医学3.0与健康管理2.0将促进健康中国战略的早日实现
|
摘要
以学术争鸣和观点述评的方式系统介绍医学3.0与健康管理2.0的观点和内容,通过对近年来因慢病导致死亡的数量远远超过战争所带来的死亡人数的分析和思考,指出慢病防控几乎是人类输得最惨的一场战争。通过对慢病防控这场战争进行反思和总结,结合国内外医学领域(含中医和西医)相关研究,指出以往对慢病起源及其发生发展过程出现的认识不足和失误以及相应的防控策略出现的方向性、战略性错误是导致慢病失控的关键因素,为此,需要重新全面认识慢病起源,并将慢病起源指向生活方式和饮食习惯的失衡所导致的肠道菌群紊乱这个关键点,其中的核心观点即"菌心说"学说认为,肠道菌群而并非大脑摄食中枢是驱动人体产生饥饿感,从而进行摄食的关键原因。为此,基于"饥饿源于菌群"与"慢病源于(肠道菌群向人体传递饥饿感而胁迫人体被动)摄食"所形成的"慢病源于菌群"的新观点,为将中医(医学1.0)和西医(医学2.0)升级到医学3.0阶段提供了科学依据,并顺应性地提出了健康管理2.0的新思路。由于近年来基于该新思路的技术方案已在肥胖、"三高"、荨麻疹、痛经等多种慢病(症状)的改善中陆续得到验证,因此进一步指出可将人体通过"一分为三"的辩证思维方式,理解为与人的三大功能(生物学功能、心理学功能、社会学功能)相对应的"两膜三区"新结构,即血脑屏障(BBB-1)和血菌屏障(BBB-2)这两个生物膜系统以及人体(肉体)、菌群(菌心)和人脑(认知)三个区域,其中肉体以人类基因组操作系统(OS/1)为代码运行,发挥为菌心和人脑提供能量(血糖)的作用,作为支撑菌心和人脑的支撑平台而存在,菌心以人体共生微生物尤其是肠道菌群基因组操作系统(OS/2)为代码运行,赋予人体饥饿感、人体对不同种类食物和数量的客观偏好性以及欲望、情商等依赖于物质的心理相关事件功能活动的物质基础,而人脑则以人类(区别于动物)所特有的语言、文字、符号及其逻辑等以操作系统(OS/3)为代码运行,赋予人类通过思维活动完成对客观世界以及主观世界的认识,从而形成人类的思想、精神、意志、信仰等高级表型和外在表现。由此可见,医学3.0不仅为慢病起源提供了新的认识论和慢病防控的方法论参考,而且对于如何认识人本身,进而认识到自然界的有序性以及人必须按照自然界的有序性而规范自己的言行,从而为确保身心健康提供了参考思路,期待在通过讨论和辩论进行深入论证和实践检验的基础上,促进这些新观点为人、医学以及社会的定义提供新的认识,加速促进健康中国战略的早日实现。
In this paper,we introduced the concept of medical science version 3.0( MS3.0) and health care management version 2.0( HCM2.0). We reviewed and analyzed the number of human death caused by human war and found the death number of human beings caused by the chronic diseases are extremely significant larger than that by the human war,which means that a large failure for the human being losing the war fighting with the chronic diseases( CDs). After carefully summarized the previous studies around the world and based on our own studies coupled with a large number of clinical tests with our own bodies,we finally and unexpectedly found that the gut flora caused CDs in our body. Most of our CDs were caused by improper life styles and unhealthy food and drinking habits,but the key point is that the hunger sensation comes from the gut flora. When normal gut flora was destroyed by improper intake of food and drink,then they will produce a large number of CD-inducing factors and caused the human body to be CD status. In addition,we found when we control the irregular and wrong gut flora,then the CDs will significantly go into good status. Therefore,we developed the new model of Medical Science version( MS3.0) by defining the cause of CDs to be gut flora other than the human genes. The MS3.0 is an easily-to-be-understood updated version of the Traditional Chinese Medicine( TCM) of Medical Science version 1.0( MS1.0) and the Western Medicine of Medical Science version 2.0( MS2.0). In the view of MS3.0,the human body could be divided to be two membranes and three parts. The first membrane is the blood brain barrier( BBB-1) to separate the human brain system from the human blood,while the second membrane is the blood bacteria barrier( BBB-2) to separate the gut flora from the human blood. As for the three parts,the first is the human body itself as a platform to provide the blood for the human brain and the gut flora,while the gut flora is the second part which drive the material needs for the human body,and the human brain is the third part in the body for thinking and talking and communications. The human genomic DNA system( OS/1) is able to support the development of the human body,while the gut flora genomic DNA system( OS/2) aims to support the food needs for the human body,and the human brain system( OS/3) works for thinking by using the human language and words and sentences. This is a full-view of the human body and the gut flora as well as for the human brain. Only when we can now correctly understand and easily control the human is composed of these two membranes and three parts,we will finally win the war fighting with the human CDs lasted for several thousands of years in the whole human history. In conclusion,the MS3.0 and HCM2.0 will open a new window for our human being to have a healthy and happy life in the future far away from the CDs.
