极地冷海钻井技术挑战及关键技术
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摘要
北极冷海地区油气资源丰富,是目前国际石油公司关注的热点,了解极地冷海钻井技术挑战和关键技术现状,对推进极地冷海钻井技术进步、实现极地冷海油气资源的高效开发具有重要意义。为此,通过大量文献调研和实地考察,分析了国内外极地冷海钻井装备及关键技术的现状和主要研究进展,得到了以下认识:恶劣的作业环境、长距离的后勤保障和苛刻的环保要求,是极地冷海油气勘探开发面临的首要难题;坐底式平台、人工岛、抗冰自升式平台和浮式平台等是目前极地冷海钻井作业采用的关键装备,低温钻机、全封闭抗冰平台及耐低温新型材料等是极地冷海钻井亟待突破的关键装备及材料。调研分析认为:冻土层钻井技术、低温钻井液和固井技术、万米大位移井钻井技术、极地灾害风险评价及控制技术和钻井废弃物环保排放技术是未来极地冷海钻井技术的主要攻关方向,是实现极地冷海油气资源高效开发的关键。
The cold water area of the Arctic is rich in oil and gas resources,which has been the focus of international oil petroleum companies presently.Understanding the challenges and key technologies of drilling in this area is of great importance for promoting the technological breakthroughs and making high efficient development of oil and gas resources.Through a large number of literature research and field investigation,Arctic cold water drilling equipment and key technologies as well as main research progress have been analyzed in domestic waters and abroad,and have arrived at the following conclusions:the primary challenges for oil and gas exploration and development in cold water area of the Arctic include harsh operating environment,long distance logistic support,stringent environmental requirements.The key equipment for drilling in the area includes bottom-supported platform,artificial island,ice resistant jack-up platforms and floating drilling rigs.Meanwhile,low-temperature drilling rigs,fully enclosed ice resistant platforms and new low temperature resistant materials are the key drilling equipment and materials urgently require a technical breakthrough urgently in the near future.The investigation results indicate that the main research directions for cold water area of the Arctic drilling should include permafrost drilling technology,low temperature drilling fluid and cementing technology,the extended reach drilling with displacement more than ten thousands of meters,the assessment and control of the disaster or risk,drilling waste emission,environmental protection,etc,which are the key technologies for the high efficiency development of oil and gas resources in cold water area of the Arctic.
The cold water area of the Arctic is rich in oil and gas resources,which has been the focus of international oil petroleum companies presently.Understanding the challenges and key technologies of drilling in this area is of great importance for promoting the technological breakthroughs and making high efficient development of oil and gas resources.Through a large number of literature research and field investigation,Arctic cold water drilling equipment and key technologies as well as main research progress have been analyzed in domestic waters and abroad,and have arrived at the following conclusions:the primary challenges for oil and gas exploration and development in cold water area of the Arctic include harsh operating environment,long distance logistic support,stringent environmental requirements.The key equipment for drilling in the area includes bottom-supported platform,artificial island,ice resistant jack-up platforms and floating drilling rigs.Meanwhile,low-temperature drilling rigs,fully enclosed ice resistant platforms and new low temperature resistant materials are the key drilling equipment and materials urgently require a technical breakthrough urgently in the near future.The investigation results indicate that the main research directions for cold water area of the Arctic drilling should include permafrost drilling technology,low temperature drilling fluid and cementing technology,the extended reach drilling with displacement more than ten thousands of meters,the assessment and control of the disaster or risk,drilling waste emission,environmental protection,etc,which are the key technologies for the high efficiency development of oil and gas resources in cold water area of the Arctic.
引文
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[20]董智惠.深水钻井船总体方案论证[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2010.DONG Zhihui.Research on the preliminary concept design of deepwater drillship[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2010.
[21]WASSINK A,van der LIST R.Development of solutions for Arctic offshore drilling[R].SPE 166848,2013.
[22]张凌,蒋国盛,蔡记华,等.低温地层钻进特点及其钻井液技术现状综述[J].钻井液与完井液,2006,23(4):69-72.ZHANG Ling,JIANG Guosheng,CAI Jihua,et al.Overview of low temperature formation characteristics while drilling and available drilling fluid technology[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2006,23(4):69-72.
