上海市主城区公共服务设施网点分布的空间异质性
|
摘要
城市内部格局与过程空间异质性的复杂性规律成为当前人文地理研究的难点和热点。以上海市主城区为例,从结构与功能视角刻画公共服务设施的空间异质性并发现有趣现象:上海市公共服务网点呈典型"核心—边缘"圈层特点;由于占地面积、租金、服务性质等因素五大设施形成类似金融类网点的强邻近性群集聚与类似科教类网点的弱向心集聚(逆增长点)两种模式;弱向心集聚呈现空间差异扩大、空间集聚增强的新特征,与多中心空间结构会促进设施均衡化布局的构想相反;主城区边缘地带交通发展未受重视导致其运输功能空间差异增强。
The complex feature of spatial inequality has become a hot research issue in urban geography.With the accelerating urbanization, the analysis of intra-urban structure and the procedure of spatial heterogeneity is difficult to carry out owing to the complexit. In addation, more attention was focused on structural heterogeneity of urban public facilities than functional difference yet. To fill this gap, based on API data of five public facilities, the spatial inequality and centralization of public service facilities were showcased.This paper studies the special features in terms of structure and function of Central Shanghai. It is interesting that unique phenomenon of spatial inequality and polarization in Central Shanghai is occured in some way:First of all, the structure that is typical core-peripheral trait is evidently observed in the whole public service facilities. In detail, they are mainly concentrated in the urbanized areas, showing a high-level aggregation. Indeed it is consistent with our perception as well. Secondly, though different public service facilities are of different spatial structural characteristics. That is to say, significant differences are found in the layout of public facilities of Shanghai in view of functional characteristic. Obviously, two typical clustering models of public facilities are found due to space, rent, nature of service, and so on. Thirdly, it is surprising that, in recent years, the multi-center structure of education and medical service facilities has been steadily increasing.What's more, it has presented new features of increased spatial disparity, and it enhanced spatial agglomeration. Last but not least, we need to point out that townships in Shanghai's main downtown area are developing slowly in the process of urbanization.
The complex feature of spatial inequality has become a hot research issue in urban geography.With the accelerating urbanization, the analysis of intra-urban structure and the procedure of spatial heterogeneity is difficult to carry out owing to the complexit. In addation, more attention was focused on structural heterogeneity of urban public facilities than functional difference yet. To fill this gap, based on API data of five public facilities, the spatial inequality and centralization of public service facilities were showcased.This paper studies the special features in terms of structure and function of Central Shanghai. It is interesting that unique phenomenon of spatial inequality and polarization in Central Shanghai is occured in some way:First of all, the structure that is typical core-peripheral trait is evidently observed in the whole public service facilities. In detail, they are mainly concentrated in the urbanized areas, showing a high-level aggregation. Indeed it is consistent with our perception as well. Secondly, though different public service facilities are of different spatial structural characteristics. That is to say, significant differences are found in the layout of public facilities of Shanghai in view of functional characteristic. Obviously, two typical clustering models of public facilities are found due to space, rent, nature of service, and so on. Thirdly, it is surprising that, in recent years, the multi-center structure of education and medical service facilities has been steadily increasing.What's more, it has presented new features of increased spatial disparity, and it enhanced spatial agglomeration. Last but not least, we need to point out that townships in Shanghai's main downtown area are developing slowly in the process of urbanization.
引文
[1]宋志军,刘黎明.1979-2009年间北京多种发展功能的异速生长--以社会经济功能为主的分析[J].经济地理,2016,36(1):53-60.[Song Zhijun,Liu Liming.Allometric growth of Beijing development functions from 1979 to 2009:Based on the analysis of the social economy functions[J].Economic Geography,2016,36(1):53-60.]
[2]孙斌栋,魏旭红.上海都市区就业-人口空间结构演化特征[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):747-758.[Sun Bindong,Wei Xuhong.Spatial distribution and structure evolution of employment and population in Shanghai metropolitan area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):747-758.]
[3]Clarke M,Wilson A G.The dynamics of urban spatial structure:Some exploratory results using difference equations and bifurcation theory[J].Environment and Planning A,1981,13(12):1473-1483.
[4]蒋南平,曾伟.土地资源与城市化发展:理论分析与中国实证研究[J].经济学家,2012,4(4):52-62.[Jiang Nanping,Zeng Wei.Land resources and urbanization development:Theoretical analysis and empirical research in China[J].Economist,2012,4(4):52-62.]
[5]董冠鹏,张文忠,武文杰,等.北京城市住宅土地市场空间异质性模拟与预测[J].地理学报,2011,66(6):750-760.[Dong Guanpeng,Zhang Wenzhong,Wu Wenjie,et al.Spatial heterogeneity in determinants of residential land price:Simulation and prediction[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(6):750-760.]
