青藏高原东部重力波过程与西南涡活动的统计关系
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摘要
本文利用2012～2015年西南涡加密观测大气科学实验的剑阁、金川、九龙和名山四站探空资料,统计分析了6～7月西南涡活动期间对流层中、高层(6～12 km)的重力波过程,结果表明:青藏高原东部川西高原南部的九龙站与其余三站不同,重力波源主要来自对流层上层,波能传播方向向上,剑阁、金川和名山三站重力的波源主要来自对流层下层,波能传播方向向下。重力波过程在不同类型的西南涡活动中有明显差异,在移出型西南涡活动初期,重力波水平传播方向主要为东北向,其上传概率远大于下传概率,波动的动能和潜能较大且变化剧烈;而对应源地型西南涡,初期主要呈西北—东南向传播且重力波上传与下传概率相当,动能和潜能较小且变化相对平缓同时本次研究表明,重力波水平传播方向对西南涡的移动方向也有一定指示作用。按照发生时刻本文将重力波分为日发型重力波和夜发型重力波,在夜发型西南涡初期,重力波活动夜发(北京时20:00～08:00)的概率较大,这表明重力波的夜发性与西南涡的夜发性可能存在一定关联。
This study statistically analyzes gravity waves activity in the middle and upper troposphere(6-12 km) based on radiosonde data obtained at four stations, i. e., Jiange, Jinchuan, Jiulong, Mingshan, in the Intensive Atmospheric Science Observational Experiment of Southwest China vortex during 2012-2015. The results reveal downward propagation of gravity waves energy at Jiulong station, suggesting that the gravity waves are generated in the upper troposphere at Jiulong station. The opposite is true at other three stations. Corresponding to different types of the southwest vortex, gravity waves activities are quite different. At the initial stage of the moving-out type of southwest vortex, gravity waves mainly propagate northeastward with larger probability of upward wave energy transport compared to downward transport. Meanwhile, kinetic and potential energy are large with significant variation. At the initial stage of source southwest vortex, however, gravity waves largely propagate along the northwest-southeast direction, while wave energy can be transported upward or downward with similar probability. Meanwhile, kinetic and potential energy are relatively small with weak variation. It is noted that the horizontal propagation direction of gravity waves are important for the moving direction of southwest vortex. Gravity waves are divided into nocturnal type and daytime type based on their generation time. It is found that more nocturnal-type gravity waves [2000 BT to 0800 BT(Beijing time)] are generated at the initial stage of nocturnal southwest vortex, indicating that there may exist a correlation between the generations of nocturnal gravity waves and southwest vortex.
This study statistically analyzes gravity waves activity in the middle and upper troposphere(6-12 km) based on radiosonde data obtained at four stations, i. e., Jiange, Jinchuan, Jiulong, Mingshan, in the Intensive Atmospheric Science Observational Experiment of Southwest China vortex during 2012-2015. The results reveal downward propagation of gravity waves energy at Jiulong station, suggesting that the gravity waves are generated in the upper troposphere at Jiulong station. The opposite is true at other three stations. Corresponding to different types of the southwest vortex, gravity waves activities are quite different. At the initial stage of the moving-out type of southwest vortex, gravity waves mainly propagate northeastward with larger probability of upward wave energy transport compared to downward transport. Meanwhile, kinetic and potential energy are large with significant variation. At the initial stage of source southwest vortex, however, gravity waves largely propagate along the northwest-southeast direction, while wave energy can be transported upward or downward with similar probability. Meanwhile, kinetic and potential energy are relatively small with weak variation. It is noted that the horizontal propagation direction of gravity waves are important for the moving direction of southwest vortex. Gravity waves are divided into nocturnal type and daytime type based on their generation time. It is found that more nocturnal-type gravity waves [2000 BT to 0800 BT(Beijing time)] are generated at the initial stage of nocturnal southwest vortex, indicating that there may exist a correlation between the generations of nocturnal gravity waves and southwest vortex.
引文
卞建春,陈洪滨,吕达仁.2004.用垂直高分辨率探空资料分析北京上空下平流层重力波的统计特性[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,34(8):748-756.Bian Jianchun,Chen Hongbin,LüDaren.2005.Statistics of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere over Beijing based on high vertical resolution radiosonde[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,48(9):1548-1558.doi:10.1360/03yd0512
陈忠明.1989.环境场作用与西南低涡移动的初步分析[J].高原气象,8(4):301-312.Chen Zhongming.1989.The preliminary study of effect of environment flow fields on movement of southwest vortex[J].Plateau Meteor(in Chinese),8(4):301-312.
陈忠明.1990.西南低涡发生发展的一种动力机制[J].四川气象,(4):1-9.Chen Zhongming.1990.A dynamic mechanism for the formation and development of the southwest vortex[J].Journal of Sichuan Meteorology(in Chinese),(4):1-9.