[23]李宽,张永勤,王汉宝,等.冻土区天然气水合物钻井泥浆冷却系统设计及关键参数计算[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2014,41(7):45-48.LI Kuan,ZHANG Yongqin,WANG Hanbao,et al.Design of cooling system for gas hydrate drilling mud in frozen soil region and the calculation of important factors[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2014,41(7):45-48.
[24]贾瑞,孙友宏,郭威,等.东北冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探试验及钻进效率影响因素分析[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(4):6-9.JIA Rui,SUN Youhong,GUO Wei,et al.Northeast permafrost gas hydrate scientific drilling test and the analysis of factors influencing drilling efficiency[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(4):6-9.
[25]刘华南.冻土层钻探低温泡沫冲洗液的研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016.LIU Huanan.Research on low temperature foam flushing fluid used in frozen soil layer drilling[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2016.
[26]王建东,屈建省,高永会.国外深水固井水泥浆技术综述[J].钻井液与完井液,2005,22(6):54-56.WANG Jiandong,QU Jiansheng,GAO Yonghui.The review of deep sea cementing slurry technology abroad[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2005,22(6):54-56.
[27]TORSTER M,CERASI P.Mud-weight control during Arctic drilling operations[R].OTC 25481,2015.
[28]ANDREY B,GURBAN V,STANISLAV K,et al.Drilling with casing system continues successful drilling of permafrost sections in Arctic Circle of Western Siberia(Russian Federation)[R].OTC 24617,2014.
[29]高德利,朱旺喜,李军,等.深水油气工程科学问题与技术瓶颈:第147期双清论坛学术综述[J].中国基础科学,2016,18(3):1-6.GAO Deli,ZHU Wangxi,LI Jun,et al.Scientific problems and technical bottlenecks in deepwater oil&gas engineering:Academic Review of the 147th Shuangqing Forum[J].China Basic Science,2016,18(3):1-6.
[30]孙宝江,张振楠.南海深水钻井完井主要挑战与对策[J].石油钻探技术,2015,43(4):1-7.SUN Baojiang,ZHANG Zhennan.Challenges and countermeasures for the drilling and completion of deepwater wells in the South China Sea[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2015,43(4):1-7.
[31]徐鹏,孙宝江,董玉杰,等.用于处理深水浅层气的动力压井方法研究[J].石油钻探技术,2010,38(1):11-15.XU Peng,SUN Baojiang,DONG Yujie,et al.Dynamic well kill method for shallow gas pockets in deep water[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2010,38(1):11-15.
[32]叶志,樊洪海,张国斌,等.深水钻井地质灾害浅层水流问题研究[J].石油钻探技术,2010,38(6):48-52.YE Zhi,FAN Honghai,ZHANG Guobin,et al.Investigation of shallow water flow in deepwater drilling[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2010,38(6):48-52.
[33]周波,杨进,张百灵,等.海洋深水浅层地质灾害预测与控制技术[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(1):51-54.ZHOU Bo,YANG Jin,ZHANG Bailing,et al.Prediction and control technology of shallow geological hazards in deepwater area[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(1):51-54.
[34]高本金,陈国明,殷志明,等.深水无隔水管钻井液回收钻井技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2009,31(2):44-47.GAO Benjin,CHEN Guoming,YIN Zhiming,et al.Deepwater riserless mud recovery drilling technology[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2009,31(2):44-47.
[2]余本善,孙乃达.全球待发现油气资源分布及启示[J].中国矿业,2015,24(增刊1):22-27.YU Benshan,SUN Naida.The distribution of global undiscovered hydrocarbon resources and enlightenment[J].China Mining Magazine,2015,24(supplement 1):22-27.
[3]李浩武,童晓光.北极地区油气资源及勘探潜力分析[J].中国石油勘探,2010,15(3):73-82.LI Haowu,TONG Xiaoguang.Exploration potential analysis of oil and gas resource s in Arctic Regions[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2010,15(3):73-82.
