气体钻井空井压井井筒气液两相瞬态流动数学模型
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摘要
气体钻井钻遇高压、高产气层后往往要进行压井作业,空井压井期间,随着压井液的注入,井筒环空气液两相流动与地层渗流产气发生耦合作用,目前国内外对此研究都很少。为此,基于地层瞬态渗流理论和井筒气液两相流动理论,建立了气体钻井空井压井过程中地层瞬态产气与井筒气液两相瞬态耦合流动数学模型及其数值求解方法。实例模拟计算结果表明:(1)气体钻井空井压井是由气相空井筒—瞬态气液两相流动—纯压井液井筒的物理过程,同时也是一个地层瞬态渗流与井筒气液两相瞬态流动耦合的过程;(2)成功的压井作业需要井口回压、泵排量、压井液密度等关键参数的共同配合,其中控制好井口回压是保证压井作业获得成功的关键。结论认为,研究成果首次量化了气体钻井压井过程,对气体钻井空井压井施工参数的优化设计具有指导意义。
When high-pressure or high-yield gas layers are encountered during gas drilling, it is generally necessary to carry out well killing operation. In the course of empty well killing, a coupling effect occurs between a gas–liquid flow in wellbore annulus and gas seepage through porous media in reservoirs as the killing fluid is injected. However, this effect is rarely studied in China and abroad. In this paper, a mathematical model for such a coupling flow was established according to the theories of both formation transient seepage and wellbore gas–liquid flow, and its numerical solution method was developed. Case simulation indicates that empty well killing in gas drilling is a physical process of gas phase from gas only first to a transient gas–liquid flow and to killing fluids finally left in the wellbore, as well as a coupling process of transient seepage from reservoirs and a gas–liquid transient flow. In order to realize successful well killing, it is necessary to coordinate key parameters jointly, such as wellhead backpressure, pumping rate and killing fluid density, among which, wellhead backpressure is the key to the success of well killing operation. Based on the research, the well killing process in gas drilling is, for the first time, quantified. The research results are of instructive significance to the optimal design of empty well killing parameters in gas drilling.
When high-pressure or high-yield gas layers are encountered during gas drilling, it is generally necessary to carry out well killing operation. In the course of empty well killing, a coupling effect occurs between a gas–liquid flow in wellbore annulus and gas seepage through porous media in reservoirs as the killing fluid is injected. However, this effect is rarely studied in China and abroad. In this paper, a mathematical model for such a coupling flow was established according to the theories of both formation transient seepage and wellbore gas–liquid flow, and its numerical solution method was developed. Case simulation indicates that empty well killing in gas drilling is a physical process of gas phase from gas only first to a transient gas–liquid flow and to killing fluids finally left in the wellbore, as well as a coupling process of transient seepage from reservoirs and a gas–liquid transient flow. In order to realize successful well killing, it is necessary to coordinate key parameters jointly, such as wellhead backpressure, pumping rate and killing fluid density, among which, wellhead backpressure is the key to the success of well killing operation. Based on the research, the well killing process in gas drilling is, for the first time, quantified. The research results are of instructive significance to the optimal design of empty well killing parameters in gas drilling.
引文
[1]王广新,刘书学,刘英平,李明.反循环压井技术在卫深5欠平衡井中的应用[J].钻采工艺,2002,25(4):6-8.Wang Guangxin,Liu Shuxue,Liu Yingping&Li Ming.The application of reverse circulation killing method in Well Weishen 5[J].Drilling&Production Technology,2002,25(4):6-8.
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[3]曾明昌,曾时田,毛建华.气井喷漏同存的处理技术研究[J].天然气工业,2005,25(6):42-44.Zeng Mingchang,Zeng Shitian&Mao Jianhua.Treating techniques of blowout-lost circulation coexistence in gas hole drilling[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(6):42-44.
[4]李昊,孙宝江,赵欣欣,路继臣,王志远,马永乾.高压气井压井井筒温度场预测与影响因素分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(6):61-65.Li Hao,Sun Baojiang,Zhao Xinxin,Lu Jichen,Wang Zhiyuan&Ma Yongqian.Prediction of well bore temperature field and analysis of influence factor for high-pressure gas well kill[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2009,33(6):61-65.