In this paper,we introduced the concept of medical science version 3.0( MS3.0) and health care management version 2.0( HCM2.0). We reviewed and analyzed the number of human death caused by human war and found the death number of human beings caused by the chronic diseases are extremely significant larger than that by the human war,which means that a large failure for the human being losing the war fighting with the chronic diseases( CDs). After carefully summarized the previous studies around the world and based on our own studies coupled with a large number of clinical tests with our own bodies,we finally and unexpectedly found that the gut flora caused CDs in our body. Most of our CDs were caused by improper life styles and unhealthy food and drinking habits,but the key point is that the hunger sensation comes from the gut flora. When normal gut flora was destroyed by improper intake of food and drink,then they will produce a large number of CD-inducing factors and caused the human body to be CD status. In addition,we found when we control the irregular and wrong gut flora,then the CDs will significantly go into good status. Therefore,we developed the new model of Medical Science version( MS3.0) by defining the cause of CDs to be gut flora other than the human genes. The MS3.0 is an easily-to-be-understood updated version of the Traditional Chinese Medicine( TCM) of Medical Science version 1.0( MS1.0) and the Western Medicine of Medical Science version 2.0( MS2.0). In the view of MS3.0,the human body could be divided to be two membranes and three parts. The first membrane is the blood brain barrier( BBB-1) to separate the human brain system from the human blood,while the second membrane is the blood bacteria barrier( BBB-2) to separate the gut flora from the human blood. As for the three parts,the first is the human body itself as a platform to provide the blood for the human brain and the gut flora,while the gut flora is the second part which drive the material needs for the human body,and the human brain is the third part in the body for thinking and talking and communications. The human genomic DNA system( OS/1) is able to support the development of the human body,while the gut flora genomic DNA system( OS/2) aims to support the food needs for the human body,and the human brain system( OS/3) works for thinking by using the human language and words and sentences. This is a full-view of the human body and the gut flora as well as for the human brain. Only when we can now correctly understand and easily control the human is composed of these two membranes and three parts,we will finally win the war fighting with the human CDs lasted for several thousands of years in the whole human history. In conclusion,the MS3.0 and HCM2.0 will open a new window for our human being to have a healthy and happy life in the future far away from the CDs.
引文
[1] Organization WH. Preventing chronic diseases:a vital investment[J].2010,126(2):95.
[2]Wang L,Kong L,Wu F,et al. Preventing chronic diseases in China[J].Lancet,2005,366(9499):1821-1824.
[3]Yach D,Hawkes C,Gould CL,et al. The global burden of chronic diseases:overcoming impediments to prevention and control[J].JAMA,2004,291(21):2616-2622.
[4] Patel V,Chisholm D,Parikh R,et al. Addressing the burden of mental,neurological,and substance use disorders:key messages from Disease Control Priorities,3rd edition[J]. Lancet,2016,387(10028):1672-1685.
[5]中国疾病预防控制中心.中国慢性病及其危险因素监测报告[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2010.
[6]张成岗.当前慢病防控困境迫切呼唤新医学和菌心说[J].科技导报,2015,33(22):106-111.
[7]张成岗,巩文静.基于饥饿源于菌群的新发现将引发慢病防控突破性进展[J].科技导报,2017,35(21):43-48.