[6]蔡禾,贺霞旭.城市社区异质性与社区凝聚力--以社区邻里关系为研究对象[J].中山大学学报,2014,54(2):133-151.[Cai He,He Xiaxu.Urban community heterogeneity and community cohesion:Taking community neighborhood relationship as research object[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University,2014,54(2):133-151.]
[7]徐建斌,占强,刘春浩,等.基于经济联系与空间流的长株潭城市群空间异质性分析[J].经济地理,2015,35(10):36-43.[Xu Jianbin,Zhan Qiang,Liu Chunhao,et al.The analysis spatial heterogeneity of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration based on economic relation and spatial flow[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(10):36-43.]
[8]Stuart T,Sorenson O.The geography of opportunity:Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms[J].Research Policy,2003,32(2):229-253.
[9]Silverstre B S,Dalcol P R T.Geographical proximity and innovation:Evidences from the Campos Basin oil&gas industrial agglomeration-Brazil[J].Technovation,2009,29(8):546-561.
[10]贺艳华,李民,宾津佑,等.近10年来中国城乡一体化空间组织研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(2):219-230.[He Yanhua,Li Min,Bin Jinyou,et al.Progress and prospect on spatial organization of urban-rural integration in China since 2006[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(2):219-230.]
[11]尹铎,钱俊希,朱竑.城市新区作为“家”的表征与实践--以鄂尔多斯康巴什新区为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(12):1517-1528.[Yin Duo,Qian Junxi,Zhu Hong.The representation and practice of new urban district-as-home in China:A case study of Kangbashi New Town,Ordos[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(12):1517-1528.]
[12]陈波翀,郝寿义,杨兴宪.中国城市化快速发展的动力机制[J].地理学报,2004,59(6):1068-1075.[Chen Bochong,Hao Shouyi,Yang Xingxian.The dynamic mechanism of the rapid development of urbanization in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):1068-1075.]
[13]Wang F,Antipova A,Porta S.Street centrality and land use intensity in Baton Rouge,Louisiana[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):285-293.
[14]耿健,张兵,王宏远.村镇公共服务设施的“协同配置”--探索规划方法的改进[J].城市规划学刊,2013(4):88-93.[Geng Jian,Zhang Bing,Wang Hongyuan."Collaborative allocation"of public service facilities in villages and towns:Exploring the improvement of planning methods[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(4):88-93.]
[15]李阿萌,张京祥.城乡基本公共服务设施均等化研究评述及展望[J].规划师,2011,27(11):5-11.[Li Ameng,Zhang Jingxiang.Equal urban rural public service facility development[J].Planners,2011,27(11):5-11.]
[16]陈旸.基于GIS的社区体育服务设施布局优化研究[J].经济地理,2010,30(8):1254-1258.[Yang Chang.Optimizing the distribution of community sports service facilities based on GIS[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(8):1254-1258.]
[17]张敏.全球城市公共服务设施的公平供给和规划配置方法研究--以纽约、伦敦、东京为例[J].国际城市规划,2017,5(11):1-13.[Zhang Min.Research on equal supply and planning of global cities'public service facilities:Case studies on New York,London and Tokyo[J].Urban Planning International,2017,5(11):1-13.]
[18]王肖惠,杨海娟,王龙升.陕西省农村基本公共服务设施均等化空间差异分析[J].地域研究与开发,2013,32(1):152-157.[Wang Xiaohui,Yang Haijuan,Wang Longsheng.Analysis of special differences on equalization of rural public facilities in Shaanxi province[J].Areal Research and Development,2013,32(1):152-157.]
[19]钟少颖,杨鑫,陈锐.层级性公共服务设施空间可达性研究--以北京市综合性医疗设施为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):731-744.[Zhong Shaoying,Yang Xin,Chen Rui.The accessibility measurement of hierarchy public service facilities based on multi-mode network dataset and the two-step 2SFCA:A case study of Beijing's medical facilities[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(4):731-744.]
[20]Porta S,Latora V,Wang F,et al.Street centrality and the location of economic activities in Barcelona[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(7):1471-1488.
[21]Luo W,Wang F.Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment:Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region[J].Environment and Planning B,2003,30(6):865-884.
[22]丁愫,陈报章.城市医疗设施空间分布合理性评估[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(2):185-196.[Ding Su,Chen Baozhang.Rationality assessment of the spatial distributions of urban medical facility[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2017,19(2):185-196.]
