柴达木盆地生态植被的地下水阈值
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摘要
生态植被的地下水阈值是指植被依赖地下水生长的最大水位埋深和溶解性总固体含量(TDS)。控制地下水开采生态风险的基础是弄清生态植被与地下水的依存关系并给出地下水阈值。文章利用遥感数据集MOD13Q1和水文地质调查获得的实测数据,统计分析了柴达木盆地主要平原区生态植被与潜水的水位埋深、TDS的关系。结果表明:天然植被依赖地下水的阈值是水位埋深为5. 3 m、TDS为7. 5 g/L;埋深> 5. 3 m地带的天然植被基本与地下水无关;埋深<1. 1m是水生植被、湿生植被与湿生耐盐碱植被适宜生长的水位埋深区间;埋深1. 4～3. 5 m是耐盐植被及中生植被与旱生植被适合生长的水位埋深区间; TDS≤1. 5 g/L适宜植被生长,1. 5 g/L 7. 5 g/L不适宜植被生长。
The groundwater threshold of ecological vegetation is defined as the maximum depth to the water table and the maximum total dissolved solids( TDS) of groundwater on which the growth of vegetation depends. The basis for controlling the ecological risk of groundwater exploitation is to clarify the dependency of ecological vegetation and groundwater and determine the groundwater threshold. Based on the measured data obtained by remote sensing dataset MOD13 Q1 and hydrogeological survey,the relationship among ecological vegetation,burial depth and TDS of the phreatic water in the main plain area of the Qaidam Basin is statistically analyzed. The results show that ① the threshold of natural vegetation-dependent groundwater is5. 3 m for depth of water table and 7. 5 g/L for TDS,and natural vegetation growing in areas where the water table depth is more than 5. 3 m is basically independent of groundwater. ② Water table depth < 1. 1 m is suitable for aquatic,hygrophilous vegetation and hygrophilous saline-resistant vegetation. Water table depth ranging from 1. 4 m to 3. 5 m is suitable for saline-resistant vegetation,middle vegetation and xerophytic vegetation. ③ TDS of ≤1. 5 g/L is suitable for vegetation growth,1. 5 g/L < TDS≤5 g/L is more suitable for vegetation growth,5 g/L < TDS≤7. 5 g/L is not basically suitable for vegetation growth,and TDS > 7. 5 g/L is not suitable for vegetation growth.
The groundwater threshold of ecological vegetation is defined as the maximum depth to the water table and the maximum total dissolved solids( TDS) of groundwater on which the growth of vegetation depends. The basis for controlling the ecological risk of groundwater exploitation is to clarify the dependency of ecological vegetation and groundwater and determine the groundwater threshold. Based on the measured data obtained by remote sensing dataset MOD13 Q1 and hydrogeological survey,the relationship among ecological vegetation,burial depth and TDS of the phreatic water in the main plain area of the Qaidam Basin is statistically analyzed. The results show that ① the threshold of natural vegetation-dependent groundwater is5. 3 m for depth of water table and 7. 5 g/L for TDS,and natural vegetation growing in areas where the water table depth is more than 5. 3 m is basically independent of groundwater. ② Water table depth < 1. 1 m is suitable for aquatic,hygrophilous vegetation and hygrophilous saline-resistant vegetation. Water table depth ranging from 1. 4 m to 3. 5 m is suitable for saline-resistant vegetation,middle vegetation and xerophytic vegetation. ③ TDS of ≤1. 5 g/L is suitable for vegetation growth,1. 5 g/L < TDS≤5 g/L is more suitable for vegetation growth,5 g/L < TDS≤7. 5 g/L is not basically suitable for vegetation growth,and TDS > 7. 5 g/L is not suitable for vegetation growth.
