快速城市化地区土壤多环芳烃的空间分布及来源:以深圳市为例
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摘要
城市化的生态环境效应已成为当前全球环境变化研究的热点问题。以快速城市化地区深圳市为例,利用不同功能区的土壤调查数据,研究深圳市城市土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)含量、组分与来源的空间分布特征,并评估城市土壤PAHs的环境与健康风险。结果表明:深圳市主城区表层土壤中16种PAHs总含量为73. 47～2 309. 88ng·g~(-1),平均值为494. 34 ng·g~(-1); 7种致癌PAHs总含量为24. 45～1 274. 96 ng·g~(-1),平均值为257. 35 ng·g~(-1),占总量的52. 1%。在空间分布上以工业密集区表层土壤PAHs含量为最高,其次是人口和交通密集区,绿地比例大的区域最低。正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)模型分析结果表明煤、石油等高温燃烧与交通废气排放是深圳市主城区表层土壤PAHs的最主要来源。深圳市主城区表层土壤PAHs平均含量对儿童和成人的致癌风险平均值均小于10~(-6),表明深圳市土壤环境质量总体优良,但局部样点对儿童和成人致癌风险的最大值达到10~(-6),存在潜在的致癌风险。快速城市化地区城市土壤污染防控应该引起重视,以保障城市经济与生态环境的协调发展。
Urbanization and its environmental impact are important topics in global environmental change. In this study,93 urban soil samples from different land-use types in Shenzhen,China,were used to investigate the spatial and temporal analysis of PAHs content,components and sources in Shenzhen urban green space. High spatial resolution mapping was conducted to assess the environmental and health risks of PAHs in urban green spaces. The results show that the total PAHs contents in the surface soil of the main Shenzhen urban area were between 73. 47-2 309. 88 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 494. 34 ng·g~(-1). The total content of seven carcinogenic PAHs was between 24. 45 and 1 274. 96 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 257. 35 ng·g~(-1),accounting for 52.1% of the total PAHs. In the spatial distribution,the PAHs content was highest in industrially dense areas,followed by population and traffic-intensive areas,and the PAHs content was lowest in areas with a large proportion of green spaces. The PMF model show that coal-fired high-temperature combustion and traffic exhaust emissions were the main sources of surface PAHs in the main urban areas of Shenzhen. ILCRs and CR in different exposure approaches was less than 10~(-6) for both children and adults,indicating that the soil environmental quality in Shenzhen was generally good,but the maximum carcinogenic risk for children and adults reached 10~(-6) in some locations,which indicates potential health risks. The prevention and control of urban soil pollution needs to be taken seriously to ensure the coordinated development of urban economy and ecological environment.
Urbanization and its environmental impact are important topics in global environmental change. In this study,93 urban soil samples from different land-use types in Shenzhen,China,were used to investigate the spatial and temporal analysis of PAHs content,components and sources in Shenzhen urban green space. High spatial resolution mapping was conducted to assess the environmental and health risks of PAHs in urban green spaces. The results show that the total PAHs contents in the surface soil of the main Shenzhen urban area were between 73. 47-2 309. 88 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 494. 34 ng·g~(-1). The total content of seven carcinogenic PAHs was between 24. 45 and 1 274. 96 ng·g~(-1),with an average of 257. 35 ng·g~(-1),accounting for 52.1% of the total PAHs. In the spatial distribution,the PAHs content was highest in industrially dense areas,followed by population and traffic-intensive areas,and the PAHs content was lowest in areas with a large proportion of green spaces. The PMF model show that coal-fired high-temperature combustion and traffic exhaust emissions were the main sources of surface PAHs in the main urban areas of Shenzhen. ILCRs and CR in different exposure approaches was less than 10~(-6) for both children and adults,indicating that the soil environmental quality in Shenzhen was generally good,but the maximum carcinogenic risk for children and adults reached 10~(-6) in some locations,which indicates potential health risks. The prevention and control of urban soil pollution needs to be taken seriously to ensure the coordinated development of urban economy and ecological environment.
引文
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[14]周燕,卢新卫.西安市公园土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4800-4808.[ZHOU Yan,LU Xin-wei.Assessment of Pollution,Sources,and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil From Urban Parks in Xi'an City,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4800-4808.]
[15]WANG Z,CHEN J W,QIAO X L,et al.Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Urban to Rural Soils:ACase Study in Dalian,China[J].Chemosphere 2007,68(5):965-971.
[16]章迪,曹善平,孙建林,等.深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):711-718.[ZHANGDi,CAO Shan-ping,SUN Jian-lin,et al.Occurrence and Spatial Differentiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils From Shenzhen,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):711-718.]
[17]葛蔚,程琪琪,柴超,等.山东省农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1587-1596.[GE Wei,CHENG Qi-qi,CHAI Chao,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agricultural Soils From Shandong[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1587-1596.]