[23]韩增林,杜鹏,王利,等.区域公共服务设施优化配置方法研究--以大连市甘井子区兴华街道小学配置为例[J].地理科学,2016,34(7):803-809.[Han Zenglin,Du Peng,Wang Li,et al.Method for optimization allocation of regional public service infrastructure:Acase study of Xinghua street primary school[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,34(7):803-809.]
[24]申庆喜,李诚固,马佐澎,等.基于服务空间视角的长春市城市功能空间扩展研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(2):274-282.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Ma Zuopeng,et al.The expansion of the functional space of Changchun city based on service space[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(2):274-282.]
[25]申庆喜,李诚固,刘倩.基于服务设施布局视角的城市空间结构研究--以长春主城区为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(3):129-135.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Liu Qian.Urban spatial structure by service facilities distribution:A case in main districts of Changchun[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(3):129-135.]
[26]胡畔,张建召.基本公共服务设施研究进展与理论框架初构--基于主体视角与复杂科学范式的递进审视[J].城市规划,2012,36(12):84-90.[Hu Pan,Zhang Jianzhao.Research progress and initial theoretical frame work structure of basic public service facilities:Progressive survey based on the view of subject and complexity science paradigm[J].City Planning,2012,36(12):84-90.]
[27]黄欣荣.复杂性科学的方法论研究[D].北京:清华大学,2005.[Huang Xinrong.Methodological Research on Complexity Science[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2005.]
[28]仇保兴.复杂科学与城市规划变革[J].城市发展研究,2009,16(4):1-18.[Qiu Baoxing.Complex science and urban planning reform[J].Urban Studies,2009,16(4):1-18.]
[29]陈晨,王法辉,修春亮.长春市商业网点空间分布与交通网络中心性关系研究[J].经济地理,2013,33(10):40-47.[Chen Chen,Wang Fahui,Xiu Chunliang.The relationship between the spatial distribution of commercial networks and street centrality in Changchun[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(10):40-47.]
[30]Wang F,Chen C,Xiu C,et al.Location analysis of retail stores in Changchun,China:A street centrality perspective[J].Cities,2014,41:54-63.
[31]Shen Q,Sanchez T W.Residential location,transportation,and welfare-to-work in the United States:A case study of Milwaukee[J].Housing Policy Debate,2005,16(3/4):393-431.
[32]Stoll M A.Spatial job search,spatial mismatch,and the employment and wages of racial and ethnic groups in Los Angeles[J].Journal of Urban Economics,1999,46(1):129-155.
[33]Currie,G.Quantifying spatial gaps in public transport supply based on social needs[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(1):31-41.
[34]王幸美.美丽乡村建设中基础教育配套设施研究--以邓州市台湾村高山族小学为例[J].农村经济与科技,2017,28(12):198-199.[Wang Xingmei.Study on basic education supporting facilities in beautiful rural construction:Taking Taiwan village Gaoshan primary school in Dengzhou city as an example[J].Rural Economy and Science,2017,28(12):198-199.]
[35]孙姗姗.乡村地区基本公共服务设施布局均等化研究[D].南京:南京大学,2011.[Sun Shanshan.Study on Basic Public Facilities Arrangement Equalization in Rural Areas[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011.]
[36]鲁钊阳,郑中伟.经济新常态下新消费增长点培育的逻辑起点、约束条件与路径选择[J].经济问题探索,2016(1):1-6.[Lu Zhaoyang,Zheng Zhongwei.The logical starting point for the cultivation of new consumption growth points under the new economic normal constraints and path selection[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2016(1):1-6.]
[37]庄少勤.迈向卓越的全球城市--上海新一轮城市总体规划的创新探索[J].上海城市规划,2016(4):1-8.[Zhuang Shaoqin.Towards a global city of excellence:An innovative exploration of Shanghai's new round of urban master planning[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2016(4):1-8.]
[38]王海江,苗长虹.我国中心城市对外服务能力的空间格局[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):957-967.[Wang Haijiang,Miao Changhong.The spatial pattern of the external service capacity of China's central cities[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(4):957-967.]
[2]孙斌栋,魏旭红.上海都市区就业-人口空间结构演化特征[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):747-758.[Sun Bindong,Wei Xuhong.Spatial distribution and structure evolution of employment and population in Shanghai metropolitan area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):747-758.]
[3]Clarke M,Wilson A G.The dynamics of urban spatial structure:Some exploratory results using difference equations and bifurcation theory[J].Environment and Planning A,1981,13(12):1473-1483.
[4]蒋南平,曾伟.土地资源与城市化发展:理论分析与中国实证研究[J].经济学家,2012,4(4):52-62.[Jiang Nanping,Zeng Wei.Land resources and urbanization development:Theoretical analysis and empirical research in China[J].Economist,2012,4(4):52-62.]
