植物功能性状及其叶经济谱对硬化地表的响应
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摘要
为探究植物叶功能性状及其叶经济谱对城市硬化地表的响应,以北京市典型绿化树种白蜡(Fraxinus chinensis)、国槐(Sophora japonica)和栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata)为研究对象,选择城市环境中典型的3种地表类型:自然地表(CK)、透水硬化地表(T1)和不透水硬化地表(T2),测定其地表温度、土壤含水率及植物叶功能性状等指标。结果表明,硬化地表极显著地升高了城市地表温度(P <0. 01),且由大到小表现为T1、T2、CK,而极显著地降低了土壤含水率(P <0. 01),由大到小表现为CK、T2、T1;城市生态环境中,硬化地表对国槐和栾树的影响主要源于高温胁迫,而对白蜡的影响主要源于T2的干旱胁迫; 3个树种叶功能性状间表现出相对一致的生态对策,以适应城市环境的变化,叶绿素含量与比叶面积呈显著正相关(P <0. 05),且分别与叶干物质含量、叶组织密度呈极显著负相关(P <0. 01),叶干物质含量与叶组织密度呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01)。全球叶经济谱也存在于城市生态系统中,且总体上向快速投资收益型一端偏移,城市生态环境中植物通过减小气孔密度和比叶面积、缩小气孔面积、增加叶干物质含量和叶组织密度等策略,来适应城市生态系统中的高温、干旱等特殊生境。因此,在城市绿化植物的选择及配置上,建议根据其生态权衡规律,选择耐高温、耐旱的树种,同时通过增加降温、灌溉,减少生长季修枝等措施来降低不利影响。
To understand the adaptation mechanism of plants to the urban ecological environment from the perspective of functional ecology,three common tree species( Fraxinus chinensis,Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculata) planted in three different treatment plots: pervious brick pavement with a permeability coefficient of more than 0. 4 mm/s, impervious brick pavement with a permeability coefficient near zero,and non-pavement were selected to understand the effects of pavement on leaf functional characteristics and leaf economics spectrum. The result showed that surface temperature was significantly higher in the pavement treatments than that in the control treatment( P < 0. 01),with a higher surface temperature noted for the pervious pavement than that for the non-pavement. Soil moisture content was significantly lower in the impervious pavement treatment than that in the pervious pavement and control treatments( P < 0. 01). Pavement caused heat stress on Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculate,and the impervious pavement caused drought stress on Fraxinus chinensis growth. Leaf functional traits showed relatively consistent ecological countermeasures to adapt to urban environmental changes. Pearson analyses indicated that leaf chlorophyll showed significant positive correlation with specific leaf area( P < 0. 05),and highly significant negative correlation with leaf dry matter content and leaf tissue density,respectively( P < 0. 01). Leaf dry matter content showed highly significant negative correlation leaf tissue density( P < 0. 01). The results indicated that a spectrum of leaf economics also existed in urban pavement environment,and that of the represent species was generally more biased toward the fast investment-return on the leaf economics spectrum. In urban pavement environment,plants would increase leaf dry matter content,leaf tissue density,and reduce stomatal area,stomatal density,and specific leaf area to adapt to special habitats at high temperature and drought stress. Thus,it was necessary to select heat and drought tolerant tree species,manage land with shadowing or irrigation,and reduce trimming branches,in order to guarantee tree growth in paved urban environments.
To understand the adaptation mechanism of plants to the urban ecological environment from the perspective of functional ecology,three common tree species( Fraxinus chinensis,Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculata) planted in three different treatment plots: pervious brick pavement with a permeability coefficient of more than 0. 4 mm/s, impervious brick pavement with a permeability coefficient near zero,and non-pavement were selected to understand the effects of pavement on leaf functional characteristics and leaf economics spectrum. The result showed that surface temperature was significantly higher in the pavement treatments than that in the control treatment( P < 0. 01),with a higher surface temperature noted for the pervious pavement than that for the non-pavement. Soil moisture content was significantly lower in the impervious pavement treatment than that in the pervious pavement and control treatments( P < 0. 01). Pavement caused heat stress on Sophora japonica and Koelreuteria paniculate,and the impervious pavement caused drought stress on Fraxinus chinensis growth. Leaf functional traits showed relatively consistent ecological countermeasures to adapt to urban environmental changes. Pearson analyses indicated that leaf chlorophyll showed significant positive correlation with specific leaf area( P < 0. 05),and highly significant negative correlation with leaf dry matter content and leaf tissue density,respectively( P < 0. 01). Leaf dry matter content showed highly significant negative correlation leaf tissue density( P < 0. 01). The results indicated that a spectrum of leaf economics also existed in urban pavement environment,and that of the represent species was generally more biased toward the fast investment-return on the leaf economics spectrum. In urban pavement environment,plants would increase leaf dry matter content,leaf tissue density,and reduce stomatal area,stomatal density,and specific leaf area to adapt to special habitats at high temperature and drought stress. Thus,it was necessary to select heat and drought tolerant tree species,manage land with shadowing or irrigation,and reduce trimming branches,in order to guarantee tree growth in paved urban environments.