[18]PAATERO P,TAPPER U.Positive Matrix Factorization:A NonNegative Factor Model With Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values[J].Environmetrics,1994,5(2):111-126.
[19]段海静,蔡晓强,陈轶楠,等.开封市公园地表灰尘PAHs污染与健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4500-4509.[DUAN Hai-jing,CAI Xiao-qiang,CHEN Yi-nan,et al.Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Dust From Parks in Kaifeng,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4500-4509.]
[20]陈轶楠,马建华,段海静,等.河南某驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):711-720.[CHEN Yi-nan,MA Jian-hua,DUAN Hai-jing,et al.Compositions,Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Surface Dusts From Driving-Schools in a City of Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):711-720.]
[21]周变红,张承中,王格慧.西安城区大气中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(9):2324-2331.[ZHOU Bian-hong,ZHANG Cheng-zhong,WANG Ge-hui.Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Urban Area of Xi'an[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(9):2324-2331.]
[22]YU G G,ZHANG Z H,YANG G L,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Hangzhou:Status,Distribution,Sources,and Potential Risk[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(5):2775-2784.
[23]CHEN Y N,ZHANG J Q,MA Q Y,et al.Human Health Risk Assessment and Source Diagnosis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Corn and Agricultural Soils Along Main Roadside in Changchun,China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2016,22(3):706-720.
[24]朱媛媛,田靖,魏恩琪,等.天津市土壤多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2014,33(2):248-255.[ZHU Yuan-yuan,TIAN Jing,WEI En-qi,et al.Characteristics,Sources Apportionment and Ecological Risks Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(2):248-255.]
[25]余莉莉,李军,刘国卿,等.珠江三角洲表层土壤中的多环芳烃[J].生态环境,2007,16(6):1683-1687.[YU Li-li,LI Jun,LIUGuo-qing,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils of the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Ecology and Environment,2007,16(6):1683-1687.]
[26]JIANG Y F,YVES U J,SUN H,et al.Distribution,Compositional Pattern and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of an Industrial City,Lanzhou,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,126:154-162.
[27]张天彬,万洪富,周健民,等.深圳表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):1032-1036.[ZHANG Tianbin,WAN Hong-fu,ZHOU Jian-min,et al.Distribution and Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Topsoil of Shenzhen[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):1032-1036.]
[28]刘春慧,田福林,陈景文,等.正定矩阵因子分解和非负约束因子分析用于大辽河沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的比较研究[J].科学通报,2009,54(24):3817-3822.[LIU Chun-hui,TIAN Fu-lin,CHEN Jing-wen,et al.Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Daliao River,China:Positive Matrix Factorization and Factor Analysis With Non-Negative Constraints[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(24):3817-3822.]
[29]TANG L,TANG X Y,ZHU Y G,et al.Contamination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Urban Soils in Beijing,China[J].Environment International,2005,31(6):822-828.
[30]MOSTERT M M,AYOKO G A,KOKOT S.Application of Chemometrics to Analysis of Soil Pollutants[J].Tr AC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2010,29(5):430-445.
[2]邓绍坡,吴运金,龙涛,等.我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况及来源浅析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(6):866-875.[DENG Shao-po,WU Yun-jin,LONG Tao,et al.PAHs Contamination in the Surface Soil of China and Its Sources[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(6):866-875.]
[3]马万里.我国土壤和大气中多环芳烃分布特征和大尺度数值模拟[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.[MA Wan-li.The Distribution Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Air in China and Numerical Simulation on Large Scale[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010.]
[4]段小丽,陶澍,徐东群,等.多环芳烃污染的人体暴露与健康风险评价方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2011:62-92.
[5]HE F P,ZHANG Z H,WAN Y Y,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Beijing and Tianjin Region:Vertical Distribution,Correlation With TOC and Transport Mechanism[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2009,21(5):675-685.
[6]张甘霖,赵玉国,杨金玲,等.城市土壤环境问题及其研究进展[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):925-933.[ZHANG Gan-lin,ZHAOYu-guo,YANG Jin-ling,et al.Urban Soil Environment Issues and Research Progresses[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(5):925-933.]
[7]丁爱芳,潘根兴,李恋卿.江苏省部分地区农田表土多环芳烃含量比较及来源分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(2):71-75.[DING Ai-fang,PAN Gen-xing,LI Lian-qing.Contents and Sources of PAHs in Top Soils of Farmlands in Parts of Jiangsu,China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(2):71-75.]
[8]NADAL M,SCHUHMACHER M,DOMINGO J L.Levels of PAHs in Soil and Vegetation Samples From Tarragona County,Spain[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,132(1):1-11.
[9]AICHNER B,BUSSIAN B M,LEHNIK-HABRINK P,et al.Regionalized Concentrations and Fingerprints of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in German Forest Soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,203:31-39.
