中国儒法传统下武人心理结构的历史变迁
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摘要
人是文化哲学的本质和核心,武术文化研究离不开与"武"相关的人本身。以拥有武技的武人在不同历史时期的社会角色及其处境为线索,从儒家、法家的文化传统所代表的现实秩序的兴衰与融合的历史变迁中梳理武人心理结构的演变过程,有助于更真实地理解历史文化变迁中武术与相关传统文化的深层关系。整体来看,不同历史时期国家主流文化驱使下的社会秩序形成外部强制,逐渐使武人的自然性情趋于内隐而转化为自我控制和调整,从而在各自的社会角色中实现了对暴力的文明转化以及自身心理结构的"理性化"。同时,传统武礼、武德的内涵也是在武人不断调整、适应社会的过程中逐步生成与发展的,并承载和体现了一定的儒法传统特征,这一过程整体上也影响了武术的发展走向。
People are the essence and core of cultural philosophy. The study of martial arts culture is inseparable from the very people related to "martial arts". By taking the social roles of martial arts practitioners and their situations in different periods as historical clues, sorting out the evolutional process of the psychological structure of martial arts practitioners according to the rise and fall of the realistic order represented by the cultural traditions of Confucianism and Legalism is helpful to understanding the deep relationship between martial arts and the related traditional culture in the changes of history and culture. On the whole, the external coercion as a result of the formation of social order driven by the mainstream culture of the country in different historical periods caused the natural disposition of martial arts practitioners to be implicit and gradually transformed it into self-control and self-adjustment. At the same time, the connotation of professional etiquette and ethics is also gradually formed and developed in the process of martial arts practitioners' constantly adjusting and adapting to the society. They carried and embodied certain traditional characteristics of Confucianism and Legalism. Moreover, this process has also affected the development trend of martial arts as a whole.
People are the essence and core of cultural philosophy. The study of martial arts culture is inseparable from the very people related to "martial arts". By taking the social roles of martial arts practitioners and their situations in different periods as historical clues, sorting out the evolutional process of the psychological structure of martial arts practitioners according to the rise and fall of the realistic order represented by the cultural traditions of Confucianism and Legalism is helpful to understanding the deep relationship between martial arts and the related traditional culture in the changes of history and culture. On the whole, the external coercion as a result of the formation of social order driven by the mainstream culture of the country in different historical periods caused the natural disposition of martial arts practitioners to be implicit and gradually transformed it into self-control and self-adjustment. At the same time, the connotation of professional etiquette and ethics is also gradually formed and developed in the process of martial arts practitioners' constantly adjusting and adapting to the society. They carried and embodied certain traditional characteristics of Confucianism and Legalism. Moreover, this process has also affected the development trend of martial arts as a whole.
引文
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[2]张震,张长念.传统社会中武术的异化及其现代性复归[J].体育科学,2015,35(5):88-95.
[3]孔颖达,毛诗正义[M]//阮元,校刻.十三经注疏.北京:中华书局,2009.
[4]徐元诰.国语集解·晋语六第十二[M].王树民,沈长云,点校.北京:中华书局,2002.
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[6]陈寿.三国志[M].北京:中国书局,1982.
[7]诺贝特·埃利亚斯.文明的进程:文明的社会起源和心理起源的研究[M].王佩莉,袁志英,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2013.
[8]钱穆.中国文化史导论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994.
[9]张双棣,张万彬,殷国光,等.吕氏春秋译注[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[10]马克斯·韦伯.学术与政治[M].冯克利,译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998.
[11]张光直.中国青铜时代[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2013.
[12]杨任之.尚书今注今译[M].北京:北京广播学院出版社,1993.
[13]班固.汉书[M].颜师古,注.北京:中华书局,2005.
[14]张燕婴,译注.论语[M].北京:中华书局,2006.
[15]刘仲平.司马法今注今译[M].台北:台湾商务印书馆,1977.
[16]胡平生,张萌,译注.礼记[M].北京:中华书局,2017.
[17]尉缭.尉缭子·原官第十[M]//骈字骞,李解民,盛冬玲,等,译注.武经七书:上册.北京:中华书局,2007.
[18]童书业.春秋左传研究[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980.
[19]吴起.六韬·文韬·举贤[M]//骈字骞,李解民,盛冬玲,等,译注.武经七书:下册.北京:中华书局,2007.
[20]顾颉刚.史林杂史初编[M].北京:中华书局,1963.
[21]钱穆.国史大纲:上册[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994.
[22]张松辉,张景.韩非子译注[M].上海:上海三联书店,2014.[23][宋]范晔,[晋]司马彪撰.后汉书[M].长沙:岳麓书院出版社,2008.
[24]王国轩,胡平生.大学·中庸·孝经[M].北京:中华书局,2011.
[25]陈寿.三国志[M].北京:中华书局,1982.
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[27]司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,2013
[28]钱穆.释侠[M]//钱穆.中国学术思想史论丛(二).北京:三联书店,2009.
[29]龚鹏程.论清代的侠义小说[J].清明小说研究,1990(Z1):75-92.
[30]龚鹏程.大侠[M].台北:台湾锦冠出版社,1987.
[31]傅其林.论儒侠文化精神[J].青海社会科学,2001(2):80-84.
[32]司马光.司马温公文集卷14[M].北京:商务印书馆,1937.
[33]秦晖.传统十论[M].北京:东方出版社,2014.
[34]《盐铁论》注译组.盐铁论新注[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1975.
[35]王溥.唐会要校正[M].牛继清,校证.西安:三秦出版社,2012.
[36]龚鹏程.武艺丛谈[M].济南:山东书画出版社,2009.
[37]周一良.《南齐书·丘灵鞠传》试释兼论南朝文武官位及清浊[M]//周一良.魏晋南北朝史论集.北京:北京大学出版社,1997.
[38]于赓哲.由武成王庙制变迁看唐代文武分途[J].魏晋南北朝隋唐史料,2002(00):133-141.
[39]武则天.答王方庆谏孟春讲武手制[M]//唐诰等编.全唐文(卷95),北京:中华书局,1983:984.
[40]王葆玹.黄老与老庄[M].北京:中国人民大学出版,2012.
[41]陈宝良.中国的社与会[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[42]许嘉璐.二十四史全译(宋史)[M].上海:汉语大词典出版社,2004.