[8]黄清健,滕淑珍,高大文,等.灾害救援中柔性辟谷提高救援效率的应急方案[J].灾害医学与救援(电子版),2015,4(2):81-85.
[9]巩文静,黄清健,高大文,等.柔性辟谷技术在青年人群体重控制中的应用[J].军事医学,2016,40(8):651-656.
[10]任青河,黄江南,黄荣杰,等.柔性辟谷技术改善高血压的初步研究[J].中国食物与营养,2017,23(8):70-75.
[11]苏玉顺,徐艳艳,卢一鸣,等.柔性辟谷技术对慢性荨麻疹改善作用的初步研究[J].转化医学电子杂志,2017,4(12):20-25.
[12]Wenjing Gong,Changqing Sun,Shuzhen Teng et al. Evaluation of a novel fasting approach using plant polysaccharides per meal in human symbionts[J]. Int Clin Med,2018.
[13]中国.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告[J]. 2015.
[14]林晓斐.国务院办公厅印发《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017~2025年)》[J].中医药管理杂志,2017,25(4):14.
[15]人民教育出版社历史室.世界近代现代史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2006.
[16]威廉.哈代.麦克尼尔,叶佐.第二次世界大战史大全[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1995.
[17]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[18]国务院.国务院关于建立全科医生制度的指导意见[J].中华全科医师杂志,2011,10(9):609-612.
[19]国务院办公厅关于推进分级诊疗制度建设的指导意见国办发[2015]70号[J].中国制药信息,2016,32(4):23-26.
[20]张成岗.青蒿素研发及屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的启示[J].科技导报,2015,33(20):86-89.
[21]张成岗.人体微生态尤其是肠道微生态为新药研发提供前所未有的机遇和挑战[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2016,30(7):703-713.
[22]Zhang C. The Gut Flora-Centric Theory Based on the New Medical Hypothesis of “Hunger Sensation Comes from Gut Flora”:A New Model for Understanding the Etiology of Chronic Diseases in Human Beings[J]. Austin Internal Med,2018,3(3):1030-1036.
[23]Cesaro C,Tiso A,Del Prete A,et al. Gut microbiota and probiotics in chronic liver diseases[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2011,43(6):431-438.
[24]Felizardo RJ,Castoldi A,Andrade-Oliveira V,et al. The microbiota and chronic kidney diseases:a double-edged sword[J]. Clin Transl Immunology,2016,5(6):e86.
[25] Kim D,Zeng MY,Nú1ez G. The interplay between host immune cells and gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases[J]. Exp Mol Med,2017,49(5):e339.
[26]Kramer CD,Genco CA. Microbiota,immune subversion,and chronic inflammation[J]. Front Immunol,2017,8:255.
[27]Pragman,AA,Lyu,T,Baller,JA,et al. The lung tissue microbiota of mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Microbiome,2018,6(1):7-25.
[28]Blaser MJ. The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases[J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2017,17(8):461-463.
[29]Ley RE,Turnbaugh PJ,Klein S,et al. Microbial ecology:human gut microbes associated with obesity[J]. Nature,2006,444(7122):1022-1023.
[30] Cantarel BL,Waubant E,Chehoud C,et al. Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis:Possible influence of immunomodulators[J].J Investig Med,2015,63(5):729-734.
[31] Dinan TG,Cryan JF. Melancholic microbes:A link between gut microbiota and depression[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil,2013,25(9):713-719.
[32]Finegold SM,Dowd SE,Gontcharova V,et al. Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children[J]. Anaerobe,2010,16(4):444-453.
[33]张成岗.新医学·菌心说·云医院[M].北京:中医古籍出版社,2016.
[34] Tang JL,Liu BY,Ma KW. Traditional Chinese medicine[J].Lancet,2008,372(9654):1938-1940.
[35]Normile D. Asian medicine. The new face of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Science,2003,299(5604):188-190.
[36]曾树宏,申璐,高月,等.中医综合护理缓解肛肠疾病术后疼痛的系统评价[J].现代医药卫生,2018,34(1):27-31.
[37]高月,宋帅,赵梦夏,等.脐腹灸治疗梅尼埃病31例[J].中国针灸,2017,37(7):715-716.
