基于应对公共健康危害的广州社区恢复力评价及空间分异
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摘要
公共健康危害形势日趋严峻,综合测度社区恢复力并探寻空间分异格局,有利于摸清城市公共健康水平及社区应对健康危害的能力,对推动社区健康治理、促进健康公平具有现实意义,同时对社会—生态系统恢复力研究向公共健康领域拓展及中国化探索具有理论创新意义。以广州市社区为基本单元,从自然环境、建成环境、社会资本、经济资本和政府制度5个子维度选取23个指标、32个表征要素建立应对公共健康危害的社区恢复力评价模型,运用灰色关联TOPSIS法对其进行测度,将社区恢复力划分为优秀、良好、中等、较差和差5个等级,结果显示:恢复力中等水平社区居多,优秀级和差级社区均较少,整体呈"橄榄型"结构,且城市社区恢复力优于乡村社区;社区恢复力空间上由中部向四周,东北部向西部,南部向北部梯度递减,各子系统空间格局差异显著;不同等级恢复力的社区呈"集群化"空间分布,优秀级呈"双中心"格局、良好级呈"核心—边缘"格局、中等和较差级均呈"大分散—小集中"格局、差级呈"边缘延伸"格局;中部、南部公共健康安全,西部相对较危险因而是城市公共健康安全重点防御区域。
Due to the increasingly serious public health hazards situation, it is important to explore the pattern of spatial differentiation by evaluating community resilience comprehensively. Empirically, it not only helps to figure out the level of public health and the ability of community to deal with the health hazards, but also promotes health equity and community health governance. As for the theoretical contribution, it is innovative to apply community resilience at a micro-scale and public health perspective in China. The study constructs theoretical frameworks of community resilience based on social-ecosystem resilience theory in the basic unit of Guangzhou's communities. A community resilience evaluation model with gray correlation TOPSIS method is established, which contains 23 indicators and 32 variables from five dimensions, including natural environment, built environment, social capital, economic capital and political institution. Conclusions are drawn as follows: Firstly, the community resilience of Guangzhou was identified into five ranks(Excellent, Good, Average, Poor and Fail), and the overall structure turns out to be an oliveshaped pattern, while the community resilience for the urban area is superior to the rural communities. Secondly, the spatial features of community resilience show the trend of gradient decline(from center to edges, from middle-east to west and from south to north). It is indicated that subsystems differ significantly in spatial pattern while communities in all ranks are clustered geographically. There are four types of spatial distribution, which are "double centers type", "core-periphery type", "extensive dispersion with localized concentrations type", and "edge extension type". Finally, the safe area of public health is distributed in the central and southern parts of the city while the dangerous area is in the west, which should be the focus of the defense area of public health security.
Due to the increasingly serious public health hazards situation, it is important to explore the pattern of spatial differentiation by evaluating community resilience comprehensively. Empirically, it not only helps to figure out the level of public health and the ability of community to deal with the health hazards, but also promotes health equity and community health governance. As for the theoretical contribution, it is innovative to apply community resilience at a micro-scale and public health perspective in China. The study constructs theoretical frameworks of community resilience based on social-ecosystem resilience theory in the basic unit of Guangzhou's communities. A community resilience evaluation model with gray correlation TOPSIS method is established, which contains 23 indicators and 32 variables from five dimensions, including natural environment, built environment, social capital, economic capital and political institution. Conclusions are drawn as follows: Firstly, the community resilience of Guangzhou was identified into five ranks(Excellent, Good, Average, Poor and Fail), and the overall structure turns out to be an oliveshaped pattern, while the community resilience for the urban area is superior to the rural communities. Secondly, the spatial features of community resilience show the trend of gradient decline(from center to edges, from middle-east to west and from south to north). It is indicated that subsystems differ significantly in spatial pattern while communities in all ranks are clustered geographically. There are four types of spatial distribution, which are "double centers type", "core-periphery type", "extensive dispersion with localized concentrations type", and "edge extension type". Finally, the safe area of public health is distributed in the central and southern parts of the city while the dangerous area is in the west, which should be the focus of the defense area of public health security.
