美国科普志愿者的建设经验及启示
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摘要
美国有大批科普志愿者并在科普志愿者的管理机制以及活动开展上积累了相当多的经验。通过考察美国科普志愿者的准入退出机制、管理体系、法律法规以及活动形式,我们发现:美国对科普志愿者的管理具有规范化的准入退出机制、较为完善的奖惩机制、便捷化的报名渠道以及多样化的活动形式等经验。相比之下,目前中国科普志愿者的人数及在科技传播中的作用都显得比较薄弱,服务中也存在诸多不足之处,建议相关部门能对科普志愿者进行统一规范的管理,建立健全相关法律法规,拓宽报名渠道,完善奖惩机制,以期全面提高公民科学素质。
The United States has a large number of popular science volunteers,and has accumulated considerable experience in the management mechanism and activities of popular science volunteers. By examining the access mechanism,management system,laws,and forms of activities of American science popularization volunteers,we have found that:The management of volunteers has a standardized entry and exit mechanism,a relatively complete reward and punishment mechanism,a convenient entry channel,and diverse forms of activities. In contrast,the current number of Chinese science popularization volunteers and their role in the spread of science and technology are relatively weaker. There are also many problems and deficiencies regarding the service. It is recommended that relevant departments conduct standardized and uniform management of popular science volunteers,improve relevant laws and improve the management system of popular science volunteers with a view to improving civic scientific literacy in an all-round way.
The United States has a large number of popular science volunteers,and has accumulated considerable experience in the management mechanism and activities of popular science volunteers. By examining the access mechanism,management system,laws,and forms of activities of American science popularization volunteers,we have found that:The management of volunteers has a standardized entry and exit mechanism,a relatively complete reward and punishment mechanism,a convenient entry channel,and diverse forms of activities. In contrast,the current number of Chinese science popularization volunteers and their role in the spread of science and technology are relatively weaker. There are also many problems and deficiencies regarding the service. It is recommended that relevant departments conduct standardized and uniform management of popular science volunteers,improve relevant laws and improve the management system of popular science volunteers with a view to improving civic scientific literacy in an all-round way.
引文
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[14] Museum Volunteer Recruitment this Quarter[EB/OL].[2017-05-12]. https://www.aaas.org/senior-scientists-andengineers/us-volunteer-programs.
[2] Beck M R,Morgan E A,Strand S S,et al. Volunteers Bring Passion to Science Outreach[J]. Science(New York,N. Y.),2006,314(5803):1246-1247.
[3] Kim T. Multi-level Antecedents of Company Support for Employee Volunteering[J].Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Managemen,2014(23):37-49.
[4] Blackmon J,Boles A N,Reddy P H. Garrison Institute on Aging-Lubbock Retired and Senior Volunteer Program(RSVP)Provides Services to South Plains,Texas[J]. Front Aging Neurosci,2015(215):1-4.
[5]王立武.美国《联邦志愿者保护法》述评[J].山东省工会管理干部学院学报,2010(5):80-82.
[6] Joesten M D,Tellinghuisen P C. Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science[J]. Journal of Chemical Education,2001,78(4):463-465.
[7] Corporation for National and Community Service(CNCS). 2011.“Volunteering in America 2011 Research Highlights.”[EB/OL].[2017-05-10]. www.volunteeringinamerica.gov.
[8] Olesik S V. Science Outreach:An Important Endeavor for Active Scientists[J]. ABCs of Teaching Analytical Science,2009(394):1233-36.
[9] The Philadelphia Science Festival. Sponsors[EB/OL].[2017-04-02]. http://www.thephiladelphiasciencefestival.org/sponsors.
[10] USA Science Festival. 2017 Festivals Program Guides[EB/OL].[2017-04-10]. http://www.usasciencefestival.org/volunteer-base-page.
[11] 2017 San Diego Tourism Authority. San Diego Festival of Science&Engineering[EB/OL].[2017-03-12]. https://www.sandiego.org/explore/events/festivals-and-street-fairs/san-diego-festival-of-science-and-engineering.aspx.
[12] Krause N. Assessing the Religious Roots of Volunteer Work in Middle and Late Life[J]. Research on Aging,2015,37(5):439-463.
[13] Klinedinst N J,Resnick B. The Volunteering-in-Place(VIP)Program:Providing Meaningful Volunteer Activity to Residents in Assisted Living with Mild Cognitive Impairment[J]. Geriatric Nursing,2016:1-7.
[14] Museum Volunteer Recruitment this Quarter[EB/OL].[2017-05-12]. https://www.aaas.org/senior-scientists-andengineers/us-volunteer-programs.