论描述心理学的质性精神
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摘要
描述心理学作为科学心理学初创时期产生的重要学科形态,孕育并彰显出浓厚而澄明的质性精神,且这种质性精神的实质是科学视阈下的人文主义精神。它在本体论上反对自然科学导向的物化实在论而坚持人文科学导向的意义实在论,在认识论上反对主客彼此分离的二元论立场而坚持主客视域融合的主体间性立场,在方法论上反对实证主义的客观研究范式而坚持现象学或解释学的主观探究策略,在价值论上反对研究者可保持绝对中立的观念无涉态度而坚持研究者个人意愿会对研究过程施加影响的观念涉入态度。描述心理学的质性精神在当代的质性心理学中得到了延续、弘扬和发展,甚至可以说,前者是后者的思想源泉和精神预示,而后者是前者的当代传承和新生存在,两者在基本精神上根本一致。
Descriptive psychology was an important discipline modality,which emerged at the start-up period of scientific psychology.It was pregnant with and manifested abundant and clear qualitative spirits,which were in essence humanistic spirits under the horizon of science.From the point of view of ontology,it opposed to the materialized realism under the guidance of natural science and stuck to the meaningful realism under the guidance of human science.From the point of view of epistemology,it opposed to the dualist position standing for detachment of subject and object and stuck to the inter-subjective position standing for fusion of horizons of subject and object.From the point of view of methodology,it opposed to the objective research paradigm under the guidance of positivism and stuck to the subjective exploratory strategy under the guidance of phenomenology or hermeneutics.From the point of view of axiology,it opposed to the value-freedom attitude insisting that the researcher could keep absolutely neutral during the research and stuck to the value-involvement attitude insisting that the researcher's personal willingness would inevitably have an effect on the research process.The qualitative spirits of descriptive psychology got continued,promoted,and developed in contemporary qualitative psychology.We might even say that descriptive psychology was the source of ideas and the prediction of spirits of qualitative psychology and qualitative psychology was the contemporary inheritance and the new existing form of descriptive psychology.There was fundamental consistence in basic spirits between descriptive psychology and qualitative psychology.
Descriptive psychology was an important discipline modality,which emerged at the start-up period of scientific psychology.It was pregnant with and manifested abundant and clear qualitative spirits,which were in essence humanistic spirits under the horizon of science.From the point of view of ontology,it opposed to the materialized realism under the guidance of natural science and stuck to the meaningful realism under the guidance of human science.From the point of view of epistemology,it opposed to the dualist position standing for detachment of subject and object and stuck to the inter-subjective position standing for fusion of horizons of subject and object.From the point of view of methodology,it opposed to the objective research paradigm under the guidance of positivism and stuck to the subjective exploratory strategy under the guidance of phenomenology or hermeneutics.From the point of view of axiology,it opposed to the value-freedom attitude insisting that the researcher could keep absolutely neutral during the research and stuck to the value-involvement attitude insisting that the researcher's personal willingness would inevitably have an effect on the research process.The qualitative spirits of descriptive psychology got continued,promoted,and developed in contemporary qualitative psychology.We might even say that descriptive psychology was the source of ideas and the prediction of spirits of qualitative psychology and qualitative psychology was the contemporary inheritance and the new existing form of descriptive psychology.There was fundamental consistence in basic spirits between descriptive psychology and qualitative psychology.
引文
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(21)汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《哲学解释学》,夏镇平、宋建平译,上海:上海译文出版社,1994年,第23-28页。
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(24)Rennie,D.L.“Qualitative Research as Methodical Hermeneutics.”Psychological Methods 17,no.3(2012):385-398.
(25)Giorgi,A.“An Affirmation of the Phenomenological Psychological Descriptive Method:A Response to Rennie(2012).”Psychological Methods 19,no.4(2014):542-551.
(26)(32)Ermarth,M.Wilhelm Dilthey:The Critique of Historical Reason.Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press,1978,180,310.
(27)张勇:《西方心理学人文取向的生成与发展研究》,长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2007年,第40页。
(28)李晓凤、佘双好:《质性研究方法》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006年,第279页。
(30)许为勤:《布伦塔诺价值哲学》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2004年,第53-57页。
(31)倪梁康:《现象学及其效应》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年,第132页。
(34)刘建军:《追问信仰》,石家庄:河北人民出版社,1998年,第121页。
(35)Gergen,K.J.,R.Josselson,and M.Freeman.“The Promises of Qualitative Inquiry.”American Psychologist 70,no.1(2015):1-9.
