核桃园行内地面覆盖的土壤微域生态效应
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摘要
为了探明核桃园行内地面覆盖的土壤微域生态环境效应、确立核桃园科学省力的土壤管理措施,以盛果期早实薄皮核桃‘绿岭’为试材,通过连续4 a的行内地面覆盖,研究了园地土壤的水分、通气、矿质营养及三大微生物区系等微域生态环境的状况,结果表明:通过连续四年覆盖,0—20 cm土层,覆盖牛粪、碎木屑、苜蓿处理及CK 2014年核桃生长期的土壤平均质量含水量的变异系数分别为9.27%、10.27%、12.15%和13.96%,最大变幅分别为1.86%、1.95%、2.17%和2.63%;20—40 cm土层,覆盖牛粪、碎木屑、苜蓿处理及CK的土壤平均质量含水量分别为13.23%、12.46%、11.77%和11.43%。覆盖牛粪、碎木屑、苜蓿及CK的0—60 cm土层的平均土壤容重为1.34、1.38、1.43 g/cm~3和1.48 g/cm~3,3类微生物总量分别为430.94×10~4、208.87×10~4、183.42×10~4个/g和160.46×10~4个/g。通过主成分分析对覆盖牛粪、碎木屑、苜蓿处理及CK的土壤肥力进行综合评价,得分分别为0.61、0.26、0.09和-0.96,各因子对土壤肥力水平的综合效应排序为:土壤有机质含量>全氮含量>全钾含量>全磷含量>土壤质量含水量>孔隙度>细菌数量>真菌数量>放线菌数量>土壤容重。
In recent years,walnut( Juglans regia L.) has become one of the state strategic economic tree species.However,although traditional soil management practices,such as intensive agriculture and deep tillage,are both time-and energy-consuming,they are still used in most walnut orchards. Therefore,it is imperative to develop a simple and effective soil management strategy to replace traditional practices. In the present study,we investigated the ecological effects of within-row mulching in soil microsites,which has been very popular in both Japan and America,and established an effective soil management practice in walnut orchards. Precocious ‘Lvling'walnut trees in full fruit were used as trial materials,and soil ecological conditions,such as soil moisture,soil aeration,mineral nutrition,and three kinds of microflora( bacteria,fungi,and actinomyces),were studied in response to continuous within-row mulching. In the 2014 growing season,we found that the variation coefficients of soil water content of the 0—20 cm layer of soil mulched with dairy manure, wood chips, alfalfa, and control( non-mulching) were 9. 27%,10. 27%,12. 15%, and 13. 29%,respectively,and the maximum amplitudes were 1.86%,1. 95%,2. 17%,and 2. 63%. Meanwhile,the average water contents of the 20—40 cm soil layer were 13.23%,12.46%,11.77%,and 11.43%,and the maximum amplitudes were 1.58%,1.61%,1.71%,and 2.44%,whereas the variation coefficients were 7.96,9.49,9.70,and 11.11%. In addition,continuous within-row mulching reduced the maximum amplitudes and variation coefficients of soil water content,which indicated that the soil moisture was more stable. The soil bulk densities in the 0—60 cm soil layer were 1.34,1.38,1.43 g/cm~3,and 1. 48 g/cm~3; the total porosities were 37. 62%,36. 19%,35. 29%,and 29. 03%; and the maximum water capacities were 752. 40,723. 80,705. 87,and 580. 67 t/hm2. In addition,the density of three kinds of microflora(bacteria,fungi,and actinomyces) were 430.94×10~4,208.87×10~4,183.42×10~4cfu/g,and 160.46 × 10~4cfu/g,in soils mulched with dairy manure,wood chips,alfalfa,and control( non-mulching),respectively; the Shannon-Wiener indices were 0.62,0.58,0.41,and 0.30; and the Simpson' s diversity indices were 0.24,0.21,0.13,and 0.09. Therefore,our findings indicated that both soil aeration and microbial diversity were improved by mulching. Principal component analysis further indicated that the comprehensive scores of soil fertility with mulching dairy manure,wood chips,alfalfa,and control(non-mulching) were 0.61,0.26,0.09,and-0.96 and that the comprehensive effect order of the various fertility factors on soil fertility level was: organic matter > total N > total K > total P > water content > soil porosity > bacteria > fungi >actinomyces > soil bulk density. Therefore,the present study demonstrates that within-row mulching is beneficial to the development of soil microsites and that dairy manure was the most effective among the three mulching materials investigated,followed by wood chips and alfalfa,respectively. However,in the long-term,the effects of within-row mulching remain unclear and require further investigation.