[38]李晗,马增春,肖成荣,等.乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱对CYP3A4抑制作用研究[J].中国新药杂志,2017,26(9):999-1004.
[39]Li S,Zhang ZQ,Wu LJ,et al. Understanding ZHENG in traditional Chinese medicine in the context of neuro-endocrine-immune network[J].IET Syst Biol,2007,1(1):51-60.
[40]石圣洪,郑小燕,王宗勤.探索中医药优势疾病谱[J].世界科学技术:中医药现代化,2003,5(3):38-40.
[41]董国锋,图娅,武晓冬,等.再探中医药特色和优势[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2010(6):441-444.
[42]Wang AH,Quigley GJ,Kolpak FJ,et al. Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution[J].Nature,1979,282(5740):680-686.
[43]Beal P,Dervan P. Second structural motif for recognition of DNA by oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation[J]. Science,1991,251(4999):1360-1363.
[44]杨滢,胡蓉.人类在生物遗传领域的探索与发展[J].中国科技纵横,2017(18):226-227.
[45]丽莎·扬特.现代遗传学:设计生命[M].邹晨霞译.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2008.
[46]杨焕明.纪念DNA双螺旋结构模型发表50周年、祝贺人类基因组计划最终完成一部无法绕过的经典文献The Human Genome《人类基因组——我们的DNA》[J].遗传,2003,25(3):Ⅶ.
[47]Dey N,Williams C,Leyland-Jones B,et al. Mutation matters in precision medicine:A future to believe in[J]. Cancer Treat Rev,2017,55:136-149.
[48]Shin JW,Lee JM. The prospects of CRISPR-based genome engineering in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders[J]. Ther Adv Neurol Disord,2018,11:1756285617741837.
[49]Pasipoularides A. Implementing genome-driven personalized cardiology in clinical practice[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol,2018,115:142-157.
[50] Cholon DM,Gentzsch M. Recent progress in translational cystic fibrosis research using precision medicine strategies[J]. J Cyst Fibros,2018,17(2S):S52-S60.
[51]Lawlor N,Khetan S,Ucar D,et al. Genomics of islet(Dys)function and type 2 diabetes[J]. Trends Genet,2017,33(4):244-255.
[52]Ogino S,Nowak JA,Hamada T,et al. Integrative analysis of exogenous,endogenous,tumour and immune factors for precision medicine[J]. Gut,2018,67(6):1168-1180.
[53]Brown JM,Wilson WR. Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(6):437-447.
[54]Basch E,Deal AM,Dueck AC,et al. Overall survival results of a trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment[J]. JAMA,2017,318(2):197-198.
[55]何权瀛.对特鲁多先生墓志铭的感悟[J].医学与哲学(B),2017,38(11):76-77.
[56]桂欣钰,杨晶,杨丹,等.中国本土舒缓医学的发展现状和前景[J].医学与哲学(B),2016,37(12):83-87.
[57]陈宪泽,詹小清.基于全科医生的社区健康管理模式及其运行机制研究[J].中国卫生事业管理,2014,31(12):897-900.
[58]李小梅,刘端祺.现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化[J].医学与哲学(临床决策论坛版),2011,32(2):7-9,80.
[59]田晓山.姑息医学之人文化成[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.
[60]摩罗.原罪意识与忏悔意识的起源及宗教学分析[J].中国文化,2007(2):51-60.
[61]贾虹,孟庆云,单闯,等.健康成人能量代谢的预测研究[J].中华临床营养杂志,1999,7(2):70-73.
[62]Liu HY,Lu YF,Chen WJ. Predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Chinese adults:a cross-validation study[J]. J Am Diet Assoc,1995,95(12):1403-1408.
[63]托马斯.美丽小宇宙:微生物进化四十亿年[M].游惠贞译.台北:牛顿出版公司,1988.
[64]钱存柔.从微生物角度看生物进化[J].微生物学通报,1987,14(6):264-267,243.
[65]纳塔利·戈德斯坦.动物的捕猎与进食[M].姜莹译.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2011.
[66]巩文静.柔性辟谷技术用于改善体重的临床观察研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军事医学科学院,2017.
[67]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010.
