被动微波遥感在地表冻融监测中的应用研究进展
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摘要
地表冻融过程强烈影响着地气能量交换、地表径流、作物生长和碳循环等陆地表层过程,利用微波遥感监测地表冻融循环及其相关的地表信息对气候的响应和反馈显然极其重要。随着SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission)、SMAP(Soil Moisture Active Passive mission)计划的实施,相对于早期广泛使用的C、X、K和Ka微波波段,L波段具有更低的频率、更深的穿透深度以及对土壤介电常数变化的敏感性,不仅被用于传统的地表冻融状态监测,还被扩展应用于估算土壤冻结深度、冻结速率、相变水含量等信息,显示出更广阔的应用前景。回顾了近年来被动微波遥感在地表冻融循环监测方面的最新研究进展,包含遥感监测原理、微波传感器、遥感算法等方面,重点介绍和总结了L波段在地表冻融循环遥感监测中的前沿研究,并对其应用潜力进行了展望。
Surface soil freeze-thaw processes affect the energy and water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere,hydrological cycle process and ecological system activity.It is obviously important to study the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of surface soil freeze-thaw cycle,frozen depth,transition water content by the remote sensing technology,and their influences on and feedback with climate change.With the implementation of the SMOS and SMAP satellite projects,the L-band,with lower frequency,deeper penetration depth and stronger dielectric sensitivity,can be used to not only monitor the surface freeze-thaw cycles,but also to estimate the soil frozen depth,frozen velocity and phase-change water content.Compared with the widely used C,X,Ku and Ka bands,L-band has a wider application potential.As a supplement,this paper reviewed soil freeze-thaw cycle with passive microwave remote sensing,including observation principle and advantage of L band,newly improved and developed algorithms,passive radiometers and so on,particularly focusing on the development and potential of the L-band.
Surface soil freeze-thaw processes affect the energy and water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere,hydrological cycle process and ecological system activity.It is obviously important to study the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of surface soil freeze-thaw cycle,frozen depth,transition water content by the remote sensing technology,and their influences on and feedback with climate change.With the implementation of the SMOS and SMAP satellite projects,the L-band,with lower frequency,deeper penetration depth and stronger dielectric sensitivity,can be used to not only monitor the surface freeze-thaw cycles,but also to estimate the soil frozen depth,frozen velocity and phase-change water content.Compared with the widely used C,X,Ku and Ka bands,L-band has a wider application potential.As a supplement,this paper reviewed soil freeze-thaw cycle with passive microwave remote sensing,including observation principle and advantage of L band,newly improved and developed algorithms,passive radiometers and so on,particularly focusing on the development and potential of the L-band.
引文
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[9]Jackson T,Schmugge T.Passive Microwave Remote Sensing System for Soil Moisture:Some Supporting Research[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1989,27:225-235.
[10]Bateni S M,Huang C L,Margulis S A,et al.Feasibility of Characterizing Snowpack and the Freeze-thaw State of Underlying Soil Using Multifrequency Active/Passive Microwave Data[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2013,51(7):4085-4102.
[11]Dai L Y,Che T,Ding Y.Inter-Calibrating SMMR,SSM/I and SSMI/S Data to Improve the Consistency of Snow-depth Products in China[J].Remote Sensing,2015,7:7212-7230.
[12]Hu Wenxiang,Chai Linna,Zhao Shaojie,et al.Improvement on Soil Feeeze/Thaw Discriminant Algorithm under Complex Surface Conditions in Cold Regions[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2017,32(2):395-405.[胡文星,柴林娜,赵少杰,等.寒区复杂地表冻融状态判别式算法改进[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(2):395-405.]
[13]England A.The Effect upon Microwave Emissivity of Volume Scattering in Snow,in Ice,and in Frozen Soil[C]∥Specialist Meeting on Microwave Scattering and Emission from the Earth,Berne,Switzerland,1974:273-287.
[14]Zuerndorfer B,England A W,Dobson M C,et al.Mapping Freezing/thaw Boundary with SMMR Data[J].Agricultural and Meteorology,1990,52:199-225.
[15]Judge J,Galantowicz J F,England A,et al.Freeze/Thaw Classification for Prairie Soils Using SSM/I Radiobrightnesses[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1997,35(4):827-832.
[16]Zhang T,Armstrong R L.Soil Freeze/thaw Cycles over SnowFree Land Detected by Passive Microwave Remote Sensing.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(5):763-766.
[17]Zhang T,Armstrong R L,Smith J.Investigation of the Nearsurface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycle in the Contiguous United States:Algorithm Development and Validation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(22):S80-85.
[18]Han L J,Tsunekawa A,Tsubo M.Monitoring Near-surface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycles in Northern China and Mongolia from1998to 2007[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2010,12(5):375-384.
[19]Jin R,Zhang T,Li X,et al.Mapping Surface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycles in China based on SMMR and SSM/I Brightness Temperatures from 1978to 2008[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2015,47(2):213-229.