In recent years,walnut( Juglans regia L.) has become one of the state strategic economic tree species.However,although traditional soil management practices,such as intensive agriculture and deep tillage,are both time-and energy-consuming,they are still used in most walnut orchards. Therefore,it is imperative to develop a simple and effective soil management strategy to replace traditional practices. In the present study,we investigated the ecological effects of within-row mulching in soil microsites,which has been very popular in both Japan and America,and established an effective soil management practice in walnut orchards. Precocious ‘Lvling'walnut trees in full fruit were used as trial materials,and soil ecological conditions,such as soil moisture,soil aeration,mineral nutrition,and three kinds of microflora( bacteria,fungi,and actinomyces),were studied in response to continuous within-row mulching. In the 2014 growing season,we found that the variation coefficients of soil water content of the 0—20 cm layer of soil mulched with dairy manure, wood chips, alfalfa, and control( non-mulching) were 9. 27%,10. 27%,12. 15%, and 13. 29%,respectively,and the maximum amplitudes were 1.86%,1. 95%,2. 17%,and 2. 63%. Meanwhile,the average water contents of the 20—40 cm soil layer were 13.23%,12.46%,11.77%,and 11.43%,and the maximum amplitudes were 1.58%,1.61%,1.71%,and 2.44%,whereas the variation coefficients were 7.96,9.49,9.70,and 11.11%. In addition,continuous within-row mulching reduced the maximum amplitudes and variation coefficients of soil water content,which indicated that the soil moisture was more stable. The soil bulk densities in the 0—60 cm soil layer were 1.34,1.38,1.43 g/cm~3,and 1. 48 g/cm~3; the total porosities were 37. 62%,36. 19%,35. 29%,and 29. 03%; and the maximum water capacities were 752. 40,723. 80,705. 87,and 580. 67 t/hm2. In addition,the density of three kinds of microflora(bacteria,fungi,and actinomyces) were 430.94×10~4,208.87×10~4,183.42×10~4cfu/g,and 160.46 × 10~4cfu/g,in soils mulched with dairy manure,wood chips,alfalfa,and control( non-mulching),respectively; the Shannon-Wiener indices were 0.62,0.58,0.41,and 0.30; and the Simpson' s diversity indices were 0.24,0.21,0.13,and 0.09. Therefore,our findings indicated that both soil aeration and microbial diversity were improved by mulching. Principal component analysis further indicated that the comprehensive scores of soil fertility with mulching dairy manure,wood chips,alfalfa,and control(non-mulching) were 0.61,0.26,0.09,and-0.96 and that the comprehensive effect order of the various fertility factors on soil fertility level was: organic matter > total N > total K > total P > water content > soil porosity > bacteria > fungi >actinomyces > soil bulk density. Therefore,the present study demonstrates that within-row mulching is beneficial to the development of soil microsites and that dairy manure was the most effective among the three mulching materials investigated,followed by wood chips and alfalfa,respectively. However,in the long-term,the effects of within-row mulching remain unclear and require further investigation.
引文
[1]赵长增,陆璐,陈佰鸿.干旱荒漠地区苹果园地膜及秸秆覆盖的农业生态效应研究.中国生态农业学报,2004,12(1):155-158.
[2]Pande K K,Dimri D C,Singh S C.Effect of mulching on soil and leaf nutrient status of apple(malus domestica borkh).Progressive Horticulture,2006,38(1):91-95.
[3]孙萌,宋新英,李保国,齐国辉,张雪梅,祁娇娇,牛宝清,张彦坤.地面覆盖对核桃园地土壤理化性质的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(4):158-162,182-182.
[4]尼群周,石海强,秦立者,俎文芳,徐国良,杜纪壮,刘建库.苹果园地表覆盖方式对土壤含水量及果实品质的影响.河北农业科学,2010,14(10):18-21.