[5]董冠鹏,张文忠,武文杰,等.北京城市住宅土地市场空间异质性模拟与预测[J].地理学报,2011,66(6):750-760.[Dong Guanpeng,Zhang Wenzhong,Wu Wenjie,et al.Spatial heterogeneity in determinants of residential land price:Simulation and prediction[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(6):750-760.]
[6]蔡禾,贺霞旭.城市社区异质性与社区凝聚力--以社区邻里关系为研究对象[J].中山大学学报,2014,54(2):133-151.[Cai He,He Xiaxu.Urban community heterogeneity and community cohesion:Taking community neighborhood relationship as research object[J].Journal of Sun Yat-sen University,2014,54(2):133-151.]
[7]徐建斌,占强,刘春浩,等.基于经济联系与空间流的长株潭城市群空间异质性分析[J].经济地理,2015,35(10):36-43.[Xu Jianbin,Zhan Qiang,Liu Chunhao,et al.The analysis spatial heterogeneity of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration based on economic relation and spatial flow[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(10):36-43.]
[8]Stuart T,Sorenson O.The geography of opportunity:Spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms[J].Research Policy,2003,32(2):229-253.
[9]Silverstre B S,Dalcol P R T.Geographical proximity and innovation:Evidences from the Campos Basin oil&gas industrial agglomeration-Brazil[J].Technovation,2009,29(8):546-561.
[10]贺艳华,李民,宾津佑,等.近10年来中国城乡一体化空间组织研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(2):219-230.[He Yanhua,Li Min,Bin Jinyou,et al.Progress and prospect on spatial organization of urban-rural integration in China since 2006[J].Progress in Geography,2017,36(2):219-230.]
[11]尹铎,钱俊希,朱竑.城市新区作为“家”的表征与实践--以鄂尔多斯康巴什新区为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(12):1517-1528.[Yin Duo,Qian Junxi,Zhu Hong.The representation and practice of new urban district-as-home in China:A case study of Kangbashi New Town,Ordos[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(12):1517-1528.]
[12]陈波翀,郝寿义,杨兴宪.中国城市化快速发展的动力机制[J].地理学报,2004,59(6):1068-1075.[Chen Bochong,Hao Shouyi,Yang Xingxian.The dynamic mechanism of the rapid development of urbanization in China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):1068-1075.]
[13]Wang F,Antipova A,Porta S.Street centrality and land use intensity in Baton Rouge,Louisiana[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2011,19(2):285-293.
[14]耿健,张兵,王宏远.村镇公共服务设施的“协同配置”--探索规划方法的改进[J].城市规划学刊,2013(4):88-93.[Geng Jian,Zhang Bing,Wang Hongyuan."Collaborative allocation"of public service facilities in villages and towns:Exploring the improvement of planning methods[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(4):88-93.]
[15]李阿萌,张京祥.城乡基本公共服务设施均等化研究评述及展望[J].规划师,2011,27(11):5-11.[Li Ameng,Zhang Jingxiang.Equal urban rural public service facility development[J].Planners,2011,27(11):5-11.]
[16]陈旸.基于GIS的社区体育服务设施布局优化研究[J].经济地理,2010,30(8):1254-1258.[Yang Chang.Optimizing the distribution of community sports service facilities based on GIS[J].Economic Geography,2010,30(8):1254-1258.]
[17]张敏.全球城市公共服务设施的公平供给和规划配置方法研究--以纽约、伦敦、东京为例[J].国际城市规划,2017,5(11):1-13.[Zhang Min.Research on equal supply and planning of global cities'public service facilities:Case studies on New York,London and Tokyo[J].Urban Planning International,2017,5(11):1-13.]
[18]王肖惠,杨海娟,王龙升.陕西省农村基本公共服务设施均等化空间差异分析[J].地域研究与开发,2013,32(1):152-157.[Wang Xiaohui,Yang Haijuan,Wang Longsheng.Analysis of special differences on equalization of rural public facilities in Shaanxi province[J].Areal Research and Development,2013,32(1):152-157.]
[19]钟少颖,杨鑫,陈锐.层级性公共服务设施空间可达性研究--以北京市综合性医疗设施为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):731-744.[Zhong Shaoying,Yang Xin,Chen Rui.The accessibility measurement of hierarchy public service facilities based on multi-mode network dataset and the two-step 2SFCA:A case study of Beijing's medical facilities[J].Geographical Research,2016,35(4):731-744.]
[20]Porta S,Latora V,Wang F,et al.Street centrality and the location of economic activities in Barcelona[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(7):1471-1488.