[5]刘凯.第N次井底压力等于地层压力的空井压井设计——续“空井压井拟瞬态设计理论”[J].天然气工业,1989,9(5):40-46.Liu Kai.Design for well killing in empty hole when the Nthhole pressure is equal to the formation pressure—a continuation of the article"pseudo-transient design theory for well killing in empty hole"[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(5):40-46.
[6]刘凯.天然气井空井压井拟瞬态设计理论——第一次井底压力等于地层压力[J].天然气工业,1989,9(4):23-28.Liu Kai.Design theory of quasi-transient state of killing well in empty hole filling with natural gas—the first bottom pressure is equal to the formation pressure[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(4):23-28.
[7]雷宗明,林安村.气井泥浆喷空后的压井[J].天然气工业,1997,17(2):56-66.Lei Zongming&Lin Ancun.Gas well killing method on condition that mud is completely ejected[J].Natural Gas Industry,1997,17(2):56-66.
[8]雷宗明,李强.直推法压井技术[J].天然气工业,2000,20(3):54-56.Lei Zongming&Li Qiang.Well killing technique by direct pumping in method[J].Natural Gas Industry,2000,20(3):54-56.
[9]范军.油气井动态井控理论模型及计算机仿真研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,1998.Fan Jun.Research on the dynamic model and computer simulation of well control in oil and gas wells[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,1998.
[10]公培斌.非常规压井水力参数设计[D].青岛:中国石油大学(华东),2013.Gong Peibin.Design of hydraulic parameters in unconventional well kill methods[D].Qingdao:China University of Petroleum(East China),2013.
[11]公培斌,孙宝江,王志远,向长生.井内喷空工况压井方法研究[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(1):100-103.Gong Peibin,Sun Baojiang,Wang Zhiyuan&Xiang Changsheng.A study on well killing method of empty blowout wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(1):100-103.
[12]王志远.含天然气水合物相变的环空多相流流型转化机制研究[D].青岛:中国石油大学(华东),2009.Wang Zhiyuan.Study on annular multiphase flow pattern transition mechanism considering gas hydrate phase transition[D].Qingdao:China University of Petroleum(East China),2009.
[13]Sleicher Jr CA.Maximum stable drop size in turbulent flow[J].AICh E Journal,1962,8(4):471-477.
[14]Zhao Jinzhou,Ren Lan,Li Min&Li Yongming.Failure pressure calculation of fracturing well based on fluid-structure interaction[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2011,3(S1):450-456.
[15]陶现林,徐泓,母亚军.非常规压井技术的应用[J].断块油气田,2014,21(2):252-255.Tao Xianlin,Xu Hong&Mu Yajun.Research and application of unconventional well killing technique[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2014,21(2):252-255.
[16]Nickens HV.A dynamic computer model of a kicking well[J].SPE Drilling Engineering,1987,2(2):159-173.
[17]张兴全,周英操,刘伟,姜智博.控压欠平衡钻井井口回压控制技术[J].天然气工业,2013,33(10):75-79.Zhang Xingquan,Zhou Yingcao,Liu Wei&Jiang Zhibo.Wellhead backpressure control in under-balanced and managed pressure drilling[J].Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(10):75-79.
[18]窦亮彬,李根生,沈忠厚,吴春方,刘文旭.环空充气钻井工艺设计及参数分析[J].石油机械,2013,41(2):14-19.Dou Liangbin,Li Gensheng,Shen Zhonghou,Wu Chunfang&Liu Wenxu.Technological design and parametric analysis of annular aerated drilling[J].China Petroleum Machinery,2013,41(2):14-19.
[2]黄建刚,喻著成,李喜成,邹和均,范洪涛.B-1井高压含气溢流压井技术[J].石油钻探技术,2005,33(1):63-65.Huang Jiangang,Yu Zhucheng,Li Xicheng,Zou Hejun&Fan Hongtao.Well control technique for a high pressure well named B-1bearing gas[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2005,33(1):63-65.
[3]曾明昌,曾时田,毛建华.气井喷漏同存的处理技术研究[J].天然气工业,2005,25(6):42-44.Zeng Mingchang,Zeng Shitian&Mao Jianhua.Treating techniques of blowout-lost circulation coexistence in gas hole drilling[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(6):42-44.
