干旱绿洲区枣园冠层微环境调控效应
|
摘要
在新疆干旱绿洲区,枣树花期常遇高温干旱天气,易造成坐果率低而导致红枣产量下降,增加灌水和人工弥雾等现有微环境调控技术易出现灌溉水利用效率低,农业面源污染严重,劳动强度大等问题。将盛花期微喷弥雾技术与微灌技术一体化,在两树行中间增加弥雾,架设高度0.5 m的雾化喷头,设置了弥雾30 min(T1),60 min(T2),90 min(T3)及滴水处理(T4),以常规滴灌处理(CK)为对照,通过大田试验研究了微喷弥雾对枣园冠层微环境的调控效应。结果表明:干旱绿洲区红枣园冠层中部在盛花期时的高温天气每日会出现低温高湿和高温低湿两段共计约14 h左右的不适于红枣开花坐果的时段,微环境调控空间很大;处理T1~T4冠层中部温度较周围环境和CK分别低11.0%,10.5%,12.5%,14.0%和2.3%,0.4%,2.6%,3.8%,湿度较周围环境及CK分别高23.7%,20.0%,21.2%,17.2%和5.3%,2.2%,3.2%,-0.1%,产量较对照分别高9.4%,6.8%,6.7%,10.2%,表明微喷弥雾具有一定的改善冠层微环境和增产的作用;干旱绿洲区枣园冠层中部的空气温度与相对湿度呈较好的负线性关系;微喷弥雾对红枣树坐果率和果实品质的影响不尽相同,综合考虑产量和果实品质,微喷弥雾30 min的处理最佳,建议微喷弥雾应在12∶00和16∶00分两个时段进行。
Flowering stage of red jujube trees always encounters with hot dry weather in arid oasis region in Xin Jiang,which leads to lower setting rate and follows decreasing of red jujube yield easily. Increasing irrigation and artificial atomization are existed microenvironment regulation technology,which resulted some problems such as lower water use efficiency( WUE),serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution,high labor intensity and lacking of scientific foundation. In order to supply theoretical foundation to red jujube production in this area. After integrated atomization with micro spay technology( AWMS) with micro-irrigation,a line of micro sprinkler at 50 cm above the ground was installed and five treatments were created. The treatments were: T1,T2,T3 in which atomized for 30 min,60 min and 90 min,respectively,T4 in which drip water volume equal to T2,control( CK) that was normal drip irrigation. Field experiment was carried out to study the effect of micro environmental regulation of red jujube trees canopy in arid oasis region. It turned out that there were two times a day—high atmosphere temperature( AT) with low relative humidity( RH) and low AT with high RH in central canopy of red jujube trees during the flowering stage when encounter with hot dry weather,in totally come up to about 14 hours,which showed great potential of micro environmental regulation of red jujube trees; canopy. AT of T1 ~ T4 were 11. 0%,10. 5%,12. 5%,14. 0% and 2. 3%,0. 4%,2. 6%,3. 8% lower than those of surrounding and control,RH of T1 ~ T4 were 23. 7%,20. 0%,21. 2%,17. 2% and 5. 3%,2. 2%,3. 2%,- 0. 1%,higher than those of surrounding and control,fruit yield ·were 9. 4%,6. 8%,6. 7%,10. 2% higher than that control,which showed that AWMS have certain effect on improving AT and RH of central canopy and increasing fruit yield. There is an obvious negative linear relationship between AT and RH of central red jujube trees' canopy. AWMS's effect on fruit setting rate and fruit qualities were not the same,the best treatments was T1,as far as fruit yield quality were concerned. It's recommended that AWMS should be carried out in two times a day,12 Am in the morning and 4Pm in the afternoon.
