北极扬马延岛大气边界层高度的气候特征分析
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摘要
基于1973—2015年间的全球综合无线电探空资料(IGRA),采用总体理查逊数(Bulk Richardson Number)方法,分析了北极扬马延岛43年间的大气边界层高度变化特征,并对其多年月均大气边界层高度变化以及年均大气边界层高度变化进行深入分析探讨。结果显示,扬马延岛白天对流边界层高度高于夜晚稳定边界层高度,夏季多年月均大气边界层高度远低于冬春季节的高度,夏季平均高度仅为262 m,而冬春季节高度在600 m附近。大气边界层高度的变化与地面相对湿度的变化呈现较好的反相关关系。由于受到墨西哥湾暖流的影响,岛屿全年温差较小,夏季的相对湿度较大,导致潜热通量较多,抑制了边界层内的对流过程,造成夏季大气边界层高度较低。此外,其年均高度在1973—1988年间出现波动下降,而后在1988—1995年快速上升,最后于1995—2015年间变化平稳。
Based on 43 years' data of twice-daily radiosonde observations, this study investigated the temporal variability of the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) at Jan Mayen, Norway, based on the Bulk Richardson Number method. It was found that the PBLH during daytime was higher than at night for most months. In addition, the monthly averaged PBLH in summer(around 262 m) was found much lower than in spring or winter(about 600 m). The PBLH variations showed good anticorrelation with surface relative humidity. Because of the influence of the Gulf Stream, the annual temperature difference at the Jan Mayen station is quite small and the surface temperature shows little seasonal variation. Surface relative humidity exhibits considerable seasonal variation, with a maximum value in summer and a minimum value in winter. The higher humidity in summer causes higher latent heat flux that restrains the convective process in the boundary layer, which leads to the lower summer PBLH. The long-term changes in PBLH at the studied station also revealed some interesting results. The annual mean PBLH decreased from 1973 to 1988, increased rapidly between 1988 and 1995, and then fluctuated between 500 and 600 m after 1995.
Based on 43 years' data of twice-daily radiosonde observations, this study investigated the temporal variability of the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) at Jan Mayen, Norway, based on the Bulk Richardson Number method. It was found that the PBLH during daytime was higher than at night for most months. In addition, the monthly averaged PBLH in summer(around 262 m) was found much lower than in spring or winter(about 600 m). The PBLH variations showed good anticorrelation with surface relative humidity. Because of the influence of the Gulf Stream, the annual temperature difference at the Jan Mayen station is quite small and the surface temperature shows little seasonal variation. Surface relative humidity exhibits considerable seasonal variation, with a maximum value in summer and a minimum value in winter. The higher humidity in summer causes higher latent heat flux that restrains the convective process in the boundary layer, which leads to the lower summer PBLH. The long-term changes in PBLH at the studied station also revealed some interesting results. The annual mean PBLH decreased from 1973 to 1988, increased rapidly between 1988 and 1995, and then fluctuated between 500 and 600 m after 1995.
引文
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24 TRENBERTH K E.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1997,78(12):2771—2778.
25 TAYLOR A H,JORDAN M B,STEPHENS J A.Gulf Stream shifts following ENSO events[J].Nature,1998,393(6686):638.
26 JOHANNESSEN O M,MILES M,BJ?RGO E.The Arctic's shrinking sea ice[J].Nature,1995,376(6536):126—127.
2 胡非,洪钟祥,雷孝恩.大气边界层和大气环境研究进展[J].大气科学,2003,27(4):712—728.
3 BHUMRALKAR C M.Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in atmospheric general circulation models[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1976,14(2):215—226.
4 HOLZWORTH G C.Estimates of mean maximum mixing depths in the contiguous United States[J].Monthly Weather Review,1964,92 (5):235—242.
5 BEYRICH F.Mixing-height estimation in the convective boundary layer using sodar data[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1995,74 (1-2):1—18.
6 VOGELEZANG D H P,HOLTSLAG A A M.Evaluation and model impacts of alternative boundary-layer height formulations[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1996,81(3-4):245—269.
7 COHN S A,ANGEVINE W M.Boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness measured by lidars and wind-profiling radars[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2000,39(8):1233—1247.
8 JOFFRE S M,KANGAS M,HEIKINHEIMO M,et al.Variability of the stable and unstable atmospheric boundary-layer height and its scales over a boreal forest[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2001,99(3):429—450.
9 ERESMAA N,KARPPINEN A,JOFFRE S M,et al.Mixing height determination by ceilometer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2006,6(6):1485—1493.
10 HEFFTER J L.Air Resources Laboratories atmospheric transport and dispersion model(ARL-ATAD)[R].Silver Spring,MD,USA:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,1980.
11 SEIBERT P,BEYRICH F,GRYNING S E,et al.Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(7):1001—1027.
12 韦志刚,陈文,黄荣辉.敦煌夏末大气垂直结构和边界层高度特征[J].大气科学,2010,34(5):905—913.
13 QU Y W,HAN Y,WU Y H,et al.Study of PBLH and its correlation with particulate matter from one-year observation over Nanjing,Southeast China[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(7):668,doi:10.3390/rs9070668.
14 ZHANG Y H,SEIDEL D J,GOLAZ J C,et al.Climatological characteristics of Arctic and Antarctic surface-based inversions[J].Journal of Climate,2011,24(19):5167—5186.
15 SEIDEL D J,ZHANG Y H,BELJAARS A,et al.Climatology of the planetary boundary layer over the continental United States and Europe[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2012,117(D17):D17106,doi:10.1029/2012JD018143.
16 ZHANG Y H,SEIDEL D J,ZHANG S D.Trends in planetary boundary layer height over Europe[J].Journal of Climate,2013,26(24):10071—10076.
17 GUO J P,MIAO Y C,ZHANG Y,et al.The climatology of planetary boundary layer height in China derived from radiosonde and reanalysis data[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(20):13309-13319,doi:10.5194/acp-16-13309-2016.
18 HINZMAN L D,BETTEZ N D,BOLTON W R,et al.Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other Arctic Regions[J].Climatic Change,2005,72(3):251—298.
19 卞林根,陆龙骅,张占海,等.北冰洋浮冰站大气边界层结构的观测研究[J].极地研究,2006,18(2):87—97.
20 WANG X Y,WANG K C.Homogenized variability of radiosonde-derived atmospheric boundary layer height over the global land surface from 1973 to 2014[J].Journal of Climate,2016,29(19):6893—6908.
21 SEIDEL D J,AO C O,LI K.Estimating climatological planetary boundary layer heights from radiosonde observations:Comparison of methods and uncertainty analysis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2010,115(D16):D16113.
22 张强,王胜.西北干旱区夏季大气边界层结构及其陆面过程特征[J].气象学报,2008,66(4):599—608.
23 张鑫,蔡旭晖,柴发合.北京市秋季大气边界层结构与特征分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(2):220—225.
24 TRENBERTH K E.The definition of El Ni?o[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1997,78(12):2771—2778.
25 TAYLOR A H,JORDAN M B,STEPHENS J A.Gulf Stream shifts following ENSO events[J].Nature,1998,393(6686):638.
26 JOHANNESSEN O M,MILES M,BJ?RGO E.The Arctic's shrinking sea ice[J].Nature,1995,376(6536):126—127.