物流末端配送中快递代收行为法律问题刍议——基于代收成本分担视角的代收法律框架构建
|
摘要
快递代收作为物流末端配送的新形式,可有效解决物流末端配送中"时间差""地点差"所带来的成本问题以及个人信息泄露与人身财产安全问题。然而,受多方主体间事前约定不明晰、相关领域法律规范不明确、法律效力层级不足以震慑行为主体等多方面因素影响,由"签收差"问题导致的签收不当、验货、货物毁损及风险分配问题频频出现,产生了各种法律风险。为从代收行为源头入手预防和减少法律纠纷,高效处理快递代收法律纠纷,降低不必要的法律风险成本,一定要基于代收法律关系构建相对稳定的快递代收法律框架,建立明确的代收法律关系。对合同之债类代收关系下的间接代收关系而言,快递公司与代收主体之间应当设立委托代理合同,对代为交付快递、代为保管快递行为进行明确规定;对合同之债类代收关系下的直接代收关系而言,代收主体和收件人之间应当建立委托代理协议,尽量避免单纯保管合同关系的发生。对非合同之债类代收关系下的无因管理或好意施惠类代收而言,代收双方应本着诚实信用、不忘初衷的原则,根据民事法律事实对所发生的代收风险进行协商和友情见谅;对非合同之债类代收关系下应当尽量予以避免的表见代收和擅自寄放行为,应当根据具体情况由收件人或快递公司来承担相应的风险。
As the new way in the"last-mile"of logistics distribution system,express collection solves the some problems of"time difference"and the"location difference",such as the problem of cost,information leakage,and personal and property safety. However,because of such factors as the not clear ex ante appointment,and the not clear legal standard in related fields,the new way brings us with the new problem---"delivery time difference",and it leads to new legal risks. To prevent and reduce legal disputes,effectively deal with these legal disputes in express collection,reduce unnecessary legal risk cost,we should construct the comparatively stable legal framework for express collection based on the relation laws of express collection,and establish the clear legal relation for express collection. For the indirect relation in legal nexus of express collection based on contractual obligation,the express company and the third party should sign the agent contract of consignation,and regulate related behaviors;and for the direct relation in legal nexus of express collection based on contractual obligation,the third party and the receivers should sign the agent contract of consignation,and avoid the relation of deposit contract. For Negotiorum Gestio or Gefalligkeitsverhaltnis in legal nexus of express collection based on non-contractual obligation,the counterparties should negotiate related risk and understand each other based on the fact and the principle of being honest;for legal nexus of express collection based on non-contractual obligation,we should make the receivers or express companies to shoulder the related responsibilities according to the fact.
As the new way in the"last-mile"of logistics distribution system,express collection solves the some problems of"time difference"and the"location difference",such as the problem of cost,information leakage,and personal and property safety. However,because of such factors as the not clear ex ante appointment,and the not clear legal standard in related fields,the new way brings us with the new problem---"delivery time difference",and it leads to new legal risks. To prevent and reduce legal disputes,effectively deal with these legal disputes in express collection,reduce unnecessary legal risk cost,we should construct the comparatively stable legal framework for express collection based on the relation laws of express collection,and establish the clear legal relation for express collection. For the indirect relation in legal nexus of express collection based on contractual obligation,the express company and the third party should sign the agent contract of consignation,and regulate related behaviors;and for the direct relation in legal nexus of express collection based on contractual obligation,the third party and the receivers should sign the agent contract of consignation,and avoid the relation of deposit contract. For Negotiorum Gestio or Gefalligkeitsverhaltnis in legal nexus of express collection based on non-contractual obligation,the counterparties should negotiate related risk and understand each other based on the fact and the principle of being honest;for legal nexus of express collection based on non-contractual obligation,we should make the receivers or express companies to shoulder the related responsibilities according to the fact.
引文
[1]任芳.末端配送共享模式与价值分析[J].物流技术与应用,2017,22(2):93-94.
[2]杨聚平,杨长春,姚宣霞.电商物流中“最后一公里”问题研究[J].商业经济与管理,2014(4):16-22.
[3]浅析物流“最后一公里”[EB/OL].[2017-09-07].http://wen ku.baidu.com/link?url=snd Yrwz P08v1o UU5s XKu0I8v QJL K_Re Xj Nj KT_m Jea Yz Vu QQTg4JOy1ZGNb P677te7xm Tf4d Geb P8AHOU3O80Bf WUr SBYhm YMm L3yyek W.
[4]ROPER J,MARSDEN G.Valuing home delivery-where is my stuff[M].Cambridge,UK:CICC Publications,2006:53-60.
[5]报告显示:国内网购快递整体服务满意度不足4成[EB/OL].(2012-10-16)[2017-10-16].http://news.Xinhuanet.com/fortune/2012-10/16/c_123830287.htm.
[6]王艳.社区“最后一公里”末端配送模式探析[J].北京财贸职业学院学报,2015,31(2):30-34.
[7]EDWARDS J B,MCKINNON A C,CULLINANE S L.Comparative analysis of the carbon footprints of conventional and online retailing:a“last-mile”perspective[J].International journal of physical distribution&logistics management,2010,40(1/2):103-123.