[5]侯贤清,李荣,韩清芳,王维,贾志宽.夏闲期不同耕作模式对土壤蓄水保墒效果及作物水分利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(3):94-100.
[6]韩丽娜,丁静,韩清芳,丁瑞霞,聂俊峰,贾志宽,李文静.黄土高原区草粮(油)翻耕轮作的土壤水分及作物产量效应.农业工程学报,2012,28(24):129-137.
[7]武际,郭熙盛,张祥明,王允青,许征宇,鲁剑巍.麦稻轮作下耕作模式对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(3):87-93.
[8]曹燕荣,谷继成,王有年,周泽福.不同覆盖材料对圆黄梨幼树土壤性状及树体生长的影响.北京农学院学报,2010,25(1):5-8.
[9]Wortman S E.Diversification of organic cropping systems with cover crop mixtures:influence on weed communities,soil microbial community structure,soil moisture and nitrogen,and crop yield[D].Lincoln,Nebraska:University of Nebraska,2012.
[10]Brennan E B,Boyd N S,Smith R F,et al.Comparison of rye and legume-rye cover crop mixtures for vegetable production in California.Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):449-463.
[11]米超,罗艺,米军红,李生,李强,姜建初,梁和.免耕稻草覆盖对冬种马铃薯土壤微生物数量动态变化的影响.广西职业技术学院学报,2012,5(2):4-8.
[12]陈珊,陈双林.集约经营对雷竹林生态系统稳定性的影响.浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(4):578-584.
[13]刘洋,史薪钰,陈梦华,李保国,齐国辉,张雪梅.不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响.水土保持通报,2015,35(4):218-222.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[15]胡淑萍,余新晓,岳永杰.北京百花山森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究.水土保持学报,2008,22(1):146-150.
[16]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[17]土壤微生物研究会.土壤微生物实验法.叶维青,译.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[18]李保国,齐国辉.薄皮核桃标准化操作技术.北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[19]刘霞,张光灿,李雪蕾,邢先双,赵玫.小流域生态修复过程中不同森林植被土壤入渗与贮水特征.水土保持学报,2004,18(6):1-5.
[20]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,杨世琦,赵沛义.免耕对农牧交错带农田休闲期土壤风蚀及其相关土壤理化性状的影响.生态学报,2007,27(9):3778-3784.
[21]李玉洁,王慧,赵建宁,皇甫超河,杨殿林.耕作方式对农田土壤理化因子和生物学特性的影响.应用生态学报,2015,26(3):939-948.
[22]Wu J,Guo X S,Wang Y Q,Xu Z Y,Zhang X L,Lu J W.Decomposition characteristics of rapeseed and wheat straw under different water regimes and straw incorporating models.Journal of Food,Agriculture&Environment,2011,9(2):572-577.
[23]Nie S W,Chen Y Q,Egrinya E A,Sui P,Huang J X.Impacts of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose.Journal of Food,Agriculture&Environment,2012,10(2):896-901.
[24]蒋平安,罗明,蒋永衡,杨玉海,艾尔肯.不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(q MB,q CO2).干旱区地理,2006,29(1):115-119.
[25]高云超,朱文珊.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征研究.生态学报,2001,21(10):1704-1710.
[26]任万军,刘代银,吴锦秀,伍菊仙,陈德春,杨文钰.免耕高留茬抛秧对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落的影响.应用生态学报,2009,20(4):817-822.
[27]韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,王瑜,王丙文,仲惟磊,李增嘉,田欣欣.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响.生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147.
[28]常显波,刘举,韩京龙,苏宏.不同种植年限苹果园土壤理化性质及微生物数量.安徽农业科学,2007,35(5):1423-1423,1426-1426.
[2]Pande K K,Dimri D C,Singh S C.Effect of mulching on soil and leaf nutrient status of apple(malus domestica borkh).Progressive Horticulture,2006,38(1):91-95.
[3]孙萌,宋新英,李保国,齐国辉,张雪梅,祁娇娇,牛宝清,张彦坤.地面覆盖对核桃园地土壤理化性质的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(4):158-162,182-182.
[4]尼群周,石海强,秦立者,俎文芳,徐国良,杜纪壮,刘建库.苹果园地表覆盖方式对土壤含水量及果实品质的影响.河北农业科学,2010,14(10):18-21.