引文
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[11] LAVOREL S,GRIGULIS K. How fundamental plant functional trait relationships scale-up to trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Ecology,2015,100(1):128-140.
[12]于强,岳德鹏,DI Yang,等.基于En KF-MCRP模型的生态用地扩张模拟研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):285-293.YU Qiang,YUE Depeng,DI Yang,et al. Simulation on ecological land use expansion based on En KF-MCRP model[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):285-293. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160939&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 09.039.(in Chinese)
[13]张耘,于强,李梦莹,等.基于En KF-3DVar模型的海淀区地表温度模拟[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):166-172.ZHANG Yu,YU Qiang,LI Mengying,et al. Simulation of surface temperature in Haidian district based on En KF-3DVar model[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):166-172. http:∥www. jcsam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170921&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn.1000-1298. 2017. 09. 021.(in Chinese)
[14] LEE W B,CHO K T,KIM K H,et al. The effect of the cementite phase on the surface hardening of carbon steels by shot peening[J]. Materials Science&Engineering A,2010,527(21):5852-5857.
[15] NIU S,CLASSEN A T,LUO Y. Functional traits along a transect[J]. Functional Ecology,2018,32(1):4-9.
[16] ABE N,MIATTO R C,BATALHA M A. Relationships among functional traits define primary strategies in woody species of the Brazilian“cerrado”[J]. Brazilian Journal of Botany,2018,41(2):1-10.
[17] CRAINE J M,FROECHLE J,TILMAN D G. The relationships among root and leaf traits of 76 grassland species and relative abindance along fertility and disturbance gradients[J]. Oikos,2001,93(2):274-285.
[18] ORDONEZ J C,BODEGOM P M V,WITTE J P M,et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits,climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility[J]. Global Ecology&Biogeography,2010,18(2):137-149.
[19] GALMES J,FLEXAS J,SAVER,et al. Water relations and stomatal characteristics of Mediterranean plants with different growth forms and leaf habits:responses to water stress and recovery[J]. Plant&Soil,2007,290(1/2):139-155.
[20]朱济友,徐程扬,吴鞠.基于e Cognition植物叶片气孔密度及气孔面积快速测算方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(5):37-45.ZHU Jiyou,XU Chengyang,WU Ju. Fast estimation of stomatal density and stomatal area of plant leaves based on e Cognition[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(5):37-45.(in Chinese)
[21] DONOVAN,LISA A,MAHERALI,et al. The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2011,26(2):88-95.
[22] MONTAGUE T,KJELGREN R K. Energy balance of six common landscape surface and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2004,100(1/4):229-249.
[23] NUGIS E,KUHT J,ETANA A,et al. Effects of seedbed characteristics and surface layer hardening on crop emergence and early plant growth[J]. Agronomy Research,2009,7(2):847-854.
[24] ASAEDA T,CA V T,WAKE A. Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(3):413-427.
[25] KJELGREN R,MONTAGUE T. Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfaces[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(1):35-41.
[26]汪旭明,陈媛媛,王效科.人工覆盖地表对北京典型绿化树光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2423-2430.WANG Xuming,CHEN Yuanyuan,WANG Xiaoke. Impact of land pavement on photosynthetic characteristics of common greening trees in Beijing,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2423-2430.(in Chinese)
[27] WENG Q,DENGSHENG L U. A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis, United States[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2008,10(1):68-83.
[28] HETHERINGTON A M,WOODWARD F I. The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change[J]. Nature,2003,424(6951):901-908.