[68]孙经先.关于我国三年困难时期的人口变动(1959~1961)[J].经济纵横,2014(5):1-15.
[69]程恩富,詹志华.三年困难时期非正常死亡人口及其相关问题研究[J].人口研究,2017,41(2):97-112.
[70]Amorosi M. Correlation between sport and depression[J]. Psychiatr Danub,2014,26(Suppl 1):208-210.
[71]Campbell SC,Wisniewski PJ 2nd. Exercise is a Novel Promoter of Intestinal Health and Microbial Diversity[J]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev,2017,45(1):41-47.
[72] Munukka E,Wiklund P,Partanen T,et al. Adipocytes as a Link Between Gut Microbiota-Derived Flagellin and Hepatocyte Fat Accumulation[J]. PLoS ONE,2016,11(4):e0152786.
[73]Cronin O,O'Sullivan O,Barton W,et al. Gut microbiota:implications for sports and exercise medicine[J]. Br J Sports Med,2017,51(9):700-701.
[74]Mach N,Fuster-Botella D. Endurance exercise and gut microbiota:A review[J]. J Sport Health Sci,2017,6(2):179-197.
[75]王方汉.历史上的三次数学危机[J].数学通报,2002,41(5):42-43.
[76]艾靓.论科学精神的内涵[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(2):61-63.
[77]李迪.日心说和地心说的斗争[M].北京:人民出版社,1974.
[78]郑乐民.原子物理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[79]白云.计算机网络正在改变人类生活方式[J].科学新闻,2000(11):21.
[80]王晓东.我们来了,我们还会经常再来[J].神州学人,2015(11):3.
[81]Watson JD. Molecular Biology of the Gene[M]. 6版.科学出版社,2011.
[82]鲍梦云.宇宙速度的计算[J].物理,1958(3):27-30.
[83]刘铭.博士后成长的摇篮[N].科技日报,2009-06-09(003).
[84]大连理工大学无机化学教研室.无机化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[85]国务院新闻办公室.中国的和平发展道路[EB/OL].(2011-09-06). http://news. xinhuanet. com/politics/2011-09/06/c_121982103.htm.
[86]潘亮. 1918·西班牙大流感:病毒猛于战祸[J].科学与文化,2009(6):6-7.
[87]朱建平.天花的世界流行[J].中华医史杂志,2003,33(3):188.
[88]龚震宇,龚训良,张见麟. 1999年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2001,16(2):76-77.
[89]龚震宇,杨小平. 2002年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2003,32(12):472-474.
[90]龚震宇,龚训良,杨小平. 2005年世界霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2007,22(7):503-504.
[91]龚震宇,杨小平. 2007年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2009,24(1):76-77.
[92]龚震宇,杨小平.全球2012年霍乱流行与防制概况[J].疾病监测,2013,26(12):1009-1011.
[93]卢金星.微生物与健康[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[94]马丁·布莱泽著,傅贺译,严青校.消失的微生物:滥用抗生素引发的健康危机[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2016.
[95]郎恩德.虚拟核试验——曝光美国“加速战略计算倡议”[J].现代军事,2002(4):31-33.
[96]贺争鸣,尚昌连,王禄增,等.关注和提高实验动物福利[J].中国比较医学杂志,2004,14(6):381-383.
[97]贺争鸣,邢瑞昌,方喜业,等.论实验动物福利、动物实验与动物实验替代方法[J].实验动物科学与管理,2005,22(1):61-64.
[98]恽时锋,胡玉红,田小芸,等.生物医学研究与实验动物福利协调发展[J].医学研究生学报,2005,18(2):186-187.
[2]Wang L,Kong L,Wu F,et al. Preventing chronic diseases in China[J].Lancet,2005,366(9499):1821-1824.
[3]Yach D,Hawkes C,Gould CL,et al. The global burden of chronic diseases:overcoming impediments to prevention and control[J].JAMA,2004,291(21):2616-2622.
[4] Patel V,Chisholm D,Parikh R,et al. Addressing the burden of mental,neurological,and substance use disorders:key messages from Disease Control Priorities,3rd edition[J]. Lancet,2016,387(10028):1672-1685.
