大学生关爱的心理结构
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摘要
本研究通过词语联想和访谈的方法研究大学生关爱的心理结构。词语联想法调查的结果表明大学生关爱心理结构存在三个维度——积极体验、消极体验和回报;访谈法的结果表明:积极体验维度包括对关爱者亲社会人格特质和亲社会行为的感知,关爱别人和被别人关爱所产生的积极情绪,消极体验维度包括对他人遭受困难的共情感受,对无力关爱他人的消极感受,回报维度是关爱行为的动机之一。本研究为关爱的心理结构提供了实证的支持,同时发现,回报在关爱心理结构中具有独特作用。
In this paper we show our research on the psychological structure of university students' compassion through the methods of Terms Association Test(TAT) and Interview. By doing the TAT it indicates that there are three components of the psychological structure: the positive experience, the negative experience and the reciprocity;by doing the the interview we find that: the positive experience includes the perception of the compassion-giver's pro-social personality and behavior and the positive feelings by caring for others and being cared by others; the negative experience includes the empathy for others' suffering and the feeling of inability to have compassion for suffering; and the reciprocity is one of motivations of compassion. This study provides an empirical support for the psychological structure of compassion and finds that reciprocity plays important roles in compassion's psychological structure.
In this paper we show our research on the psychological structure of university students' compassion through the methods of Terms Association Test(TAT) and Interview. By doing the TAT it indicates that there are three components of the psychological structure: the positive experience, the negative experience and the reciprocity;by doing the the interview we find that: the positive experience includes the perception of the compassion-giver's pro-social personality and behavior and the positive feelings by caring for others and being cared by others; the negative experience includes the empathy for others' suffering and the feeling of inability to have compassion for suffering; and the reciprocity is one of motivations of compassion. This study provides an empirical support for the psychological structure of compassion and finds that reciprocity plays important roles in compassion's psychological structure.
引文
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[15] Sinclair S.Beamer K.Hack T F.et al.,Sympathy,empathy,and compassion:A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’understandings,experiences and prefernes preferences[J].Palliative Medicine,2016,31(5):437-447.
[16]李想,黄煜,罗禹,李红,时勘.好人更值得怜悯?道德评价影响疼痛共情的ERP研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2018,26(01):47-51+73.
[17]邱圣童,赵梓晴,王言,等.高中生自悯、人际信任与宽恕特质关系[J].心理研究,2017,10(1):84-90.
[18]胡伟希.论悲悯与共通感——兼论基督教和佛教中的悲悯意识[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012, 44(4):49-58.
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[20] Melwani,S.,Mueller,J.S.,Overbeck,J.R.Looking down:The influence of contempt and compassion on emergent leadership categorizations[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(6),1171-1185.
[21] John,O.P.Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style[J].The Journal of Positive Psychology,1(2),2006,61-71.
[22] Neff,K.D.The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion[J].Self&Identity,2003,2(3),223-250.
[23]王燕,张雷.中国父母关爱行为的多维度测量研究[J].心理发展与教育,2007,23(2):68-75.
[24] Jazaieri, H.,Mcgonigal,K.,Jinpa,T.,Doty,J.R.,Gross,J.J.,Goldin,P.R.Arandomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training:Effects on mindfulness, affect and emotion regulation[J].Motivation and Emotion, 2014,38(1),23-35.
[25] Weng,H.Y.,Lapate,R.C.,Stodola,D.E.,Roger Rogers,G.M.,Davidson,R.J.Visual attention to suffering after compassion training is associated with decreased amygdala responses[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2018,9,771.
[26] Weng,H.Y.,Fox,A.S.,Shackman,A.J.,Stodola,D.E.,Caldwell,J.Z.,Olson,M.C.,et al.Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering[J].Psychological Science,2013,24(7),1171-1180.
[27] Staub,E.,Vollhardt,J.Altruism born of suffering:The roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma[J].American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,2008,78(3),267.
[28] Lim,D,Desteno,D.Suffering and Compassion:The Links Among Adverse Life Experiences,Empathy,Compassion,and Prosocial Behavior[J].Emotion,2016,16(2):175.
[29] Ruttan,R.L.,Mcdonnell,M.H.,Nordgren,L.F.Having“been there”doesn’t mean I care:When prior experience reduces compassion for emotional distress[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2015,108(4),610-622.
[30]何安明,刘华山,惠秋平.感恩三维结构理论模型的建构[J].心理研究,2013,6(3):11-17.
[31]芦学璋,郭永玉,李静.社会阶层与亲社会行为:回报预期的调节作用[J].心理科学,2014,(5):1212-1219.
[2]范兴华,何苗,陈锋菊.父母关爱与留守儿童孤独感:希望的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2016,24(4):702-705.
[3]聂岚,赵玲玲.城市空巢老人心理健康、影响因素及心理关爱研究进展[J].现代预防医学,2014,41(23):4335-4337.