[8]张锦,陈义友.物流“最后一公里”问题研究综述[J].中国流通经济,2015(4):23-32.
[9]快递代收成刚需服务标准待完善[EB/OL].(2017-10-18)[2017-10-20].http://news.hexun.com/2017-10-18/191259785.html.
[10]天猫开设1300多个社区服务站[EB/OL].(2012-10-27)[2017-09-16].http://it.sohu.com/20121027/n355859373.shtml.
[11]环球科技.菜鸟携快递公司做大菜鸟驿站最后一公里进击[EB/OL].(2015-06-10)[2017-09-16].http://tech.huanqiu.com/internet/2015-06/6646338.html.
[12]顺丰一下要开500家便利店大举杀入O2O市场[EB/OL].(2014-05-19)[2017-09-16].http://jingji.cntv.cn/2014/05/19/ARTI1400487696404782.shtml.
[13]苏号朋,唐慧俊.快递服务合同中的消费者权益保护[J].东方法学,2012(6):22-34.
[14]吴文嫔.第三人利益合同原理与制度论[M].北京:法律出版社,2009:99-100.
[15]覃有土.商法学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012:54-55.
[16]施天涛.商法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2010:110-111.
[17]周林彬,齐建辉.代理制度的经济分析——兼论代理制度的创新和变迁[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),1998,26(2):47-54.
[18]李宜琛.民法总论[M].台北:台湾编译馆,1977:298-310.
[19]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东,译.北京:法律出版社,2000:148.
[20]王正苍.论情谊行为及其法律后果[J].政法学刊,2006,23(6):97-101.
[21]王雷.情谊行为、法外空间与民法对现实生活的介入[J].法律科学,2014,32(6):42-51.
(1)《合同法》第64条规定,当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务,债务人未向第三人履行债务或履行债务不符合约定的,应当向债权人承担违约责任。
[2]杨聚平,杨长春,姚宣霞.电商物流中“最后一公里”问题研究[J].商业经济与管理,2014(4):16-22.
[3]浅析物流“最后一公里”[EB/OL].[2017-09-07].http://wen ku.baidu.com/link?url=snd Yrwz P08v1o UU5s XKu0I8v QJL K_Re Xj Nj KT_m Jea Yz Vu QQTg4JOy1ZGNb P677te7xm Tf4d Geb P8AHOU3O80Bf WUr SBYhm YMm L3yyek W.
[4]ROPER J,MARSDEN G.Valuing home delivery-where is my stuff[M].Cambridge,UK:CICC Publications,2006:53-60.
[5]报告显示:国内网购快递整体服务满意度不足4成[EB/OL].(2012-10-16)[2017-10-16].http://news.Xinhuanet.com/fortune/2012-10/16/c_123830287.htm.
[6]王艳.社区“最后一公里”末端配送模式探析[J].北京财贸职业学院学报,2015,31(2):30-34.
[7]EDWARDS J B,MCKINNON A C,CULLINANE S L.Comparative analysis of the carbon footprints of conventional and online retailing:a“last-mile”perspective[J].International journal of physical distribution&logistics management,2010,40(1/2):103-123.
[8]张锦,陈义友.物流“最后一公里”问题研究综述[J].中国流通经济,2015(4):23-32.
[9]快递代收成刚需服务标准待完善[EB/OL].(2017-10-18)[2017-10-20].http://news.hexun.com/2017-10-18/191259785.html.
[10]天猫开设1300多个社区服务站[EB/OL].(2012-10-27)[2017-09-16].http://it.sohu.com/20121027/n355859373.shtml.
[11]环球科技.菜鸟携快递公司做大菜鸟驿站最后一公里进击[EB/OL].(2015-06-10)[2017-09-16].http://tech.huanqiu.com/internet/2015-06/6646338.html.
[12]顺丰一下要开500家便利店大举杀入O2O市场[EB/OL].(2014-05-19)[2017-09-16].http://jingji.cntv.cn/2014/05/19/ARTI1400487696404782.shtml.
[13]苏号朋,唐慧俊.快递服务合同中的消费者权益保护[J].东方法学,2012(6):22-34.
[14]吴文嫔.第三人利益合同原理与制度论[M].北京:法律出版社,2009:99-100.
[15]覃有土.商法学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2012:54-55.
[16]施天涛.商法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2010:110-111.
[17]周林彬,齐建辉.代理制度的经济分析——兼论代理制度的创新和变迁[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),1998,26(2):47-54.
[18]李宜琛.民法总论[M].台北:台湾编译馆,1977:298-310.
[19]迪特尔·梅迪库斯.德国民法总论[M].邵建东,译.北京:法律出版社,2000:148.
[20]王正苍.论情谊行为及其法律后果[J].政法学刊,2006,23(6):97-101.
[21]王雷.情谊行为、法外空间与民法对现实生活的介入[J].法律科学,2014,32(6):42-51.
(1)《合同法》第64条规定,当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务,债务人未向第三人履行债务或履行债务不符合约定的,应当向债权人承担违约责任。