭荣,文云峰,郭创新,等.基于产消方式的互联微网协同自治运行策略[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(9):40-47.SHEN Jianrong,WEN Yunfeng,GUO Chuangxin,et al.Prosumer-based autonomous-synergetic operation strategy for interconnected microgrids[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(9):40-47.
[13]林静怀,米为民,叶飞,等.智能调度建模技术中若干问题的研究[J].电网技术,2011,35(6):1-4.LIN Jinghuai,MI Weimin,YE Fei,et al.Several issues in modeling technique for intelligent dispatching[J].Power System Technology,2011,35(6):1-4.
[14]舒畅,钟海旺,夏清.基于优化理论市场化的日前电力市场机制设计[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(2):55-62.SHU Chang,ZHONG Haiwang,XIA Qing.Day-ahead electricity market design based on market interpretation of optimization theory[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(2):55-62.
[15]李彬,曹望璋,张洁,等.基于异构区块链的多能系统交易体系及关键技术[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.LI Bin,CAO Wangzhang,ZHANG Jie,et al.Transaction system and key technologies of multi-energy system based on heterogeneous blockchain[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(4):183-193.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170915012.
[16]李彬,卢超,曹望璋,等.基于区块链技术的自动需求响应系统应用初探[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3691-3702.LI Bin,LU Chao,CAO Wangzhang,et al.A preliminary study of block chain based automated demand response system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3691-3702.
[17]平健,陈思捷,张宁,等.基于智能合约的配电网去中心化交易机制[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(13):3682-3690.PING Jian,CHEN Sijie,ZHANG Ning,et al.Decentralized transactive mechanism in distribution network based on smart contract[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(13):3682-3690.
[18]NAKAMOTO S.Bitcoin:apeer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL].[2008-09-08].https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
[19]顾伟,任佳依,高君,等.含分布式电源和可调负荷的售电公司优化调度模型[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(14):37-44.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170217005.GU Wei,REN Jiayi,GAO Jun,et al.Optimal dispatching model of electricity retailers considering distributed generator and adjustable load[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(14):37-44.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20170217005.
[20]刘敦楠,孟雅儒.考虑非价格因素的售电公司竞争力分析[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(23):53-60.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161017005.LIU Dunnan,MENG Yaru.Analysis on competitiveness of electricity retailers considering non-price factor[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(23):53-60.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161017005.
[21]李泓泽,何海峰,郭鑫.厂网分开后独立发电企业竞争力评价的相关问题探讨[J].电网技术,2004,28(20):7-10.LI Hongze,HE Haifeng,GUO Xin.Evaluation of independent generation’s competition competence after separation of grid and generation[J].Power System Technology,2004,28(20):7-10.
[22]WOOD A J,WOLLENBERG B F.Power generation operation and control[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,1996.
[23]刘连光,潘明明,田世明,等.考虑源网荷多元主体的售电竞争非合作博弈方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1618-1625.LIU Lianguang,PAN Mingming,TIAN Shiming,et al.Anon-cooperative game analysis of a competitive electricity retail considering multiple subjects of source-grid-load[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1618-1625.
[24]POZO D,CONTRERAS J.Finding multiple Nash equilibria in pool-based markets:a stochastic EPEC approach[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2011,26(3):1744-1752.
[25]BOYD S,PARIKH N,CHU E.Distributed optimization and statistical learning via the alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Foundations&Trends in Machine Learning,2010,3(1):1-122.