[4]朱凯.北极海上钻井模式及发展趋势[J].内江科技,2016,37(2):71-73,75.ZHU Kai.Arctic offshore drilling model and development trend[J].Neijiang Science&Technology,2016,37(2):71-73,75.
[5]党学博,李怀印.北极海洋工程模式及关键技术装备进展[J].石油工程建设,2016,42(4):1-6.DANG Xuebo,LI Huaiyin.Offshore engineering modes and key technologies in Arctic[J].Petroleum Engineering Construction,2016,42(4):1-6.
[6]孙宝江.北极深水钻井关键装备及发展展望[J].石油钻探技术,2013,41(3):7-12.SUN Baojiang.Progress and prospect of key equipments for Arctic deepwater drilling[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2013,41(3):7-12.
[7]郭晓琼.中俄经贸合作新进展及未来发展趋势[J].俄罗斯学刊,2016,6(3):10-18.GUO Xiaoqiong.New progress in economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia and the future development trend[J].Academic Journal of Russian Studies,2016,6(3):10-18.
[8]卢景美,邵滋军,房殿勇,等.北极圈油气资源潜力分析[J].资源与产业,2010,12(4):29-33.LU Jingmei,SHAO Zijun,FANG Dianyong.et al.Analysis of oil-gas resources potential in the Arctic Circle[J].Resources&Industries,2010,12(4):29-33.
[9]李鸿涛,陶平安,王志忠,等.ZJ40/2250DBG低温轨道钻井装备的研制[J].石油机械,2014,42(11):64-68.LI Hongtao,TAO Ping’an,WANG Zhizhong,et al.Development of ZJ40/2250DBG low-temperature track drilling rig[J].China Petroleum Machinery,2014,42(11):64-68.
[10]SUBBOTIN E.Oil offloading solutions for the Pechora Sea exemplified by the Prirazlomnoye Field[D].Stavanger:University of Stavanger,2015.
[11]张鲁新.多年冻土,世界范围内的难题[J].中国计算机用户,2005(43):21.ZHANG Luxin.Permafrost,the world’s problems[J].China Computer Users,2005(43):21.
[12]YAKUSHEV V S.Permafrost impact on gas fields development in the Russian onshore Arctic(Yamal Peninsula)[R].OTC-25504-MS,2015.
[13]刘稚亚.航向北极之不冻港摩尔曼斯克[J].经济,2014(10):78-84.LIU Zhiya.Heading for the Arctic frozen port Murmansk[J].Economy,2014(10):78-84.
[14]WHITEMAN G,HOPE C,WADHAMS P.Vast costs of Arctic change[J].Nature,2013,499(7459):401-403.
[15]赵玮.北极资源的开发和环境保护[J].试题与研究,2013(21):43.ZHAO Wei.Development and environmental protection of Arctic resources[J].Shiti yu Yanjiu,2013(21):43.
[16]刘学,王雪梅,凌晓良,等.北极油气勘探开发技术最新进展研究[J].海洋开发与管理,2014,31(1):37-41.LIU Xue,WANG Xuemei,LING Xiaoliang,et al.Research on the latest development of Arctic oil and gas exploration and development technology[J].Ocean Development and Management,2014,31(1):37-41.
[17]张琦.俄罗斯北极地区油气田开发模式[J].油气田地面工程,2013,32(7):18-19.ZHANG Qi.Development model of oil and gas field in Russian Arctic Region[J].Oil-Gas Field Surface Engineering,2013,32(7):18-19.
[18]BASARYGIN M Y,KUZNETSOV V P,SIMONOV Y A,et al.Marine transport systems for oil export from the Prirazlomnoye Oil Field in the Barents Sea[C]//RAGNER C L.The 21st Century:Turning Point for the Northern Sea Route.Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2000.
[19]MOHAMMED N,CHERNOV M,MAALAC-TRAN E,et al.Focused risk-management brings a step-change improvement in drilling performance at Sakhalin’s Odoptu ERD development(Russia)[R].SPE-102818-RU,2006.
[20]董智惠.深水钻井船总体方案论证[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2010.DONG Zhihui.Research on the preliminary concept design of deepwater drillship[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2010.