[4]李昊,孙宝江,赵欣欣,路继臣,王志远,马永乾.高压气井压井井筒温度场预测与影响因素分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(6):61-65.Li Hao,Sun Baojiang,Zhao Xinxin,Lu Jichen,Wang Zhiyuan&Ma Yongqian.Prediction of well bore temperature field and analysis of influence factor for high-pressure gas well kill[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2009,33(6):61-65.
[5]刘凯.第N次井底压力等于地层压力的空井压井设计——续“空井压井拟瞬态设计理论”[J].天然气工业,1989,9(5):40-46.Liu Kai.Design for well killing in empty hole when the Nthhole pressure is equal to the formation pressure—a continuation of the article"pseudo-transient design theory for well killing in empty hole"[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(5):40-46.
[6]刘凯.天然气井空井压井拟瞬态设计理论——第一次井底压力等于地层压力[J].天然气工业,1989,9(4):23-28.Liu Kai.Design theory of quasi-transient state of killing well in empty hole filling with natural gas—the first bottom pressure is equal to the formation pressure[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(4):23-28.
[7]雷宗明,林安村.气井泥浆喷空后的压井[J].天然气工业,1997,17(2):56-66.Lei Zongming&Lin Ancun.Gas well killing method on condition that mud is completely ejected[J].Natural Gas Industry,1997,17(2):56-66.
[8]雷宗明,李强.直推法压井技术[J].天然气工业,2000,20(3):54-56.Lei Zongming&Li Qiang.Well killing technique by direct pumping in method[J].Natural Gas Industry,2000,20(3):54-56.
[9]范军.油气井动态井控理论模型及计算机仿真研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,1998.Fan Jun.Research on the dynamic model and computer simulation of well control in oil and gas wells[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,1998.
[10]公培斌.非常规压井水力参数设计[D].青岛:中国石油大学(华东),2013.Gong Peibin.Design of hydraulic parameters in unconventional well kill methods[D].Qingdao:China University of Petroleum(East China),2013.
[11]公培斌,孙宝江,王志远,向长生.井内喷空工况压井方法研究[J].石油天然气学报,2012,34(1):100-103.Gong Peibin,Sun Baojiang,Wang Zhiyuan&Xiang Changsheng.A study on well killing method of empty blowout wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology,2012,34(1):100-103.
[12]王志远.含天然气水合物相变的环空多相流流型转化机制研究[D].青岛:中国石油大学(华东),2009.Wang Zhiyuan.Study on annular multiphase flow pattern transition mechanism considering gas hydrate phase transition[D].Qingdao:China University of Petroleum(East China),2009.
[13]Sleicher Jr CA.Maximum stable drop size in turbulent flow[J].AICh E Journal,1962,8(4):471-477.
[14]Zhao Jinzhou,Ren Lan,Li Min&Li Yongming.Failure pressure calculation of fracturing well based on fluid-structure interaction[J].Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,2011,3(S1):450-456.
[15]陶现林,徐泓,母亚军.非常规压井技术的应用[J].断块油气田,2014,21(2):252-255.Tao Xianlin,Xu Hong&Mu Yajun.Research and application of unconventional well killing technique[J].Fault-Block Oil&Gas Field,2014,21(2):252-255.
[16]Nickens HV.A dynamic computer model of a kicking well[J].SPE Drilling Engineering,1987,2(2):159-173.
[17]张兴全,周英操,刘伟,姜智博.控压欠平衡钻井井口回压控制技术[J].天然气工业,2013,33(10):75-79.Zhang Xingquan,Zhou Yingcao,Liu Wei&Jiang Zhibo.Wellhead backpressure control in under-balanced and managed pressure drilling[J].Natural Gas Industry,2013,33(10):75-79.
[18]窦亮彬,李根生,沈忠厚,吴春方,刘文旭.环空充气钻井工艺设计及参数分析[J].石油机械,2013,41(2):14-19.Dou Liangbin,Li Gensheng,Shen Zhonghou,Wu Chunfang&Liu Wenxu.Technological design and parametric analysis of annular aerated drilling[J].China Petroleum Machinery,2013,41(2):14-19.