[21]Luo W,Wang F.Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment:Synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region[J].Environment and Planning B,2003,30(6):865-884.
[22]丁愫,陈报章.城市医疗设施空间分布合理性评估[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(2):185-196.[Ding Su,Chen Baozhang.Rationality assessment of the spatial distributions of urban medical facility[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2017,19(2):185-196.]
[23]韩增林,杜鹏,王利,等.区域公共服务设施优化配置方法研究--以大连市甘井子区兴华街道小学配置为例[J].地理科学,2016,34(7):803-809.[Han Zenglin,Du Peng,Wang Li,et al.Method for optimization allocation of regional public service infrastructure:Acase study of Xinghua street primary school[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,34(7):803-809.]
[24]申庆喜,李诚固,马佐澎,等.基于服务空间视角的长春市城市功能空间扩展研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(2):274-282.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Ma Zuopeng,et al.The expansion of the functional space of Changchun city based on service space[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(2):274-282.]
[25]申庆喜,李诚固,刘倩.基于服务设施布局视角的城市空间结构研究--以长春主城区为例[J].经济地理,2017,37(3):129-135.[Shen Qingxi,Li Chenggu,Liu Qian.Urban spatial structure by service facilities distribution:A case in main districts of Changchun[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(3):129-135.]
[26]胡畔,张建召.基本公共服务设施研究进展与理论框架初构--基于主体视角与复杂科学范式的递进审视[J].城市规划,2012,36(12):84-90.[Hu Pan,Zhang Jianzhao.Research progress and initial theoretical frame work structure of basic public service facilities:Progressive survey based on the view of subject and complexity science paradigm[J].City Planning,2012,36(12):84-90.]
[27]黄欣荣.复杂性科学的方法论研究[D].北京:清华大学,2005.[Huang Xinrong.Methodological Research on Complexity Science[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2005.]
[28]仇保兴.复杂科学与城市规划变革[J].城市发展研究,2009,16(4):1-18.[Qiu Baoxing.Complex science and urban planning reform[J].Urban Studies,2009,16(4):1-18.]
[29]陈晨,王法辉,修春亮.长春市商业网点空间分布与交通网络中心性关系研究[J].经济地理,2013,33(10):40-47.[Chen Chen,Wang Fahui,Xiu Chunliang.The relationship between the spatial distribution of commercial networks and street centrality in Changchun[J].Economic Geography,2013,33(10):40-47.]
[30]Wang F,Chen C,Xiu C,et al.Location analysis of retail stores in Changchun,China:A street centrality perspective[J].Cities,2014,41:54-63.
[31]Shen Q,Sanchez T W.Residential location,transportation,and welfare-to-work in the United States:A case study of Milwaukee[J].Housing Policy Debate,2005,16(3/4):393-431.
[32]Stoll M A.Spatial job search,spatial mismatch,and the employment and wages of racial and ethnic groups in Los Angeles[J].Journal of Urban Economics,1999,46(1):129-155.
[33]Currie,G.Quantifying spatial gaps in public transport supply based on social needs[J].Journal of Transport Geography,2010,18(1):31-41.
[34]王幸美.美丽乡村建设中基础教育配套设施研究--以邓州市台湾村高山族小学为例[J].农村经济与科技,2017,28(12):198-199.[Wang Xingmei.Study on basic education supporting facilities in beautiful rural construction:Taking Taiwan village Gaoshan primary school in Dengzhou city as an example[J].Rural Economy and Science,2017,28(12):198-199.]
[35]孙姗姗.乡村地区基本公共服务设施布局均等化研究[D].南京:南京大学,2011.[Sun Shanshan.Study on Basic Public Facilities Arrangement Equalization in Rural Areas[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011.]
[36]鲁钊阳,郑中伟.经济新常态下新消费增长点培育的逻辑起点、约束条件与路径选择[J].经济问题探索,2016(1):1-6.[Lu Zhaoyang,Zheng Zhongwei.The logical starting point for the cultivation of new consumption growth points under the new economic normal constraints and path selection[J].Inquiry into Economic Issues,2016(1):1-6.]
[37]庄少勤.迈向卓越的全球城市--上海新一轮城市总体规划的创新探索[J].上海城市规划,2016(4):1-8.[Zhuang Shaoqin.Towards a global city of excellence:An innovative exploration of Shanghai's new round of urban master planning[J].Shanghai Urban Planning,2016(4):1-8.]
[38]王海江,苗长虹.我国中心城市对外服务能力的空间格局[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):957-967.[Wang Haijiang,Miao Changhong.The spatial pattern of the external service capacity of China's central cities[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(4):957-967.]