Cheng X L,Li Y Q,Xu L.2016.An analysis of an extreme rainstorm caused by the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex from an intensive observation[J].Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,128(3):373-399.doi:10.1007/s00703-015-0420-2
Cho J Y N.1995.Inertio-gravity wave parameter estimation from crossspectral analysis[J].J.Geophys.Res.,100(D9):18727-18737,doi:10.1029/95JD01752.
De la Torre A,Téitelbaum H,Vial F.1996.Stratospheric and tropospheric wave measurements near the Andes mountains[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,58(5):521-530.doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00086-0
邓少格,杨闻,钟中,等.2012.一种利用温度廓线与风廓线提取大气重力波参数的方法简介[J].干旱气象,30(4):630-634.Deng Shaoge,Yang Wen,Zhong Zhong,et al.2012.Brief introduction of a method to extract atmospheric gravity wave parameters using temperature and wind profile[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),30(4):630-634.
Fritts D C.1984.Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere:Areview of theory and observations[J].Rev.Geophys.,22(3):275-308.doi:10.1029/RG022i003p00275
Fritts D C,Chou H G.1987.An investigation of the vertical wavenumber and frequency spectra of gravity wave motions in the lower stratosphere[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,44(24):3610-3624.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<3610:AIOTVW>2.0.CO;2
Fritts D C,Alexander M J.2003.Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere[J].Rev.Geophys.,41(1):1-68.doi:10.1029/2001RG000106
高守亭.1987.流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用[J].大气科学,11(3):263-271.Gao Shouting.1987.The dynamic action of the disposition of the fluid fields and the topography on the formation of the south-west vortex[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(Scientia Atmospherica Sinica)(in Chinese),11(3):263-271.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1987.03.05
Hoffmann L,Xue X,Alexander M J.2013.A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,118(2):416-434.doi:10.1029/2012JD018658
黄福均.1986.西南低涡的合成分析[J].大气科学,10(4):402-408.Huang Fujun.1986.A composite analysis of the southwest vortex[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(Scientia Atmospherica Sinica)(in Chinese),10(4):402-408,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1986.04.07.
李国平.2007.青藏高原动力气象学[M].第2版.北京:气象出版社,23-26.Li Guoping.2007.Dynamic Meteorology of the Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,23-26.
李跃清,赵兴炳,邓波.2010.2010年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,30(4):80-84.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Deng Bo.2010.Intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of 2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),30(4):80-84.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2010.04.014
李跃清,赵兴炳,张利红等.2011.2011年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,31(4):7-11.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Zhang Lihong,et al.2011.Intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of 2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),31(4):7-11.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2011.04.002
李跃清,赵兴炳,张利红,等.2012.2012年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,32(4):1-8.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Zhang Lihong,et al.2012.The intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),32(4):1-8.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2012.04.001
李超,李跃清,蒋兴文.2015.四川盆地低涡的月际变化及其日降水分布统计特征[J].大气科学,39(6):1191-1203.Li Chao,Li Yueqing,Jiang Xingwen.2015.Statistical characteristics of the intermonthly variation of the Sichuan Basin vortex and the distribution of daily precipitation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(6):1191-1203.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1502.14270
李跃清,徐祥德.2016.西南涡研究和观测试验回顾及进展[J].气象科技进展,6(3):134-140.Li Yueqing,Xu Xiangde.2016.Areview of the research and observing experiment on Southwest China vortex[J].Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),6(3):134-140.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1973.2016.03.018
卢敬华.1986.西南低涡概论[M].北京:气象出版社,58pp.Lu Jinghua.1986.The Introduction of Southwest Vortex(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,58pp.
卢敬华,陈刚毅.1993.西南低涡的一些基本事实及初步分析[J].成都气象学院学报,(4):7-15.Lu Jinghua,Chen Gangyi.1993.Some basic facts about the Southwest China vortex and their prelminary analysis[J].Journal of Chengdu Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),(4):7-15.
谌贵珣,何光碧.2008.2000~2007年西南低涡活动的观测事实分析[J].高原山地气象研究,28(4):59-65.Shen Guixun,He guangbi.2008.The observed facts analysis of southwest vortex from2000 to 2007[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),28(4):59-65.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2008.04.010
罗四维.1992.青藏高原及其邻近地区几类天气系统的研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1-52.Luo Siwei.1992.Study on Some Kinds of Weather Systems over and Around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1-52.
