新疆天山山区降雨的微物理结构特征
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摘要
使用GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪,于2001年6月12日至7月31日在天山北坡的小渠子气象站和牧业气象试验站,对27次降雨过程进行了雨滴谱观测,共获取了4 719个雨滴谱样本。通过观测资料分析新疆中天山山区积状云、层状云、积状-层状混合云降雨的微物理结构特征。观测分析表明,天山山区降雨雨滴的平均直径0. 41~0. 55 mm,以积状云最大,混合云次之,层状云最小。最大平均直径0. 88~1. 12 mm、平均雨强1. 18~2. 78 mm·h~(-1)、平均含水量5. 23~11. 62 g·m~(-3),混合云的这三个特征量均为最大。三类云的雨强与数密度呈正相关。积状云、层状云降雨的雨滴谱服从M-P分布,混合云服从Γ分布。由于山区地形的作用,使云中降雨粒子的生长时间受到限制,天山山区降雨小滴浓度高、尺度小,人工降雨潜力大。
Using GBPP-100 Surface Raindrop Spectrometer( PMS Co.),27 rainfall events were monitored continuously from June 12 to July 31,2001. A total of 4 719 raindrop spectrum samples was obtained in Xiaoquzi Weather Station and animal husbandry w eather test station on the north slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Microstructural characteristics of raindrop spectra of cumulus,stratus and merging cloud precipitation processes in the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed based on these observation data. Observation and analysis show ed that the average diameter of the raindrops of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains was 0. 41 ~ 0. 55 mm. Diameter of the raindrops of the cumulus cloud was the maximum,follow ed by the merging cloud and then by the stratus cloud.In addition,the maximum average diameter of raindrop was 0. 88 ~ 1. 12 mm,the average rainfall intensity was1. 18 ~ 2. 78 mm·h~(-1) and the average water content was 5. 23 ~ 11. 62 g·m~(-3). These three characteristic values for stratus cloud were the maximum. Furthermore,rainfall intensity of the three clouds was positively correlated with number density. The raindrop size distribution of cumulus and stratus cloud follow ed M-P distribution,w hile that of merging cloud follow ed Γ distribution. Due to mountainous terrain,the grow th time of precipitation particle in cloud was limited. Therefore,the high concentration and small-scale of the rain droplets in the Tianshan Mountains make artificial rainfall has great potential.
Using GBPP-100 Surface Raindrop Spectrometer( PMS Co.),27 rainfall events were monitored continuously from June 12 to July 31,2001. A total of 4 719 raindrop spectrum samples was obtained in Xiaoquzi Weather Station and animal husbandry w eather test station on the north slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Microstructural characteristics of raindrop spectra of cumulus,stratus and merging cloud precipitation processes in the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed based on these observation data. Observation and analysis show ed that the average diameter of the raindrops of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains was 0. 41 ~ 0. 55 mm. Diameter of the raindrops of the cumulus cloud was the maximum,follow ed by the merging cloud and then by the stratus cloud.In addition,the maximum average diameter of raindrop was 0. 88 ~ 1. 12 mm,the average rainfall intensity was1. 18 ~ 2. 78 mm·h~(-1) and the average water content was 5. 23 ~ 11. 62 g·m~(-3). These three characteristic values for stratus cloud were the maximum. Furthermore,rainfall intensity of the three clouds was positively correlated with number density. The raindrop size distribution of cumulus and stratus cloud follow ed M-P distribution,w hile that of merging cloud follow ed Γ distribution. Due to mountainous terrain,the grow th time of precipitation particle in cloud was limited. Therefore,the high concentration and small-scale of the rain droplets in the Tianshan Mountains make artificial rainfall has great potential.
引文
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[2] Gao Qianzhao,Shi Shengsheng,Wen Peian,et al. Water resources in the arid zone of Northw est China[J]. Journal of Desert Research,1992,12(4):1-11.[高前兆,史胜生,温培安,等.中国西北干旱地区的水资源[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(4):1-11.]
[3] Wang Hongwei,Huang Chunlin,Hao Xiaohua,et al. Analyses of the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover in North Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):508-516.[王宏伟,黄春林,郝晓华,等.北疆地区积雪时空变化的影响因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):508-516.]