[10]张枝焕,卢另,贺光秀,等.北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析[J].生态环境学报,2011,20(4):668-675.[ZHANG Zhi-huan,LU Ling,HE Guang-xiu,et al.Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds in Topsoil of Beijing,China[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2011,20(4):668-675.]
[11]杜芳芳,杨毅,刘敏,等.上海市表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征与源解析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(4):989-995.[DUFang-fang,YANG Yi,LIU Min,et al.Distribution and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils in Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(4):989-995.]
[12]WANG C H,WU S H,ZHOU S L,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils From Urban to Rural Areas in Nanjing:Concentration,Source,Spatial Distribution,and Potential Human Health Risk[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,527/528:375-383.
[13]HARRUSIB R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected From an Urban Location in Birmingham,UK[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30(3):825-832.
[14]周燕,卢新卫.西安市公园土壤多环芳烃污染特征、来源及风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4800-4808.[ZHOU Yan,LU Xin-wei.Assessment of Pollution,Sources,and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil From Urban Parks in Xi'an City,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4800-4808.]
[15]WANG Z,CHEN J W,QIAO X L,et al.Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Urban to Rural Soils:ACase Study in Dalian,China[J].Chemosphere 2007,68(5):965-971.
[16]章迪,曹善平,孙建林,等.深圳市表层土壤多环芳烃污染及空间分异研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):711-718.[ZHANGDi,CAO Shan-ping,SUN Jian-lin,et al.Occurrence and Spatial Differentiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils From Shenzhen,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):711-718.]
[17]葛蔚,程琪琪,柴超,等.山东省农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(4):1587-1596.[GE Wei,CHENG Qi-qi,CHAI Chao,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agricultural Soils From Shandong[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(4):1587-1596.]
[18]PAATERO P,TAPPER U.Positive Matrix Factorization:A NonNegative Factor Model With Optimal Utilization of Error Estimates of Data Values[J].Environmetrics,1994,5(2):111-126.
[19]段海静,蔡晓强,陈轶楠,等.开封市公园地表灰尘PAHs污染与健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4500-4509.[DUAN Hai-jing,CAI Xiao-qiang,CHEN Yi-nan,et al.Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Dust From Parks in Kaifeng,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4500-4509.]
[20]陈轶楠,马建华,段海静,等.河南某驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):711-720.[CHEN Yi-nan,MA Jian-hua,DUAN Hai-jing,et al.Compositions,Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Surface Dusts From Driving-Schools in a City of Henan Province,China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(2):711-720.]
[21]周变红,张承中,王格慧.西安城区大气中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(9):2324-2331.[ZHOU Bian-hong,ZHANG Cheng-zhong,WANG Ge-hui.Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Urban Area of Xi'an[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(9):2324-2331.]
[22]YU G G,ZHANG Z H,YANG G L,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Hangzhou:Status,Distribution,Sources,and Potential Risk[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(5):2775-2784.
[23]CHEN Y N,ZHANG J Q,MA Q Y,et al.Human Health Risk Assessment and Source Diagnosis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the Corn and Agricultural Soils Along Main Roadside in Changchun,China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2016,22(3):706-720.
[24]朱媛媛,田靖,魏恩琪,等.天津市土壤多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2014,33(2):248-255.[ZHU Yuan-yuan,TIAN Jing,WEI En-qi,et al.Characteristics,Sources Apportionment and Ecological Risks Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(2):248-255.]
[25]余莉莉,李军,刘国卿,等.珠江三角洲表层土壤中的多环芳烃[J].生态环境,2007,16(6):1683-1687.[YU Li-li,LI Jun,LIUGuo-qing,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soils of the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Ecology and Environment,2007,16(6):1683-1687.]
[26]JIANG Y F,YVES U J,SUN H,et al.Distribution,Compositional Pattern and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of an Industrial City,Lanzhou,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,126:154-162.
[27]张天彬,万洪富,周健民,等.深圳表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源[J].生态环境,2008,17(3):1032-1036.[ZHANG Tianbin,WAN Hong-fu,ZHOU Jian-min,et al.Distribution and Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Topsoil of Shenzhen[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):1032-1036.]
[28]刘春慧,田福林,陈景文,等.正定矩阵因子分解和非负约束因子分析用于大辽河沉积物中多环芳烃源解析的比较研究[J].科学通报,2009,54(24):3817-3822.[LIU Chun-hui,TIAN Fu-lin,CHEN Jing-wen,et al.Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of the Daliao River,China:Positive Matrix Factorization and Factor Analysis With Non-Negative Constraints[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(24):3817-3822.]
[29]TANG L,TANG X Y,ZHU Y G,et al.Contamination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Urban Soils in Beijing,China[J].Environment International,2005,31(6):822-828.
[30]MOSTERT M M,AYOKO G A,KOKOT S.Application of Chemometrics to Analysis of Soil Pollutants[J].Tr AC Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2010,29(5):430-445.