Flowering stage of red jujube trees always encounters with hot dry weather in arid oasis region in Xin Jiang,which leads to lower setting rate and follows decreasing of red jujube yield easily. Increasing irrigation and artificial atomization are existed microenvironment regulation technology,which resulted some problems such as lower water use efficiency( WUE),serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution,high labor intensity and lacking of scientific foundation. In order to supply theoretical foundation to red jujube production in this area. After integrated atomization with micro spay technology( AWMS) with micro-irrigation,a line of micro sprinkler at 50 cm above the ground was installed and five treatments were created. The treatments were: T1,T2,T3 in which atomized for 30 min,60 min and 90 min,respectively,T4 in which drip water volume equal to T2,control( CK) that was normal drip irrigation. Field experiment was carried out to study the effect of micro environmental regulation of red jujube trees canopy in arid oasis region. It turned out that there were two times a day—high atmosphere temperature( AT) with low relative humidity( RH) and low AT with high RH in central canopy of red jujube trees during the flowering stage when encounter with hot dry weather,in totally come up to about 14 hours,which showed great potential of micro environmental regulation of red jujube trees; canopy. AT of T1 ~ T4 were 11. 0%,10. 5%,12. 5%,14. 0% and 2. 3%,0. 4%,2. 6%,3. 8% lower than those of surrounding and control,RH of T1 ~ T4 were 23. 7%,20. 0%,21. 2%,17. 2% and 5. 3%,2. 2%,3. 2%,- 0. 1%,higher than those of surrounding and control,fruit yield ·were 9. 4%,6. 8%,6. 7%,10. 2% higher than that control,which showed that AWMS have certain effect on improving AT and RH of central canopy and increasing fruit yield. There is an obvious negative linear relationship between AT and RH of central red jujube trees' canopy. AWMS's effect on fruit setting rate and fruit qualities were not the same,the best treatments was T1,as far as fruit yield quality were concerned. It's recommended that AWMS should be carried out in two times a day,12 Am in the morning and 4Pm in the afternoon.
引文
[1]张磊,高志刚.生态平衡与经济发展的冲突——有关新疆生态经济问题的探讨[J].生态经济,2008,(8):56-61.
[2]中国科学院学部.新疆生态建设和可持续发展战略研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2009,(1):69-70.
[3]曲泽洲,王永惠.中国果树志枣卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[4]S.Azam-Ali,E.Bonkoungou,C.Bowe,et al.Ber and Other Jujubes,International Centre for Underutilised Crops[M].Southampton,UK:International Centre for Underutilised Crops,2006.
[5]Li J W,Fan L P,Ding S D,et al.Nutritional composition of five cultivars of Chinese jujube[J].Food Chem,2007,(103):454-460.
[6]Mahajan R T,Chopda M Z.Phyto-pharmacology of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.–aplant review[J].Pharmacogn.Rev,2009,(3):320-329.
[7]Huang X,Kojima-Yuasa A,Norikura T,et al.Mechanism of the anti-cancer activity of Zizyphus jujuba in Hep G2 cells[J].Am.J.Chin.Med,2007,(35):517-532.
[8]Zhao Z H,Liu M J,Tu P F.Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv.Dongzao)[J].Eur.Food Res.Technol,2008,(226):985-989.
[9]Choi S H,Ahn J B,Kozukue N,et al.Distribution of free amino acids flavonoids,total phenolics,and antioxidative activities of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)fruits and seeds harvested from plants grown in Korea[J].Agric Food Chem,2011,(59):6594-6604.
[10]杜文亮.新疆若羌灰枣产业存在的问题及发展思路[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(12):115-116.
[11]涂同明.设施农业工程机械化技术[J].当代农机,2007,(11):48-51.
[12]李占林,马元忠.灰枣高产栽培新技术[M].北京:金盾出版社,2009.
[13]姚鹏亮,董新光,马英杰.干旱区提高幼龄红枣保花保果试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2010,9:27-29.
[14]国家技术监督局.GB12293-90.水果、蔬菜制品可滴定酸度的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1990.
[15]崔宁博.西北半干旱区梨枣树水分高效利用机制与最优调亏灌溉模式研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.
[16]李占文,李月琴,龙友泉,等.影响灵武长枣开花的气象因子观测研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2010,5:1-3.
[17]李丰,杜晓明,祁伟.枣树保花保果提高座果率技术研究[J].宁夏农林科技,1999,5:50-51.
[18]Rodrigo J,Herrero M.Effects of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set in apricot[J].SCientia Horticulturae,2002,92(3):125-135.
[19]蒋进.新疆沙冬青的叶片气孔行为以及对空气湿度的反应[J].干旱区研究,1991,2:31-35.
[20]刘建福,倪书邦,贺熙勇.空气湿度对澳洲坚果开花座果和果实生长的影响[J].热带农业科技,2003,1:1-4.
[21]牛真真.阿克苏地区骏枣落花规律及调控研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2013.