[5]中国疾病预防控制中心.中国慢性病及其危险因素监测报告[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2010.
[6]张成岗.当前慢病防控困境迫切呼唤新医学和菌心说[J].科技导报,2015,33(22):106-111.
[7]张成岗,巩文静.基于饥饿源于菌群的新发现将引发慢病防控突破性进展[J].科技导报,2017,35(21):43-48.
[8]黄清健,滕淑珍,高大文,等.灾害救援中柔性辟谷提高救援效率的应急方案[J].灾害医学与救援(电子版),2015,4(2):81-85.
[9]巩文静,黄清健,高大文,等.柔性辟谷技术在青年人群体重控制中的应用[J].军事医学,2016,40(8):651-656.
[10]任青河,黄江南,黄荣杰,等.柔性辟谷技术改善高血压的初步研究[J].中国食物与营养,2017,23(8):70-75.
[11]苏玉顺,徐艳艳,卢一鸣,等.柔性辟谷技术对慢性荨麻疹改善作用的初步研究[J].转化医学电子杂志,2017,4(12):20-25.
[12]Wenjing Gong,Changqing Sun,Shuzhen Teng et al. Evaluation of a novel fasting approach using plant polysaccharides per meal in human symbionts[J]. Int Clin Med,2018.
[13]中国.中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告[J]. 2015.
[14]林晓斐.国务院办公厅印发《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017~2025年)》[J].中医药管理杂志,2017,25(4):14.
[15]人民教育出版社历史室.世界近代现代史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2006.
[16]威廉.哈代.麦克尼尔,叶佐.第二次世界大战史大全[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1995.
[17]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.
[18]国务院.国务院关于建立全科医生制度的指导意见[J].中华全科医师杂志,2011,10(9):609-612.
[19]国务院办公厅关于推进分级诊疗制度建设的指导意见国办发[2015]70号[J].中国制药信息,2016,32(4):23-26.
[20]张成岗.青蒿素研发及屠呦呦获得诺贝尔奖的启示[J].科技导报,2015,33(20):86-89.
[21]张成岗.人体微生态尤其是肠道微生态为新药研发提供前所未有的机遇和挑战[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2016,30(7):703-713.
[22]Zhang C. The Gut Flora-Centric Theory Based on the New Medical Hypothesis of “Hunger Sensation Comes from Gut Flora”:A New Model for Understanding the Etiology of Chronic Diseases in Human Beings[J]. Austin Internal Med,2018,3(3):1030-1036.
[23]Cesaro C,Tiso A,Del Prete A,et al. Gut microbiota and probiotics in chronic liver diseases[J]. Dig Liver Dis,2011,43(6):431-438.
[24]Felizardo RJ,Castoldi A,Andrade-Oliveira V,et al. The microbiota and chronic kidney diseases:a double-edged sword[J]. Clin Transl Immunology,2016,5(6):e86.
[25] Kim D,Zeng MY,Nú1ez G. The interplay between host immune cells and gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases[J]. Exp Mol Med,2017,49(5):e339.
[26]Kramer CD,Genco CA. Microbiota,immune subversion,and chronic inflammation[J]. Front Immunol,2017,8:255.
[27]Pragman,AA,Lyu,T,Baller,JA,et al. The lung tissue microbiota of mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Microbiome,2018,6(1):7-25.
[28]Blaser MJ. The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases[J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2017,17(8):461-463.
[29]Ley RE,Turnbaugh PJ,Klein S,et al. Microbial ecology:human gut microbes associated with obesity[J]. Nature,2006,444(7122):1022-1023.
[30] Cantarel BL,Waubant E,Chehoud C,et al. Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis:Possible influence of immunomodulators[J].J Investig Med,2015,63(5):729-734.
[31] Dinan TG,Cryan JF. Melancholic microbes:A link between gut microbiota and depression[J]. Neurogastroenterol Motil,2013,25(9):713-719.
[32]Finegold SM,Dowd SE,Gontcharova V,et al. Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children[J]. Anaerobe,2010,16(4):444-453.
[33]张成岗.新医学·菌心说·云医院[M].北京:中医古籍出版社,2016.
[34] Tang JL,Liu BY,Ma KW. Traditional Chinese medicine[J].Lancet,2008,372(9654):1938-1940.