引文
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(1)数据来源:WHO官网,网址https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/.
(2)数据来源于中国社会组织公共服务平台,网址:http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/3501/115751/index.html.
(3)数据来源于《2017年社会组织工作报告》,网址:http://www.gzfso.org.cn/html/news/events/033013C2017.html.
(1)2012年9月,广州市进行行政区划调整,将番禺区的东涌镇、大岗镇、榄核镇划归南沙区管辖。
[2] China Meteorological Administration. China Meteorological Disaster Yearbook 2016. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2016.[中国气象局.中国气象灾害年鉴(2016).北京:气象出版社, 2016.]
[3] National Health and Family Planning Commission. China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook 2016.Beijing:Peking Union Medical College Press, 2016:281-283.[国家卫生和计划生育委员会.中国卫生和计划生育统计(2016).北京:中国协和医科大学出版社, 2016:281-283.]
[4] Cote M, Nightingale A J. Resilience thinking meets social theory:Situating social change in socio-ecological systems(SES)research. Progress in Human Geography, 2012, 36(4):475-489.
[5] Adger W N. Social and ecological resilience:Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 2000, 24(3):347-364.
[6] Guo Yongrui, Zhang Jie. Research progress and themes of geography on community resilience. Progress in Geography, 2015,34(1):100-109.[郭永锐,张捷.社区恢复力研究进展及其地理学研究议题.地理科学进展, 2015, 34(1):100-109.]
[7] Donoghue E M, Sturtevant V E. Social science constructs in ecosystem assessments:Revisiting community capacity and community resiliency. Society&Natural Resources, 2007, 20(10):899-912.
[8] Cohen O, Leykin D, Lahad M, et al. The conjoint community resiliency assessment measure as a baseline for profiling and predicting community resilience for emergencies. Technological Forecasting&Social Change, 2013, 80(9):1732-1741.
[9] Sherrieb K, Norris F H, Galea S. Measuring capacities for community resilience. Social Indicators Research, 2010, 99(2):227-247.
[10] Cutter S L, Barnes L, Berry M, et al. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters.Global Environmental Change, 2008, 18(4):598-606.
[11] Burton C G. A validation of metrics for community resilience to natural hazards and disasters using the recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a case study. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015, 105(1):67-86.
[12] Ainuddin S, Routray J K. Earthquake hazards and community resilience in Baluchistan. Natural Hazards, 2012, 63(2):909-937.
[13] Frazier T G, Thompson C M, Dezzani R J. Spatial and temporal quantification of resilience at the community scale.Applied Geography, 2013, 42:95-107.
[14] Bruneau M, Chang S E, Eguchi R T. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities. Earthquake Spectra, 2003, 19(4):733-752.
[15] Cutter S L, Ash K D, Emrich C T. The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change,2014, 29:65-77.
[16] Sun Jing, Wang Jun, Yang Xinjun. An overview on the resilience of social-ecological systems. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007, 27(12):5371-5381.[孙晶,王俊,杨新军.社会—生态系统恢复力研究综述.生态学报, 2007, 27(12):5371-5381.]
[17] Ge Yi, Shi Peijun, Xu Wei, et al. Review and development of restoring force research. Journal of Catastrophology, 2010,25(3):119-129.[葛怡,史培军,徐伟,等.恢复力研究的新进展与评述.灾害学, 2010, 25(3):119-129.]
[18] Zhang Hui. Research on the urban resilience community model from the perspective of natural risk governance.Management World, 2015(6):176-177.[张惠.自然风险治理视角下的城市弹性社区模型研究.管理世界, 2015(6):176-177.]
[19] Wang Qun, Lu Lin, Yang Xingzhu. Study on measurement and impact mechanism of socio-ecological system resilience in Qiandao Lake. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5):779-795.[王群,陆林,杨兴柱.千岛湖社会—生态系统恢复力测度与影响机理.地理学报, 2015, 70(5):779-795.]