[4] Sinclair,S,Norris,J.M,Mcconnell,S.J,et al.Compassion:a scoping review of the healthcare literature[J].Bmc Palliave Care,2016,15(1):6.
[5] Canevello,A.,Crocker,J.Creating good relationships:esponsiveness,relationship quality and interpersonal goals[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2010,99(1),78-106.
[6] Klimecki,O.M.,Leiberg,S.,Ricard,M.,Singer,T.Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2014,9(6),873-879.
[7] Immordino-Yang,M. H.,Mccoll,A.,Damasio, H.,Damasio,A. Neural correlates of admiration and compassion[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009,106(19), 8021-8026.
[8] Goetz, J. L.,Dacher,K.,Emiliana,S. T. Compassion:an evolutionary analysis and empirical review[J].Psychological Bulletin,2010,136(3),351-74.
[9] Rynes S L, Bartunek J M, Dutton J E, et al. Care and compassion through an organizational lens:Opening up new possibilities.[J]. Academy of Management Review,2012,37(4):503-523.
[10] Keltner,D.Born to be good:The science of a meaningful life[M].New York:W.W. Norton&Company.2009.
[11]潘哲,郭永玉,徐步霄,杨沈龙.人格研究中的“能动”与“共生”及其关系[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(01):99-110.
[12] Atkins,P.W.B.,Parker, S. K. Understanding individual compassion in organizations:the role of appraisals and psychological flexibility[J].Academy of Management Review,2012,37(4), 524-546.
[13] Kanov,J.M.,Maitlis,S.,Worline,M.C.,Dutton,J.E.,Frost,P.P.J.,Lilius,J.M.Compassion in organizational life[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2004,47(6),808-827.
[14]李超平,喻晓,仲理峰.组织中的关爱:概念界定、结果与影响因素[J].心理科学进展,2014(05):822-833.
[15] Sinclair S.Beamer K.Hack T F.et al.,Sympathy,empathy,and compassion:A grounded theory study of palliative care patients’understandings,experiences and prefernes preferences[J].Palliative Medicine,2016,31(5):437-447.
[16]李想,黄煜,罗禹,李红,时勘.好人更值得怜悯?道德评价影响疼痛共情的ERP研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2018,26(01):47-51+73.
[17]邱圣童,赵梓晴,王言,等.高中生自悯、人际信任与宽恕特质关系[J].心理研究,2017,10(1):84-90.
[18]胡伟希.论悲悯与共通感——兼论基督教和佛教中的悲悯意识[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012, 44(4):49-58.
[19] Weiner,S.J,Auster, S.From Empathy to Caring:Defining the Ideal Approach to a Healing Relationship[J].Yale J Biol Med,2007,80(3):123-130.
[20] Melwani,S.,Mueller,J.S.,Overbeck,J.R.Looking down:The influence of contempt and compassion on emergent leadership categorizations[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2012,97(6),1171-1185.
[21] John,O.P.Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style[J].The Journal of Positive Psychology,1(2),2006,61-71.
[22] Neff,K.D.The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion[J].Self&Identity,2003,2(3),223-250.
[23]王燕,张雷.中国父母关爱行为的多维度测量研究[J].心理发展与教育,2007,23(2):68-75.
[24] Jazaieri, H.,Mcgonigal,K.,Jinpa,T.,Doty,J.R.,Gross,J.J.,Goldin,P.R.Arandomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training:Effects on mindfulness, affect and emotion regulation[J].Motivation and Emotion, 2014,38(1),23-35.
[25] Weng,H.Y.,Lapate,R.C.,Stodola,D.E.,Roger Rogers,G.M.,Davidson,R.J.Visual attention to suffering after compassion training is associated with decreased amygdala responses[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2018,9,771.
[26] Weng,H.Y.,Fox,A.S.,Shackman,A.J.,Stodola,D.E.,Caldwell,J.Z.,Olson,M.C.,et al.Compassion training alters altruism and neural responses to suffering[J].Psychological Science,2013,24(7),1171-1180.
[27] Staub,E.,Vollhardt,J.Altruism born of suffering:The roots of caring and helping after victimization and other trauma[J].American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,2008,78(3),267.
[28] Lim,D,Desteno,D.Suffering and Compassion:The Links Among Adverse Life Experiences,Empathy,Compassion,and Prosocial Behavior[J].Emotion,2016,16(2):175.
[29] Ruttan,R.L.,Mcdonnell,M.H.,Nordgren,L.F.Having“been there”doesn’t mean I care:When prior experience reduces compassion for emotional distress[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2015,108(4),610-622.
[30]何安明,刘华山,惠秋平.感恩三维结构理论模型的建构[J].心理研究,2013,6(3):11-17.
[31]芦学璋,郭永玉,李静.社会阶层与亲社会行为:回报预期的调节作用[J].心理科学,2014,(5):1212-1219.