[35]Normile D. Asian medicine. The new face of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Science,2003,299(5604):188-190.
[36]曾树宏,申璐,高月,等.中医综合护理缓解肛肠疾病术后疼痛的系统评价[J].现代医药卫生,2018,34(1):27-31.
[37]高月,宋帅,赵梦夏,等.脐腹灸治疗梅尼埃病31例[J].中国针灸,2017,37(7):715-716.
[38]李晗,马增春,肖成荣,等.乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱对CYP3A4抑制作用研究[J].中国新药杂志,2017,26(9):999-1004.
[39]Li S,Zhang ZQ,Wu LJ,et al. Understanding ZHENG in traditional Chinese medicine in the context of neuro-endocrine-immune network[J].IET Syst Biol,2007,1(1):51-60.
[40]石圣洪,郑小燕,王宗勤.探索中医药优势疾病谱[J].世界科学技术:中医药现代化,2003,5(3):38-40.
[41]董国锋,图娅,武晓冬,等.再探中医药特色和优势[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2010(6):441-444.
[42]Wang AH,Quigley GJ,Kolpak FJ,et al. Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution[J].Nature,1979,282(5740):680-686.
[43]Beal P,Dervan P. Second structural motif for recognition of DNA by oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation[J]. Science,1991,251(4999):1360-1363.
[44]杨滢,胡蓉.人类在生物遗传领域的探索与发展[J].中国科技纵横,2017(18):226-227.
[45]丽莎·扬特.现代遗传学:设计生命[M].邹晨霞译.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2008.
[46]杨焕明.纪念DNA双螺旋结构模型发表50周年、祝贺人类基因组计划最终完成一部无法绕过的经典文献The Human Genome《人类基因组——我们的DNA》[J].遗传,2003,25(3):Ⅶ.
[47]Dey N,Williams C,Leyland-Jones B,et al. Mutation matters in precision medicine:A future to believe in[J]. Cancer Treat Rev,2017,55:136-149.
[48]Shin JW,Lee JM. The prospects of CRISPR-based genome engineering in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders[J]. Ther Adv Neurol Disord,2018,11:1756285617741837.
[49]Pasipoularides A. Implementing genome-driven personalized cardiology in clinical practice[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol,2018,115:142-157.
[50] Cholon DM,Gentzsch M. Recent progress in translational cystic fibrosis research using precision medicine strategies[J]. J Cyst Fibros,2018,17(2S):S52-S60.
[51]Lawlor N,Khetan S,Ucar D,et al. Genomics of islet(Dys)function and type 2 diabetes[J]. Trends Genet,2017,33(4):244-255.
[52]Ogino S,Nowak JA,Hamada T,et al. Integrative analysis of exogenous,endogenous,tumour and immune factors for precision medicine[J]. Gut,2018,67(6):1168-1180.
[53]Brown JM,Wilson WR. Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2004,4(6):437-447.
[54]Basch E,Deal AM,Dueck AC,et al. Overall survival results of a trial assessing patient-reported outcomes for symptom monitoring during routine cancer treatment[J]. JAMA,2017,318(2):197-198.
[55]何权瀛.对特鲁多先生墓志铭的感悟[J].医学与哲学(B),2017,38(11):76-77.
[56]桂欣钰,杨晶,杨丹,等.中国本土舒缓医学的发展现状和前景[J].医学与哲学(B),2016,37(12):83-87.
[57]陈宪泽,詹小清.基于全科医生的社区健康管理模式及其运行机制研究[J].中国卫生事业管理,2014,31(12):897-900.
[58]李小梅,刘端祺.现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化[J].医学与哲学(临床决策论坛版),2011,32(2):7-9,80.
[59]田晓山.姑息医学之人文化成[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.
[60]摩罗.原罪意识与忏悔意识的起源及宗教学分析[J].中国文化,2007(2):51-60.
[61]贾虹,孟庆云,单闯,等.健康成人能量代谢的预测研究[J].中华临床营养杂志,1999,7(2):70-73.
[62]Liu HY,Lu YF,Chen WJ. Predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Chinese adults:a cross-validation study[J]. J Am Diet Assoc,1995,95(12):1403-1408.