[20]Han M L,Yang K,Qin J,et al.An Algorithm based on the Standard Deviation of Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures for Monitoring Soil Surface Freeze/Thaw State on the Tibetan Plateau[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2015,53(5):2775-2783.
[21]Zhao Tianjie,Zhang Lixin,Jiang Linmei,et al.Microwave Radiation of Frozen and Thawed Soils under Complicated Surface Condition:Simulation and Discrimination Analysis[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(2):36-42.[赵天杰,张立新,蒋玲梅,等.复杂地表条件下冻融土的微波辐射特性模拟及判别分析[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(2):36-42.]
[22]Zhao T,Zhang L,Jiang L,et al.A New Soil Freeze/Thaw Discriminant Algorithm Using AMSR-E Passive Microwave Imagery[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(11):1704-1716.
[23]Kim Y,Kimball J S,Mcdonald K C,et al.Developing A Global Data Record of Daily Landscape Freeze/Thaw Status Using Satellite Passive Microwave Remote Sensing[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2011,49(3):949-960.
[24]Xie Yanmei.Monitoring the Surface Freeze/Thaw Cycles Combining Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of the Sciences,2013.[谢燕梅.主/被动微波遥感联合监测地表冻融循环[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.]
[25]Schwank M,Kontu A,Schwank M,et al.Detection of Soil Freezing from L-band Passive Microwave Observations[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2014,147:206-218.
[26]Rautiainen K,Parkkinen T,Lemmetyinen J,et al.SMOS Prototype Algorithm for Detecting Autumn Soil Freezing[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,180:346-360.
[27]Roy A,Royer A,Derksen C,et al.Evaluation of Spaceborne L-band Radiometer Measurements for Terrestrial Freeze/Thaw Retrievals in Canada[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2015,8(9):4442-4459.
[28]Schwank M,Sthli M,Wydler H,et al.Microwave L-band Emission of Freezing Soil[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(6):1252-1261.
[29]Zhang L,Zhao T,Jiang L,et al.Estimate of Phase Transition Water Content in Freeze/Thaw Process Using Microwave Radiometer[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2011,48(12):4248-4254.
[30]Anderson D M,Tice A R.Predicting Unfrozen Water Contents in Frozen Soils from Surface Area Measurements[J].Highway Research Record,1972,373:12-18.
[31]Han L,Tsunekawa A,Tsubo M.Active and Passive Remote Sensing of Springtime Near-surface Soil Thaw at Midlatitudes[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9:427-431.
[32]Montzka C,Jagdhuber T,Horn R,et al.Investigation of SMAP Fusion Algorithms with Airborne Active and Passive L-band Microwave Remote Sensing[J].EEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.,2016,54(7):3878-3889.
[33]Derksen C,Xu X,Dunbar R S,et al.Retrieving Landscape Freeze/thaw State from Soil Moisture Active Passive(SMAP)Radar and Radiometer Measurements[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,194:48-62.
[2]DeConto R M,Galeotti S,Pagani M,et al.Past Extreme Warming Events Linked to Massive Carbon Release from Thawing Permafrost[J].Nature,2012,484(5):87-91.
[3]Menzel A,Sparks T H,Estrella N,et al.European Phonological Response to Climate Change Matches the Warming Pattern[J].Global Change Biology,2006,12:1269-1976.
[4]Jin Rui,Li Xin,Che Tao.A Decision Tree Algorithm for Surface Freeze/thaw Classification using SSM/I[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,13(1):152-161.[晋锐,李新,车涛.SSM/I监测地表冻融状态的决策树算法[J],遥感学报,2009,13(1):152-161.]
[5]Kimmo R,Juha L,Jouni P,et al.L-band Radiometer Observations of Soil Processes in Boreal and Subarctic Environments[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2012,50(5):1483-1497.
[6]Jin R,Koike T,Li X,et al.Modeling the Microwave Radiative Transfer in Frozen Soil by Considering the Scatter Darkening Effect[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2014,(Under Review).
[7]Gu Zhongwei.The Application s of Ground Probing Radar to Geological Investigaton on Ground in Cold Regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1994,16(3):283-288.[顾钟炜.测地雷达在寒区浅层地质调查中的应用[J].冰川冻结土壤,1994,16(3):283-288.]
[8]Matzler C,Ellison W,Thomas B,et al.Thermal Microwave Radiation:Applications for Remote Sensing[M].London:Institution of Engineering and Technology,2006.
[9]Jackson T,Schmugge T.Passive Microwave Remote Sensing System for Soil Moisture:Some Supporting Research[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1989,27:225-235.
[10]Bateni S M,Huang C L,Margulis S A,et al.Feasibility of Characterizing Snowpack and the Freeze-thaw State of Underlying Soil Using Multifrequency Active/Passive Microwave Data[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2013,51(7):4085-4102.