McLandress C,Ward W E.1994.Tidal/gravity wave interactions and their influence on the large scale dynamics of the middle atmosphere:Model results[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(D4):8139-8156.doi:10.1029/94JD00486
Plougonven,R,H.Teitelbaum,V.Zeitlin.2003.Inertia gravity wave generation by the tropospheric midlatitude jet as given by the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment radio soundings.[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(D21),4686.doi:10.1029/2003JD003535
覃卫坚,寿绍文,李启泰,等.2007.影响惯性重力波活动规律的动力学因子研究[J].高原气象,26(3):519-524.Qin Weijian,Shou Shaowen,Li Qitai,et al.2007.Research on the dynamics factors influencing development of inertial gravity waves[J].Plateau Meteor(in Chinese),26(3):519-524.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2007.03.012
Scavuzzo C M,Lamfri M A,Teitelbaum H,et al.1998.A study of the low frequency inertio-gravity waves observed during the Pyrénées Experiment[J].J.Geophys.Res.,103(D2):1747-1758.doi:10.1029/97JD02308
张政泰,林明宇,亓鹏,等.2016.西南涡发生发展机制中热力强迫作用的数值试验[J].干旱气象,34(3):533-539.Zhang Zhengtai,Lin Mingyu,Qi Peng,et al.2016.Numerical simulation about thermal forcing effect on southwest vortex's developing mechanism[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),34(3):533-539.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2016)-03-0533
中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所.1977.青藏高原东侧动力性低涡形成机制的分析[J].气象科技,(S1):54-65.Lanzhou Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.1977.Analysis of the formation mechanism of the eastern Tibetan Plateau vortex dynamics[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),(S1):54-65.
中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,中国气象学会高原气象学委员会.2013.西南低涡年鉴(2012)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-352.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu,and Plateau Meteorology Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society.2013.Southwest China Vortex Yearbook 2012(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1-352.
中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,中国气象学会高原气象学委员会.2015.西南低涡年鉴(2013)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-352.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu,and Plateau Meteorology Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society.2015.Southwest China Vortex Yearbook 2013(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1-352.
中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,中国气象学会高原气象学委员会.2016.西南低涡年鉴(2014)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-352.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu,and Plateau Meteorology Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society.2016.Southwest China Vortex Yearbook 2014(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1-352.
中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,中国气象学会高原气象学委员会.2017.西南低涡年鉴(2015)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-352.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu,and Plateau Meteorology Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society.2017.Southwest China Vortex Yearbook 2015(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1-352.
陈忠明.1989.环境场作用与西南低涡移动的初步分析[J].高原气象,8(4):301-312.Chen Zhongming.1989.The preliminary study of effect of environment flow fields on movement of southwest vortex[J].Plateau Meteor(in Chinese),8(4):301-312.
陈忠明.1990.西南低涡发生发展的一种动力机制[J].四川气象,(4):1-9.Chen Zhongming.1990.A dynamic mechanism for the formation and development of the southwest vortex[J].Journal of Sichuan Meteorology(in Chinese),(4):1-9.
Cheng X L,Li Y Q,Xu L.2016.An analysis of an extreme rainstorm caused by the interaction of the Tibetan Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex from an intensive observation[J].Meteor.Atmos.Phys.,128(3):373-399.doi:10.1007/s00703-015-0420-2
Cho J Y N.1995.Inertio-gravity wave parameter estimation from crossspectral analysis[J].J.Geophys.Res.,100(D9):18727-18737,doi:10.1029/95JD01752.
De la Torre A,Téitelbaum H,Vial F.1996.Stratospheric and tropospheric wave measurements near the Andes mountains[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,58(5):521-530.doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00086-0
邓少格,杨闻,钟中,等.2012.一种利用温度廓线与风廓线提取大气重力波参数的方法简介[J].干旱气象,30(4):630-634.Deng Shaoge,Yang Wen,Zhong Zhong,et al.2012.Brief introduction of a method to extract atmospheric gravity wave parameters using temperature and wind profile[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),30(4):630-634.
Fritts D C.1984.Gravity wave saturation in the middle atmosphere:Areview of theory and observations[J].Rev.Geophys.,22(3):275-308.doi:10.1029/RG022i003p00275
Fritts D C,Chou H G.1987.An investigation of the vertical wavenumber and frequency spectra of gravity wave motions in the lower stratosphere[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,44(24):3610-3624.doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<3610:AIOTVW>2.0.CO;2
Fritts D C,Alexander M J.2003.Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere[J].Rev.Geophys.,41(1):1-68.doi:10.1029/2001RG000106
高守亭.1987.流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用[J].大气科学,11(3):263-271.Gao Shouting.1987.The dynamic action of the disposition of the fluid fields and the topography on the formation of the south-west vortex[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(Scientia Atmospherica Sinica)(in Chinese),11(3):263-271.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1987.03.05
Hoffmann L,Xue X,Alexander M J.2013.A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations[J].J.Geophys.Res.,118(2):416-434.doi:10.1029/2012JD018658
黄福均.1986.西南低涡的合成分析[J].大气科学,10(4):402-408.Huang Fujun.1986.A composite analysis of the southwest vortex[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(Scientia Atmospherica Sinica)(in Chinese),10(4):402-408,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1986.04.07.