[4] Mamattursun Eziz,Hamid Yimit,Ma Rong. Analyzing the variation and driving forces of the runoff in Yanqi Basin,Xinjiang during 1956-2010[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):670-677.[麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,马蓉. 1956-2010年新疆焉耆盆地径流变化特征及驱动力分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):670-677.]
[5] Sun Yue,Li Dongliang. Features and response to climate-driven factors of the runoff in the upper reaches of the Weihe River during 1975-2011[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):413-423.[孙悦,李栋梁. 1975-2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):413-423.]
[6] Nuerlan Hazaiz,Shen Yongping,Mahat Mulatibiek. Impacts of climate change on hydrological processes in the Ulungur River w atershed,Altay M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):699-705.[努尔兰·哈再孜,沈永平,马哈提·穆拉提别克.气候变化对阿尔泰山乌伦古河流域径流过程的影响[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):699-705.]
[7] Zhou Jingwu,Abulimiti Ablikim,Mao Weiyi,et al. The responses of the runoff processes to climate change in the Qingshuihe River w atershed on the southern slope of Tianshan M ountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):685-690.[周京武,阿不力米提·阿不力克木,毛炜峄,等.天山南坡清水河流域径流过程对气候变化的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):685-690.]
[8] Abulimiti Ablikim,Zhou Jingwu. Surface discharge characteristics of the Turpan Basin,Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):717-723.[阿不力米提·阿不力克木,周京武.新疆吐鲁番盆地地表径流特征[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):717-723.]
[9] He Yi,Yang Taibao,Ji Qin,et al. Comparative analysis of glacier changes betw een eastern and w estern part of Northern Tianshan from 1989 to 2011[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(6):105-110.[何毅,杨太保,冀琴,等. 1989-2011年北天山东西段冰川变化对比分析研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(6):105-110.]
[10] Wei Tianfeng,Liu Zhihui,Yao Junqiang,et al. Response of Hutubi river runoff process on climate change[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(4):102-107.[魏天锋,刘志辉,姚俊强,等.呼图壁河径流过程对气候变化的响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(4):102-107.]
[11] Niu Shengming,Li Zhongqin,Huai Baojuan. Glaciers changes in Bogeda region,Tianshan in the last 50 years[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(9):134-138.[牛生明,李忠勤,怀保娟.近50年来天山博格达峰地区冰川变化分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(9):134-138.]
[12] Wang Donghai,Yin Jinfang,Zhai Guoqing. In-situ measurements of cloud-precipitation microphysics in East Asian monsoon region since 1960[J]. Acta M eteorologica Sinica,2014,72(4):639-657.[王东海,尹金方,翟国庆. 1960年以来东亚季风区云-降水微物理的直接观测研究[J].气象学报,2014,72(4):639-657.]
[13]Zhou Liming,Wang Jun,Gong Dianli,et al. Characteristics of particle spectrum during the snow storm process in early w inter2009 in Shandong Province[J]. M eteorological M onthly,2014,40(1):59-65.[周黎明,王俊,龚佃利,等. 2009年初冬山东一次暴雪过程粒子谱特征分析[J].气象,2014,40(1):59-65.]
[14]Hu Zihao,Pu Jiangping,Pu Yuntao,et al. Analysis on raindrop size distribution characteristics of maritime convective cloud rain in South China Sea[J]. Journal of Tropical M eteorology,2014,30(1):181-188.[胡子浩,濮江平,濮云涛,等.南海一次海洋性对流云降水雨滴谱特征分析[J].热带气象学报,2014,30(1):181-188.]
[15] Zhou Yuquan,Liu Xiaotian,Zhou Feifei,et al. Characteristics of surface raindrop spectra in drought years in Henan Province[J]. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2001,12(Suppl 1):39-47.[周毓荃,刘晓天,周非非,等.河南干旱年地面雨滴谱特征[J].应用气象学报,2001,12(增刊1):39-47.]
[16]Gong Fujiu,Liu Jicheng,Li Zihua. Study of the raindrop size distributions for three types of precipitation[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1997,21(5):607-614.[宫福久,刘吉成,李子华.三类降水云雨滴谱特征研究[J].大气科学,1997,21(5):607-614.]
[17]Chen Baojun,Li Zihua,Liu Jicheng,et al. Model of raindrop size distribution in three types of precipitation[J]. Acta M eteorologica Sinica,1998,56(4):506-512.[陈宝君,李子华,刘吉成,等.三类降水云雨滴谱分布模式[J].气象学报,1998,56(4):506-512.]