[5]侯贤清,李荣,韩清芳,王维,贾志宽.夏闲期不同耕作模式对土壤蓄水保墒效果及作物水分利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(3):94-100.
[6]韩丽娜,丁静,韩清芳,丁瑞霞,聂俊峰,贾志宽,李文静.黄土高原区草粮(油)翻耕轮作的土壤水分及作物产量效应.农业工程学报,2012,28(24):129-137.
[7]武际,郭熙盛,张祥明,王允青,许征宇,鲁剑巍.麦稻轮作下耕作模式对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响.农业工程学报,2012,28(3):87-93.
[8]曹燕荣,谷继成,王有年,周泽福.不同覆盖材料对圆黄梨幼树土壤性状及树体生长的影响.北京农学院学报,2010,25(1):5-8.
[9]Wortman S E.Diversification of organic cropping systems with cover crop mixtures:influence on weed communities,soil microbial community structure,soil moisture and nitrogen,and crop yield[D].Lincoln,Nebraska:University of Nebraska,2012.
[10]Brennan E B,Boyd N S,Smith R F,et al.Comparison of rye and legume-rye cover crop mixtures for vegetable production in California.Agronomy Journal,2011,103(2):449-463.
[11]米超,罗艺,米军红,李生,李强,姜建初,梁和.免耕稻草覆盖对冬种马铃薯土壤微生物数量动态变化的影响.广西职业技术学院学报,2012,5(2):4-8.
[12]陈珊,陈双林.集约经营对雷竹林生态系统稳定性的影响.浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(4):578-584.
[13]刘洋,史薪钰,陈梦华,李保国,齐国辉,张雪梅.不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响.水土保持通报,2015,35(4):218-222.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[15]胡淑萍,余新晓,岳永杰.北京百花山森林枯落物层和土壤层水文效应研究.水土保持学报,2008,22(1):146-150.
[16]许光辉,郑洪元.土壤微生物分析方法手册.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[17]土壤微生物研究会.土壤微生物实验法.叶维青,译.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[18]李保国,齐国辉.薄皮核桃标准化操作技术.北京:中国林业出版社,2008.
[19]刘霞,张光灿,李雪蕾,邢先双,赵玫.小流域生态修复过程中不同森林植被土壤入渗与贮水特征.水土保持学报,2004,18(6):1-5.
[20]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,杨世琦,赵沛义.免耕对农牧交错带农田休闲期土壤风蚀及其相关土壤理化性状的影响.生态学报,2007,27(9):3778-3784.
[21]李玉洁,王慧,赵建宁,皇甫超河,杨殿林.耕作方式对农田土壤理化因子和生物学特性的影响.应用生态学报,2015,26(3):939-948.
[22]Wu J,Guo X S,Wang Y Q,Xu Z Y,Zhang X L,Lu J W.Decomposition characteristics of rapeseed and wheat straw under different water regimes and straw incorporating models.Journal of Food,Agriculture&Environment,2011,9(2):572-577.
[23]Nie S W,Chen Y Q,Egrinya E A,Sui P,Huang J X.Impacts of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose.Journal of Food,Agriculture&Environment,2012,10(2):896-901.
[24]蒋平安,罗明,蒋永衡,杨玉海,艾尔肯.不同种植年限苜蓿地土壤微生物区系及商值(q MB,q CO2).干旱区地理,2006,29(1):115-119.
[25]高云超,朱文珊.秸秆覆盖免耕土壤真菌群落结构与生态特征研究.生态学报,2001,21(10):1704-1710.
[26]任万军,刘代银,吴锦秀,伍菊仙,陈德春,杨文钰.免耕高留茬抛秧对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落的影响.应用生态学报,2009,20(4):817-822.
[27]韩惠芳,宁堂原,田慎重,王瑜,王丙文,仲惟磊,李增嘉,田欣欣.土壤耕作及秸秆还田对夏玉米田杂草生物多样性的影响.生态学报,2010,30(5):1140-1147.
[28]常显波,刘举,韩京龙,苏宏.不同种植年限苹果园土壤理化性质及微生物数量.安徽农业科学,2007,35(5):1423-1423,1426-1426.