[20] Yang Xinjun, Shi Yuzhong, Wang Ziqiao. Exploring the impacts of road construction on a local social-ecological system in Qinling mountainous area:A resilience perspective. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(8):1313-1326.[杨新军,石育中,王子侨.道路建设对秦岭山区社会-生态系统的影响:一个社区恢复力的视角.地理学报, 2015, 70(8):1313-1326.]
[21] Wang Qun, Lu Lin, Yang Xingzhu. Cognition measurement and influence analysis of tourism community resilience:A case study of Qiandao Lake. Human Geography, 2017, 32(5):139-146.[王群,陆林,杨兴柱.旅游地社区恢复力认知测度与影响因子分析:以千岛湖为例.人文地理, 2017, 32(5):139-146.]
[22] Poortinga W. Community resilience and health:The role of bonding, bridging, and linking aspects of social capital.Health&Place, 2012, 18(2):286-295.
[23] Wulff K, Donato D, Lurie N. What is health resilience and how can we build it? Annual Review of Public Health, 2015,36:361-374.
[24] Cao Zhidong, Wang Jinfeng, Gao Yige, et al. Risk factors and autocorrelation characteristics on severe acute respiratory syndrome in Guangzhou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(9):981-993.[曹志冬,王劲峰,高一鸽,等.广州SARS流行的空间风险因子与空间相关性特征.地理学报, 2008, 63(9):981-993.]
[25] Yu Qun, Yang Hua. The analysis of the current situation and the variation trend of air quality in Guangzhou.Environmental Monitoring in China, 2010, 26(4):74-77.[于群,杨华.广州市近年空气质量现状及趋势分析.中国环境监测, 2010, 26(4):74-77.]
[26] Janssen M A, Ostrom E. Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation:A cross-cutting theme of international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 2006, 16(3):237-239.
[27] Folke C. Resilience:The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 2006, 16(3):253-267.
[28] Wolf K L, Robbins A S T. Metro nature, environmental health, and economic value. Environmental Health Perspectives,2015, 123(5):390-398.
[29] White M P, Alcock I, Wheeler B W, et al. Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data. Psychological Science, 2013, 24(6):920-928.
[30] Frank L D, Schmid T L, Sallis J F, et al. Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form:findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 28(2S2):117-125.
[31] Rydin Y, Bleahu A, Davies M, et al. Shaping cities for health:Complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century. Lancet, 2012, 379(9831):2079-2108.
[32] Rostila M, Kolegard M L, Fritzell J. Income inequality and self-rated health in Stockholm, Sweden:A test of the'income inequality hypothesis'on two levels of aggregation. Science Science&Medicine, 2012, 74(7):1091-1098.
[33] Tian Li, Li Jingwei, Ouyang Wei, et al. Relationships between urban-rural planning and public health and some thoughts on a inter-disciplinary research framework. Urban Planning Forum, 2016(2):111-116.[田莉,李经纬,欧阳伟,等.城乡规划与公共健康的关系及跨学科研究框架构想.城市规划学刊, 2016(2):111-116.]
[34] Yang Xue, Zhang Wenzhong. Combining natural and human elements to evaluate regional human settlements quality based on raster data:A case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12):2141-2154.[杨雪,张文忠.基于栅格的区域人居自然和人文环境质量综合评价:以京津冀地区为例.地理学报, 2016, 71(12):2141-2154.]
[35] Kan H D, Chen, R J, Tong S L. Ambient air pollution, climate change, and population health in China. Environment international, 2012, 42(SI):10-19.
[36] Sun Bindong, Yan Hong, Zhang Tinglin. Impact of community built environment on residents'health:A case study on individual overweight. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(10):1721-1730.[孙斌栋,阎宏,张婷麟.社区建成环境对健康的影响:基于居民个体超重的实证研究.地理学报, 2016, 71(10):1721-1730.]
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(1)数据来源:WHO官网,网址https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/.
(2)数据来源于中国社会组织公共服务平台,网址:http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/3501/115751/index.html.
(3)数据来源于《2017年社会组织工作报告》,网址:http://www.gzfso.org.cn/html/news/events/033013C2017.html.
(1)2012年9月,广州市进行行政区划调整,将番禺区的东涌镇、大岗镇、榄核镇划归南沙区管辖。