李国平.2007.青藏高原动力气象学[M].第2版.北京:气象出版社,23-26.Li Guoping.2007.Dynamic Meteorology of the Tibetan Plateau(in Chinese)[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,23-26.
李跃清,赵兴炳,邓波.2010.2010年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,30(4):80-84.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Deng Bo.2010.Intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of 2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),30(4):80-84.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2010.04.014
李跃清,赵兴炳,张利红等.2011.2011年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,31(4):7-11.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Zhang Lihong,et al.2011.Intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of 2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),31(4):7-11.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2011.04.002
李跃清,赵兴炳,张利红,等.2012.2012年夏季西南涡加密观测科学试验[J].高原山地气象研究,32(4):1-8.Li Yueqing,Zhao Xingbing,Zhang Lihong,et al.2012.The intensive observation scientific experiment of Southwest China vortex in the summer of2012[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),32(4):1-8.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2012.04.001
李超,李跃清,蒋兴文.2015.四川盆地低涡的月际变化及其日降水分布统计特征[J].大气科学,39(6):1191-1203.Li Chao,Li Yueqing,Jiang Xingwen.2015.Statistical characteristics of the intermonthly variation of the Sichuan Basin vortex and the distribution of daily precipitation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(6):1191-1203.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1502.14270
李跃清,徐祥德.2016.西南涡研究和观测试验回顾及进展[J].气象科技进展,6(3):134-140.Li Yueqing,Xu Xiangde.2016.Areview of the research and observing experiment on Southwest China vortex[J].Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),6(3):134-140.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1973.2016.03.018
卢敬华.1986.西南低涡概论[M].北京:气象出版社,58pp.Lu Jinghua.1986.The Introduction of Southwest Vortex(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,58pp.
卢敬华,陈刚毅.1993.西南低涡的一些基本事实及初步分析[J].成都气象学院学报,(4):7-15.Lu Jinghua,Chen Gangyi.1993.Some basic facts about the Southwest China vortex and their prelminary analysis[J].Journal of Chengdu Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),(4):7-15.
谌贵珣,何光碧.2008.2000~2007年西南低涡活动的观测事实分析[J].高原山地气象研究,28(4):59-65.Shen Guixun,He guangbi.2008.The observed facts analysis of southwest vortex from2000 to 2007[J].Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research(in Chinese),28(4):59-65.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2184.2008.04.010
罗四维.1992.青藏高原及其邻近地区几类天气系统的研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1-52.Luo Siwei.1992.Study on Some Kinds of Weather Systems over and Around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1-52.
McLandress C,Ward W E.1994.Tidal/gravity wave interactions and their influence on the large scale dynamics of the middle atmosphere:Model results[J].J.Geophys.Res.,99(D4):8139-8156.doi:10.1029/94JD00486
Plougonven,R,H.Teitelbaum,V.Zeitlin.2003.Inertia gravity wave generation by the tropospheric midlatitude jet as given by the Fronts and Atlantic Storm-Track Experiment radio soundings.[J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(D21),4686.doi:10.1029/2003JD003535
覃卫坚,寿绍文,李启泰,等.2007.影响惯性重力波活动规律的动力学因子研究[J].高原气象,26(3):519-524.Qin Weijian,Shou Shaowen,Li Qitai,et al.2007.Research on the dynamics factors influencing development of inertial gravity waves[J].Plateau Meteor(in Chinese),26(3):519-524.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2007.03.012
Scavuzzo C M,Lamfri M A,Teitelbaum H,et al.1998.A study of the low frequency inertio-gravity waves observed during the Pyrénées Experiment[J].J.Geophys.Res.,103(D2):1747-1758.doi:10.1029/97JD02308
张政泰,林明宇,亓鹏,等.2016.西南涡发生发展机制中热力强迫作用的数值试验[J].干旱气象,34(3):533-539.Zhang Zhengtai,Lin Mingyu,Qi Peng,et al.2016.Numerical simulation about thermal forcing effect on southwest vortex's developing mechanism[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),34(3):533-539.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2016)-03-0533
中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所.1977.青藏高原东侧动力性低涡形成机制的分析[J].气象科技,(S1):54-65.Lanzhou Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.1977.Analysis of the formation mechanism of the eastern Tibetan Plateau vortex dynamics[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),(S1):54-65.
中国气象局成都高原气象研究所,中国气象学会高原气象学委员会.2013.西南低涡年鉴(2012)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-352.Institute of Plateau Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Chengdu,and Plateau Meteorology Committee of Chinese Meteorological Society.2013.Southwest China Vortex Yearbook 2012(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1-352.
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