[29]陈媛媛,江波,王效科,等.元宝枫幼苗生长和光合特性对硬化地表的响应[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3258-3265.CHEN Yuanyuan,JIANG Bo,WANG Xiaoke,et al. Responses of growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Acer truncatum seedlings to hardening pavements[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(12):3258-3265.(in Chinese)
[30] PIERCE S,BRUSA G,SARTORI M,et al. Combined use of leaf size and economics traits allows direct comparison of hydrophyte and terrestrial herbaceous adaptive strategies[J]. Annals of Botany,2012,109(3):1047-1053.
[31] REICH P B. The world-wide “fast-slow”plant economics spectrum:a traits manifesto[J]. Journal of Ecology,2014,102(2):275-301.
[32] HIGASHIYAMA H,SANO M,NAKANISHI F,et al. Field measurements of road surface temperature of several asphalt pavements with temperature rise reducing function[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials,2016,4(C):73-80.
[33] SCHINDELBECK R R,VAN ES H M,ABAWI G S,et al. Comprehensive assessment of soil quality for landscape and urban management[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,88(2):73-80.
[34]朱济友,于强,刘亚培,等.植物功能性状及其叶经济谱对城市热环境的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(9):1-10.ZHU Jiyou,YU Qiang,LIU Yapei,et al. Response of plant functional traits and leaf economics spectrum to urban thermal environment[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(9):1-10.(in Chinese)
[35]朱济友,于强,YANG Di,等.叶生态特征及其相关性对下垫面热效应的生态权衡[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(11):201-209.ZHU Jiyou,YU Qiang,YANG Di,et al. Ecological balance of leaf ecological characteristics and their correlation to thermal effects of underlying surfaces[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(11):201-209. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20181124&flag=1. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn.1000-1298. 2018. 11. 024.(in Chinese)
[2] BEDNOVA O V,KUZNETSOV V A,TARASOVA N P. Eutrophicaiton of an urban forest ecosystem:causes and effects[J].Doklady Earth Sciences,2018,478(1):124-128.
[3] VOLDER A,VISWANATHAN B,WATSON W T. Pervious and impervious pavement reduce product and decrease lifespan of fine roots of mature Sweetgum trees[J]. Urban Ecosytems,2014,17(2):445-453.
[4] MULLANEY J,LUCKE T,TRUEMAN S J. The effect of permeable pavements with an underlying base layer on the growth and nutrient status of urban trees[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2015,14(1):19-29.
[5] LUNDHOLM J T,LARSON D W. Relationships between spatial environmental heterogeneity and plant species diversity on a limestone pavement[J]. Ecography,2010,26(6):715-722.
[6] BREZEL S W,SELOVER N,VOSE R,et al. The tale of two climates:Baltimore and Phoenix urban LTER sites[J]. Climate Reseach,2000,15(2):123-135.
[7] MULLANEY J,LUCKE T. Practical review of pervious pavement designs[J]. Clean-Soil,Air,Water,2014,42(2):111-124.
[8] FUNK J L,CORNWELL W K. Leaf traits within communities:context may affect the mapping of traits to function[J].Ecology,2013,94(9):1893-1897.
[9] BAKKER M A,CARRENO-ROCABADO G,POORTER L. Leaf economics traits predict litter decomposition of tropical plants and differ among land use types[J]. Functional Ecology,2001,25(3):473-483.
[10] WRIGHT I J,REICH P B,WESTOBY M,et al. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J]. Nature,2004,428(6985):821-827.
[11] LAVOREL S,GRIGULIS K. How fundamental plant functional trait relationships scale-up to trade-offs and synergies in ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Ecology,2015,100(1):128-140.
[12]于强,岳德鹏,DI Yang,等.基于En KF-MCRP模型的生态用地扩张模拟研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(9):285-293.YU Qiang,YUE Depeng,DI Yang,et al. Simulation on ecological land use expansion based on En KF-MCRP model[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(9):285-293. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20160939&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2016. 09.039.(in Chinese)
[13]张耘,于强,李梦莹,等.基于En KF-3DVar模型的海淀区地表温度模拟[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):166-172.ZHANG Yu,YU Qiang,LI Mengying,et al. Simulation of surface temperature in Haidian district based on En KF-3DVar model[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(9):166-172. http:∥www. jcsam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20170921&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn.1000-1298. 2017. 09. 021.(in Chinese)
[14] LEE W B,CHO K T,KIM K H,et al. The effect of the cementite phase on the surface hardening of carbon steels by shot peening[J]. Materials Science&Engineering A,2010,527(21):5852-5857.
[15] NIU S,CLASSEN A T,LUO Y. Functional traits along a transect[J]. Functional Ecology,2018,32(1):4-9.