[22]高启明,卓文娟,杨丽春.哈密地区枣树落花落果原因及防治措施[J].北方园艺,2013,37(19):70-71.
[23]季方,李生宏,陈增和.塔里木盆地喷灌对果园生态环境影响初探[J].灌溉排水学报,2001,10(2):36-38.
[24]陆婷,罗淑萍,蒙敏,等.灰枣开花生物学特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2010,30(8):1589-1594.
[25]史彦江,宋锋惠.新疆红枣高效栽培技术讲座(二)[J].农村科技,2007,(2):36-37.
[26]洪明,马英杰,穆哈西,等.新疆红枣微灌技术研究及推广应用现状分析[J].节水灌溉,2014,(5):62-66,69.
[2]中国科学院学部.新疆生态建设和可持续发展战略研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2009,(1):69-70.
[3]曲泽洲,王永惠.中国果树志枣卷[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[4]S.Azam-Ali,E.Bonkoungou,C.Bowe,et al.Ber and Other Jujubes,International Centre for Underutilised Crops[M].Southampton,UK:International Centre for Underutilised Crops,2006.
[5]Li J W,Fan L P,Ding S D,et al.Nutritional composition of five cultivars of Chinese jujube[J].Food Chem,2007,(103):454-460.
[6]Mahajan R T,Chopda M Z.Phyto-pharmacology of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.–aplant review[J].Pharmacogn.Rev,2009,(3):320-329.
[7]Huang X,Kojima-Yuasa A,Norikura T,et al.Mechanism of the anti-cancer activity of Zizyphus jujuba in Hep G2 cells[J].Am.J.Chin.Med,2007,(35):517-532.
[8]Zhao Z H,Liu M J,Tu P F.Characterization of water soluble polysaccharides from organs of Chinese Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.cv.Dongzao)[J].Eur.Food Res.Technol,2008,(226):985-989.
[9]Choi S H,Ahn J B,Kozukue N,et al.Distribution of free amino acids flavonoids,total phenolics,and antioxidative activities of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba)fruits and seeds harvested from plants grown in Korea[J].Agric Food Chem,2011,(59):6594-6604.
[10]杜文亮.新疆若羌灰枣产业存在的问题及发展思路[J].安徽农学通报,2013,19(12):115-116.
[11]涂同明.设施农业工程机械化技术[J].当代农机,2007,(11):48-51.
[12]李占林,马元忠.灰枣高产栽培新技术[M].北京:金盾出版社,2009.
[13]姚鹏亮,董新光,马英杰.干旱区提高幼龄红枣保花保果试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2010,9:27-29.
[14]国家技术监督局.GB12293-90.水果、蔬菜制品可滴定酸度的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1990.
[15]崔宁博.西北半干旱区梨枣树水分高效利用机制与最优调亏灌溉模式研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2009.
[16]李占文,李月琴,龙友泉,等.影响灵武长枣开花的气象因子观测研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2010,5:1-3.
[17]李丰,杜晓明,祁伟.枣树保花保果提高座果率技术研究[J].宁夏农林科技,1999,5:50-51.
[18]Rodrigo J,Herrero M.Effects of pre-blossom temperatures on flower development and fruit set in apricot[J].SCientia Horticulturae,2002,92(3):125-135.
[19]蒋进.新疆沙冬青的叶片气孔行为以及对空气湿度的反应[J].干旱区研究,1991,2:31-35.
[20]刘建福,倪书邦,贺熙勇.空气湿度对澳洲坚果开花座果和果实生长的影响[J].热带农业科技,2003,1:1-4.
[21]牛真真.阿克苏地区骏枣落花规律及调控研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2013.
[22]高启明,卓文娟,杨丽春.哈密地区枣树落花落果原因及防治措施[J].北方园艺,2013,37(19):70-71.
[23]季方,李生宏,陈增和.塔里木盆地喷灌对果园生态环境影响初探[J].灌溉排水学报,2001,10(2):36-38.
[24]陆婷,罗淑萍,蒙敏,等.灰枣开花生物学特性研究[J].西北植物学报,2010,30(8):1589-1594.
[25]史彦江,宋锋惠.新疆红枣高效栽培技术讲座(二)[J].农村科技,2007,(2):36-37.
[26]洪明,马英杰,穆哈西,等.新疆红枣微灌技术研究及推广应用现状分析[J].节水灌溉,2014,(5):62-66,69.