引文
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[16]杨国柱,张洪军,尚永成.柴达木地区芦苇草地的保护、培育和合理利用[J].中国草地,1994(6):58-61.[YANG G Z,ZHANG H J,SHANG Y C.The protection,cultivation and reasonable utilization of reed grassland[J]. China Grassland,1994(6):58-61.(in Chinese)]
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[19]徐海峰,郭万香,杨国柱.赖草根系的初步测定[J].青海草业,1994,3(1):25-27.[XU H F,GUO W X,YANG G Z. Preliminary determination of the root system of Leymus[J]. Qinghai Prataculture,1994,3(1):25-27.(in Chinese)]
[20]王文全,贾渝彬,胥丽敏,等.毛白杨根系分布的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(1):25-29.[WANG W Q,JIA Y B,XU L M,et al. Study on the root distribution of Populus tomenosa[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,1997,20(1):25-29.(in Chinese)]
[21]成向荣,黄明斌,邵明安.沙地小叶杨和柠条细根分布与土壤水分消耗的关系[J].中国水土保持学报,2008,6(5):77-83.[CHENG X R,HUANG M B,SHAO M A. Relationship between fine roots distribution and soil water consumption of Populus simonii and Caragana korshinkii plantation on sandy land[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(5):77-83.(in Chinese)]
[22]卢娜,金晓媚.柴达木盆地植被覆盖分布规律及影响因素[J].人民黄河,2015,37(1):94-98.[LU N,JIN X M. Laws of vegetation distribution and evolutionary trend and analysis of the influencing factors in Qaidam Basin[J]. Yellow River,2015,37(1):94-98.(in Chinese)]
[2]王永贵,郭宏业,李健,等.柴达木盆地地下水资源及其环境问题调查评价报告[R].北京:地质出版社,2008.[WANG Y G,GUO H Y,LI J,et al.Investigation and evaluation of groundwater resources and its environmental problems in Qaidam Basin[R].Beijing:Geology Press,2008.(in Chinese)]
[3]杨泽元,王文科,黄金廷,等.陕北风沙滩地区生态安全地下水位埋深研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(8):67-74.[YANG Z Y,WANG W K,HUANG J T,et al. Research on buried depth of eco-safety about groundwater table in the blown-sand region of the Northern Shaanxi Province[J]. The Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2006,34(8):67-74.(in Chinese)]
[4]张茂省,卢娜,陈劲松.陕北能源化工基地地下水开发的植被生态效应及对策[J].地质通报,2008,27(8):1299-1312.[ZHANG M S,LU N,CHEN J S. Ecological effects of vegetation during groundwater exploitation in the Northern Shaanxi Energy&Chemical Industry Base[J]. Geological Bulletin of China,2008,27(8):1299-1312.(in Chinese)]
[5]金晓媚,万力,张幼宽,等.银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(3):197-203.[JIN X M,WAN L,ZHANG Y K,et al. A study of the relationship between vegetation growth and groundwater in the Yin-chuan Plain[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2007,14(3):197-203.(in Chinese)]
[6]金晓媚.黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被与地下水位埋深的定量关系[J].地学前缘,2010,17(6):181-186.[JIN X M. Quantitative relationship between the desert vegetation and groundwater depth in Ejina Oasis,the Heihe River Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2010,17(6):181-186.(in Chinese)]
[7]金晓媚,夏薇,郭任宏.柴达木河都兰区植被覆盖率变化特征[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(2):603-609.[JIN X M,XIA W,GUO R H. Variation of vegetation coverage in the Dulan Area of Qaidam River Basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(2):603-609.(in Chinese)]
[8]金晓媚,刘金韬,夏薇.柴达木盆地乌图美仁地区植被覆盖率变化及其与地下水的关系[J].地学前缘,2014,21(4):100-106.[JIN X M,LIU J T,XIA W. Variation of vegetation coverage and its relationship with groundwater in Wutumeiren Area of Qaidam Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers,2014,21(4):100-106.(in Chinese)]