[21]WASSINK A,van der LIST R.Development of solutions for Arctic offshore drilling[R].SPE 166848,2013.
[22]张凌,蒋国盛,蔡记华,等.低温地层钻进特点及其钻井液技术现状综述[J].钻井液与完井液,2006,23(4):69-72.ZHANG Ling,JIANG Guosheng,CAI Jihua,et al.Overview of low temperature formation characteristics while drilling and available drilling fluid technology[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2006,23(4):69-72.
[23]李宽,张永勤,王汉宝,等.冻土区天然气水合物钻井泥浆冷却系统设计及关键参数计算[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2014,41(7):45-48.LI Kuan,ZHANG Yongqin,WANG Hanbao,et al.Design of cooling system for gas hydrate drilling mud in frozen soil region and the calculation of important factors[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2014,41(7):45-48.
[24]贾瑞,孙友宏,郭威,等.东北冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探试验及钻进效率影响因素分析[J].探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程),2013,40(4):6-9.JIA Rui,SUN Youhong,GUO Wei,et al.Northeast permafrost gas hydrate scientific drilling test and the analysis of factors influencing drilling efficiency[J].Exploration Engineering(Rock&Soil Drilling and Tunneling),2013,40(4):6-9.
[25]刘华南.冻土层钻探低温泡沫冲洗液的研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2016.LIU Huanan.Research on low temperature foam flushing fluid used in frozen soil layer drilling[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2016.
[26]王建东,屈建省,高永会.国外深水固井水泥浆技术综述[J].钻井液与完井液,2005,22(6):54-56.WANG Jiandong,QU Jiansheng,GAO Yonghui.The review of deep sea cementing slurry technology abroad[J].Drilling Fluid&Completion Fluid,2005,22(6):54-56.
[27]TORSTER M,CERASI P.Mud-weight control during Arctic drilling operations[R].OTC 25481,2015.
[28]ANDREY B,GURBAN V,STANISLAV K,et al.Drilling with casing system continues successful drilling of permafrost sections in Arctic Circle of Western Siberia(Russian Federation)[R].OTC 24617,2014.
[29]高德利,朱旺喜,李军,等.深水油气工程科学问题与技术瓶颈:第147期双清论坛学术综述[J].中国基础科学,2016,18(3):1-6.GAO Deli,ZHU Wangxi,LI Jun,et al.Scientific problems and technical bottlenecks in deepwater oil&gas engineering:Academic Review of the 147th Shuangqing Forum[J].China Basic Science,2016,18(3):1-6.
[30]孙宝江,张振楠.南海深水钻井完井主要挑战与对策[J].石油钻探技术,2015,43(4):1-7.SUN Baojiang,ZHANG Zhennan.Challenges and countermeasures for the drilling and completion of deepwater wells in the South China Sea[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2015,43(4):1-7.
[31]徐鹏,孙宝江,董玉杰,等.用于处理深水浅层气的动力压井方法研究[J].石油钻探技术,2010,38(1):11-15.XU Peng,SUN Baojiang,DONG Yujie,et al.Dynamic well kill method for shallow gas pockets in deep water[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2010,38(1):11-15.
[32]叶志,樊洪海,张国斌,等.深水钻井地质灾害浅层水流问题研究[J].石油钻探技术,2010,38(6):48-52.YE Zhi,FAN Honghai,ZHANG Guobin,et al.Investigation of shallow water flow in deepwater drilling[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2010,38(6):48-52.
[33]周波,杨进,张百灵,等.海洋深水浅层地质灾害预测与控制技术[J].海洋地质前沿,2012,28(1):51-54.ZHOU Bo,YANG Jin,ZHANG Bailing,et al.Prediction and control technology of shallow geological hazards in deepwater area[J].Marine Geology Frontiers,2012,28(1):51-54.
[34]高本金,陈国明,殷志明,等.深水无隔水管钻井液回收钻井技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2009,31(2):44-47.GAO Benjin,CHEN Guoming,YIN Zhiming,et al.Deepwater riserless mud recovery drilling technology[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2009,31(2):44-47.