[63]托马斯.美丽小宇宙:微生物进化四十亿年[M].游惠贞译.台北:牛顿出版公司,1988.
[64]钱存柔.从微生物角度看生物进化[J].微生物学通报,1987,14(6):264-267,243.
[65]纳塔利·戈德斯坦.动物的捕猎与进食[M].姜莹译.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2011.
[66]巩文静.柔性辟谷技术用于改善体重的临床观察研究[D].北京:中国人民解放军军事医学科学院,2017.
[67]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2010.
[68]孙经先.关于我国三年困难时期的人口变动(1959~1961)[J].经济纵横,2014(5):1-15.
[69]程恩富,詹志华.三年困难时期非正常死亡人口及其相关问题研究[J].人口研究,2017,41(2):97-112.
[70]Amorosi M. Correlation between sport and depression[J]. Psychiatr Danub,2014,26(Suppl 1):208-210.
[71]Campbell SC,Wisniewski PJ 2nd. Exercise is a Novel Promoter of Intestinal Health and Microbial Diversity[J]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev,2017,45(1):41-47.
[72] Munukka E,Wiklund P,Partanen T,et al. Adipocytes as a Link Between Gut Microbiota-Derived Flagellin and Hepatocyte Fat Accumulation[J]. PLoS ONE,2016,11(4):e0152786.
[73]Cronin O,O'Sullivan O,Barton W,et al. Gut microbiota:implications for sports and exercise medicine[J]. Br J Sports Med,2017,51(9):700-701.
[74]Mach N,Fuster-Botella D. Endurance exercise and gut microbiota:A review[J]. J Sport Health Sci,2017,6(2):179-197.
[75]王方汉.历史上的三次数学危机[J].数学通报,2002,41(5):42-43.
[76]艾靓.论科学精神的内涵[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2003(2):61-63.
[77]李迪.日心说和地心说的斗争[M].北京:人民出版社,1974.
[78]郑乐民.原子物理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
[79]白云.计算机网络正在改变人类生活方式[J].科学新闻,2000(11):21.
[80]王晓东.我们来了,我们还会经常再来[J].神州学人,2015(11):3.
[81]Watson JD. Molecular Biology of the Gene[M]. 6版.科学出版社,2011.
[82]鲍梦云.宇宙速度的计算[J].物理,1958(3):27-30.
[83]刘铭.博士后成长的摇篮[N].科技日报,2009-06-09(003).
[84]大连理工大学无机化学教研室.无机化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2009.
[85]国务院新闻办公室.中国的和平发展道路[EB/OL].(2011-09-06). http://news. xinhuanet. com/politics/2011-09/06/c_121982103.htm.
[86]潘亮. 1918·西班牙大流感:病毒猛于战祸[J].科学与文化,2009(6):6-7.
[87]朱建平.天花的世界流行[J].中华医史杂志,2003,33(3):188.
[88]龚震宇,龚训良,张见麟. 1999年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2001,16(2):76-77.
[89]龚震宇,杨小平. 2002年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2003,32(12):472-474.
[90]龚震宇,龚训良,杨小平. 2005年世界霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2007,22(7):503-504.
[91]龚震宇,杨小平. 2007年全球霍乱流行概况[J].疾病监测,2009,24(1):76-77.
[92]龚震宇,杨小平.全球2012年霍乱流行与防制概况[J].疾病监测,2013,26(12):1009-1011.
[93]卢金星.微生物与健康[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[94]马丁·布莱泽著,傅贺译,严青校.消失的微生物:滥用抗生素引发的健康危机[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2016.
[95]郎恩德.虚拟核试验——曝光美国“加速战略计算倡议”[J].现代军事,2002(4):31-33.
[96]贺争鸣,尚昌连,王禄增,等.关注和提高实验动物福利[J].中国比较医学杂志,2004,14(6):381-383.
[97]贺争鸣,邢瑞昌,方喜业,等.论实验动物福利、动物实验与动物实验替代方法[J].实验动物科学与管理,2005,22(1):61-64.
[98]恽时锋,胡玉红,田小芸,等.生物医学研究与实验动物福利协调发展[J].医学研究生学报,2005,18(2):186-187.