[9]陈志人,张维样.柴达木盆地生态系统的特征及其控制机理[J].早区资源与环境1987,1(2):115-122.[CHEN Z R,ZHANG W Y. The characters of ecosystem in Qaidam basin and its control mechanism[J]. Journal Arid Land Resources and Environment,1987,1(2):115-122.(in Chinese)]
[10]刘燕华.柴达木盆地水资源合理开发利用与生态保护[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.[LIU Y H.Water resource reasonable exploitation and environmental protection in Qaidam Basin[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.(in Chinese)]
[11]钟泽兵,周国英,杨路存,等.柴达木盆地几种荒漠灌丛植被的生物量分配格局[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(4):1042-1048.[ZHONG Z B,ZHOU G Y,YANG L C,et al. The biomass allocation patterns of desert shrub vegetation in the Qaidam Basin[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(4):1042-1048.(in Chinese)]
[12]孙世洲.青海柴达木盆地及其周围山地植被[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(3):236-249.[SUN S Z. The vegetation of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding mountains[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Et Geobotanica Sinica,1989,13(3):236-249.(in Chinese)]
[13]铁生年,马晓芳,王宁峰.青藏高原沙漠化地区植物特性与分布状况分析[J].价值工程,2015(26):163-167.[TIE S N,MA X F,WANG N F. Analysis of Plant Characteristics and Distribution Status in Desertification Area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Value Engineering,2015(26):163-167.(in Chinese)]
[14]周笃君,褚金鳌.柴达木盆地的罗布麻植物资源与开发利用[J].青海科技,1998,5(2):47-48.[ZHOU D J,CHU J A. Bluish dogbane resource and its development in Qaidam Basin[J]. Qinghai Science and Technology,1998,5(2):47-48.(in Chinese)]
[15]朱莉华,方振堃,索有瑞.柴达木盆地白刺特点及其开发利用前景[J].青海科技,2005(6):12-15.[ZHU L H,FANG Z K,SUO Y R. Characteristics and development prospect of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr in Qaidam Basin[J]. Qinghai Science and Technology,2005(6):12-15.(in Chinese)]
[16]杨国柱,张洪军,尚永成.柴达木地区芦苇草地的保护、培育和合理利用[J].中国草地,1994(6):58-61.[YANG G Z,ZHANG H J,SHANG Y C.The protection,cultivation and reasonable utilization of reed grassland[J]. China Grassland,1994(6):58-61.(in Chinese)]
[17]李修仓,胡顺军,李岳坦,等.干旱区旱生芦苇根系分布及土壤水分动态[J].草业学报,2008(4):97-101.[LI X C,HU S J,LI Y T,et al. Study on the root distribution and soil moisture dynamics under Phragmites arid regions[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2008(4):97-101.(in Chinese)]
[18]时永杰.我国西部荒漠化生态环境及其治理论文集[J].中兽医医药杂志,2003(增刊1):139-166.[SHI Y J. The ecological environment of desertification in western China and its governance[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine,2003(Sup1):139-166.(in Chinese)]
[19]徐海峰,郭万香,杨国柱.赖草根系的初步测定[J].青海草业,1994,3(1):25-27.[XU H F,GUO W X,YANG G Z. Preliminary determination of the root system of Leymus[J]. Qinghai Prataculture,1994,3(1):25-27.(in Chinese)]
[20]王文全,贾渝彬,胥丽敏,等.毛白杨根系分布的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1997,20(1):25-29.[WANG W Q,JIA Y B,XU L M,et al. Study on the root distribution of Populus tomenosa[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,1997,20(1):25-29.(in Chinese)]
[21]成向荣,黄明斌,邵明安.沙地小叶杨和柠条细根分布与土壤水分消耗的关系[J].中国水土保持学报,2008,6(5):77-83.[CHENG X R,HUANG M B,SHAO M A. Relationship between fine roots distribution and soil water consumption of Populus simonii and Caragana korshinkii plantation on sandy land[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(5):77-83.(in Chinese)]
[22]卢娜,金晓媚.柴达木盆地植被覆盖分布规律及影响因素[J].人民黄河,2015,37(1):94-98.[LU N,JIN X M. Laws of vegetation distribution and evolutionary trend and analysis of the influencing factors in Qaidam Basin[J]. Yellow River,2015,37(1):94-98.(in Chinese)]