[16] ABE N,MIATTO R C,BATALHA M A. Relationships among functional traits define primary strategies in woody species of the Brazilian“cerrado”[J]. Brazilian Journal of Botany,2018,41(2):1-10.
[17] CRAINE J M,FROECHLE J,TILMAN D G. The relationships among root and leaf traits of 76 grassland species and relative abindance along fertility and disturbance gradients[J]. Oikos,2001,93(2):274-285.
[18] ORDONEZ J C,BODEGOM P M V,WITTE J P M,et al. A global study of relationships between leaf traits,climate and soil measures of nutrient fertility[J]. Global Ecology&Biogeography,2010,18(2):137-149.
[19] GALMES J,FLEXAS J,SAVER,et al. Water relations and stomatal characteristics of Mediterranean plants with different growth forms and leaf habits:responses to water stress and recovery[J]. Plant&Soil,2007,290(1/2):139-155.
[20]朱济友,徐程扬,吴鞠.基于e Cognition植物叶片气孔密度及气孔面积快速测算方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(5):37-45.ZHU Jiyou,XU Chengyang,WU Ju. Fast estimation of stomatal density and stomatal area of plant leaves based on e Cognition[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(5):37-45.(in Chinese)
[21] DONOVAN,LISA A,MAHERALI,et al. The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2011,26(2):88-95.
[22] MONTAGUE T,KJELGREN R K. Energy balance of six common landscape surface and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2004,100(1/4):229-249.
[23] NUGIS E,KUHT J,ETANA A,et al. Effects of seedbed characteristics and surface layer hardening on crop emergence and early plant growth[J]. Agronomy Research,2009,7(2):847-854.
[24] ASAEDA T,CA V T,WAKE A. Heat storage of pavement and its effect on the lower atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(3):413-427.
[25] KJELGREN R,MONTAGUE T. Urban tree transpiration over turf and asphalt surfaces[J]. Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(1):35-41.
[26]汪旭明,陈媛媛,王效科.人工覆盖地表对北京典型绿化树光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2423-2430.WANG Xuming,CHEN Yuanyuan,WANG Xiaoke. Impact of land pavement on photosynthetic characteristics of common greening trees in Beijing,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2423-2430.(in Chinese)
[27] WENG Q,DENGSHENG L U. A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis, United States[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2008,10(1):68-83.
[28] HETHERINGTON A M,WOODWARD F I. The role of stomata in sensing and driving environmental change[J]. Nature,2003,424(6951):901-908.
[29]陈媛媛,江波,王效科,等.元宝枫幼苗生长和光合特性对硬化地表的响应[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(12):3258-3265.CHEN Yuanyuan,JIANG Bo,WANG Xiaoke,et al. Responses of growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Acer truncatum seedlings to hardening pavements[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(12):3258-3265.(in Chinese)
[30] PIERCE S,BRUSA G,SARTORI M,et al. Combined use of leaf size and economics traits allows direct comparison of hydrophyte and terrestrial herbaceous adaptive strategies[J]. Annals of Botany,2012,109(3):1047-1053.
[31] REICH P B. The world-wide “fast-slow”plant economics spectrum:a traits manifesto[J]. Journal of Ecology,2014,102(2):275-301.
[32] HIGASHIYAMA H,SANO M,NAKANISHI F,et al. Field measurements of road surface temperature of several asphalt pavements with temperature rise reducing function[J]. Case Studies in Construction Materials,2016,4(C):73-80.
[33] SCHINDELBECK R R,VAN ES H M,ABAWI G S,et al. Comprehensive assessment of soil quality for landscape and urban management[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,88(2):73-80.
[34]朱济友,于强,刘亚培,等.植物功能性状及其叶经济谱对城市热环境的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(9):1-10.ZHU Jiyou,YU Qiang,LIU Yapei,et al. Response of plant functional traits and leaf economics spectrum to urban thermal environment[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2018,40(9):1-10.(in Chinese)
[35]朱济友,于强,YANG Di,等.叶生态特征及其相关性对下垫面热效应的生态权衡[J/OL].农业机械学报,2018,49(11):201-209.ZHU Jiyou,YU Qiang,YANG Di,et al. Ecological balance of leaf ecological characteristics and their correlation to thermal effects of underlying surfaces[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(11):201-209. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? file_no=20181124&flag=1. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn.1000-1298. 2018. 11. 024.(in Chinese)