[11]Dai L Y,Che T,Ding Y.Inter-Calibrating SMMR,SSM/I and SSMI/S Data to Improve the Consistency of Snow-depth Products in China[J].Remote Sensing,2015,7:7212-7230.
[12]Hu Wenxiang,Chai Linna,Zhao Shaojie,et al.Improvement on Soil Feeeze/Thaw Discriminant Algorithm under Complex Surface Conditions in Cold Regions[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2017,32(2):395-405.[胡文星,柴林娜,赵少杰,等.寒区复杂地表冻融状态判别式算法改进[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(2):395-405.]
[13]England A.The Effect upon Microwave Emissivity of Volume Scattering in Snow,in Ice,and in Frozen Soil[C]∥Specialist Meeting on Microwave Scattering and Emission from the Earth,Berne,Switzerland,1974:273-287.
[14]Zuerndorfer B,England A W,Dobson M C,et al.Mapping Freezing/thaw Boundary with SMMR Data[J].Agricultural and Meteorology,1990,52:199-225.
[15]Judge J,Galantowicz J F,England A,et al.Freeze/Thaw Classification for Prairie Soils Using SSM/I Radiobrightnesses[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1997,35(4):827-832.
[16]Zhang T,Armstrong R L.Soil Freeze/thaw Cycles over SnowFree Land Detected by Passive Microwave Remote Sensing.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(5):763-766.
[17]Zhang T,Armstrong R L,Smith J.Investigation of the Nearsurface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycle in the Contiguous United States:Algorithm Development and Validation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(22):S80-85.
[18]Han L J,Tsunekawa A,Tsubo M.Monitoring Near-surface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycles in Northern China and Mongolia from1998to 2007[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2010,12(5):375-384.
[19]Jin R,Zhang T,Li X,et al.Mapping Surface Soil Freeze-thaw Cycles in China based on SMMR and SSM/I Brightness Temperatures from 1978to 2008[J].Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,2015,47(2):213-229.
[20]Han M L,Yang K,Qin J,et al.An Algorithm based on the Standard Deviation of Passive Microwave Brightness Temperatures for Monitoring Soil Surface Freeze/Thaw State on the Tibetan Plateau[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2015,53(5):2775-2783.
[21]Zhao Tianjie,Zhang Lixin,Jiang Linmei,et al.Microwave Radiation of Frozen and Thawed Soils under Complicated Surface Condition:Simulation and Discrimination Analysis[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(2):36-42.[赵天杰,张立新,蒋玲梅,等.复杂地表条件下冻融土的微波辐射特性模拟及判别分析[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(2):36-42.]
[22]Zhao T,Zhang L,Jiang L,et al.A New Soil Freeze/Thaw Discriminant Algorithm Using AMSR-E Passive Microwave Imagery[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(11):1704-1716.
[23]Kim Y,Kimball J S,Mcdonald K C,et al.Developing A Global Data Record of Daily Landscape Freeze/Thaw Status Using Satellite Passive Microwave Remote Sensing[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2011,49(3):949-960.
[24]Xie Yanmei.Monitoring the Surface Freeze/Thaw Cycles Combining Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of the Sciences,2013.[谢燕梅.主/被动微波遥感联合监测地表冻融循环[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2013.]
[25]Schwank M,Kontu A,Schwank M,et al.Detection of Soil Freezing from L-band Passive Microwave Observations[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2014,147:206-218.
[26]Rautiainen K,Parkkinen T,Lemmetyinen J,et al.SMOS Prototype Algorithm for Detecting Autumn Soil Freezing[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,180:346-360.
[27]Roy A,Royer A,Derksen C,et al.Evaluation of Spaceborne L-band Radiometer Measurements for Terrestrial Freeze/Thaw Retrievals in Canada[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations&Remote Sensing,2015,8(9):4442-4459.
[28]Schwank M,Sthli M,Wydler H,et al.Microwave L-band Emission of Freezing Soil[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(6):1252-1261.
[29]Zhang L,Zhao T,Jiang L,et al.Estimate of Phase Transition Water Content in Freeze/Thaw Process Using Microwave Radiometer[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2011,48(12):4248-4254.
[30]Anderson D M,Tice A R.Predicting Unfrozen Water Contents in Frozen Soils from Surface Area Measurements[J].Highway Research Record,1972,373:12-18.
[31]Han L,Tsunekawa A,Tsubo M.Active and Passive Remote Sensing of Springtime Near-surface Soil Thaw at Midlatitudes[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2012,9:427-431.
[32]Montzka C,Jagdhuber T,Horn R,et al.Investigation of SMAP Fusion Algorithms with Airborne Active and Passive L-band Microwave Remote Sensing[J].EEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.,2016,54(7):3878-3889.
[33]Derksen C,Xu X,Dunbar R S,et al.Retrieving Landscape Freeze/thaw State from Soil Moisture Active Passive(SMAP)Radar and Radiometer Measurements[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,194:48-62.