(2)Wertz,F.J.“The Qualitative Revolution and Psychology:Science,Politics,and Ethics.”The Humanistic Psychologist 39,no.2(2011):77-104;Wertz,F.J.“Qualitative Inquiry in the History of Psychology.”Qualitative Psychology1,no.1(2014):4-16.
(3)王申连、郭本禹:《描述心理学的历史演变》,《教育研究与实验》2014年第2期;王申连、郭本禹:《描述心理学的理论形态》,《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2015年第1期。
(4)Thomas,W.I.The Unjusted Girl.Boston:Little Brown,1931,41.
(5)王申连、郭本禹:《描述心理学的理论形态》,《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2015年第1期。
(6)高新民:《意向性理论的当代发展》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008年,第250页。
(7)(10)赫伯特·施皮格伯格:《现象学运动》,王炳文、张金言译,北京:商务印书馆,2011年,第79页,第101-102页。
(8)(17)Mulligan,K.,and B.Smith.“Franz Brentano on the Ontology of Mind.”Philosophy and Phenomenological Research45,no.4(1985):627-644.
(9)Brentano,F.Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.trans.by Rancurello,A.C.,Terrell,D.B.,and L.L.McAlister.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1995,89.
(11)王申连、郭本禹:《从经验到本质:胡塞尔对布伦塔诺描述心理学的理论推进》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2015年第3期。
(12)埃德蒙德·胡塞尔:《纯粹现象学通论》,李幼蒸译,北京:商务印书馆,1995年,第218页。
(13)Teo,T.The Critique of Psychology:From Kant to Postcolonial Theory.New York:Springer,2005,79.
(14)Stern,W.General Psychology from the Personalistic Standpoint.trans.by H.D.Spoerl.New York:Macmillan,1938,14-15.
(15)(29)梅拉尼·莫特纳、玛克辛·伯奇、朱莉·杰索普、蒂娜·米勒:《质性研究的伦理》,丁三东、王岫庐译,重庆:重庆大学出版社,2008年,第iii页,第xiii页。
(16)Wolman,B.B.“Immanuel Kant and His Impact on Psychology.”In B.B.Wolman,ed.,Historical Roots of Contemporary Psychology,229-247.New York:Harper&Row,1968;Wolman,B.B.,and S.Knapp.Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology.New York:Plenum Press,1981,410-430.
(18)Hodges, H. A. The Philosophy of Wilhelm Dilthey.London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1952,205.
(19)(33)Wolman,B.B.,and S.Knapp.Contemporary Theories and Systems in Psychology.New York:Plenum Press,1981,417,423.
(20)Huemer,W.,and C.Landerer.“Mathematics,Experience and Laboratories:Herbarts and Brentanos Role in the Rise of Scientific Psychology.”History of the Human Sciences 23,no.3(2010):72-94.
(21)汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔:《哲学解释学》,夏镇平、宋建平译,上海:上海译文出版社,1994年,第23-28页。
(22)卡拉·威利格:《心理学质性研究导论》,郭本禹、王申连、赵玉晶译,北京:人民邮电出版社,2013年,第11页。
(23)Camic,P.M.,J.E.Rhodes,and L.Yardley.Qualitative Research in Psychology:Expanding Perspectives in Methodology and Design.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association,2003,ix-x.
(24)Rennie,D.L.“Qualitative Research as Methodical Hermeneutics.”Psychological Methods 17,no.3(2012):385-398.
(25)Giorgi,A.“An Affirmation of the Phenomenological Psychological Descriptive Method:A Response to Rennie(2012).”Psychological Methods 19,no.4(2014):542-551.
(26)(32)Ermarth,M.Wilhelm Dilthey:The Critique of Historical Reason.Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press,1978,180,310.
(27)张勇:《西方心理学人文取向的生成与发展研究》,长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2007年,第40页。
(28)李晓凤、佘双好:《质性研究方法》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006年,第279页。
(30)许为勤:《布伦塔诺价值哲学》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2004年,第53-57页。
(31)倪梁康:《现象学及其效应》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年,第132页。
(34)刘建军:《追问信仰》,石家庄:河北人民出版社,1998年,第121页。
(35)Gergen,K.J.,R.Josselson,and M.Freeman.“The Promises of Qualitative Inquiry.”American Psychologist 70,no.1(2015):1-9.