西安城市边缘区失地农民社区恢复力测度与影响因素
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摘要
恢复力强调系统承受各种扰动冲击并从中恢复的能力,为不确定性条件下人类社会的可持续发展提供了新的研究思路。将恢复力理论框架引入失地农民社区研究中,在明晰失地农民社区恢复力概念内涵的基础上,从经济恢复力、社会恢复力、管理恢复力和环境恢复力四个维度建立测度指标体系,并选取西安城市边缘区为案例区,基于入户问卷调查数据,运用熵权TOPSIS方法对失地农民社区恢复力进行测度,并采取t检验、方差分析等方法探讨失地农民社区恢复力的影响因素及其作用路径。研究表明:①失地农民社区恢复力整体处于中等偏下水平,恢复力综合指数处于低、中、高三个级别的失地农民社区所占比重分别为47. 6%、33. 3%和19. 1%,等级结构呈现"金字塔"形;②四个维度恢复力测度结果依次为环境恢复力>经济恢复力>管理恢复力>社会恢复力,表明在快速城市化冲击下,相较于失地农民社区在物质环境和经济收入层面的快速适应和恢复,其社会恢复较为滞后,具体表现为社会关系网络构建、社区参与及社会学习等方面恢复能力较差,反映失地农民社区在管理方面存在较多问题,基层政府管理公平性缺失以及社会保障制度不健全等因素阻碍了社区管理恢复力的构建;③失地农民社区恢复力是社区内在特征与外部干扰因素相互影响和共同作用的结果,通过对失地农民社区恢复力影响因素作用路径的分析可知,地理区位、外来人口比重、征地原因以及征地时间是其主要影响因素。最后从经济、社会、管理、环境层面提出提升失地农民社区恢复力的对策建议。
Resilience emphasizes the ability of system to withstand various disturbances and recover from it,which provides new research ideas for the sustainable development of human society under uncertainty. With the application of resilience theory and analysis of the concept of resilience of land-lost farmers' community,this paper establishes an evaluation index system from four dimensions of economic resilience,social resilience,management resilience and environmental resilience. What's more,based on the household survey data of urban fringe of Xi'an,this paper uses entropy-TOPSIS method to assess the resilience of land-lost farmers' communities,and then adopts t-test and variance analysis to explore the influencing factors and mechanism of land-lost farmers' community resilience. The results are shown as follows: ①The resilience index of land-lost farmers' community is below the middle level. The proportions of land-lost farmers' communities with scales of low,middle and high resilience index account for 47. 6%,33. 3% and 19. 1% respectively. The hierarchical structure of resilience presents the ‘Pyramid'shape,which demonstrates the unsatisfactory recovery of land-lost farmers' communities from urbanization disturbance. ②The resilience of four dimensions are in the trend of decreasing in environmental resilience,economic resilience,management resilience and social resilience. Compared with rapid adaptation and recovery of material environment and economic income,social restoration of the land-lost farmers' communities is lagging behind in social relation network construction,community participation and social learning. The result also reflects the weak management of the land-lost farmers' communities,which is hindered by lack of fairness in grass-roots government management and imperfect social security system. ③ Cultivation of land-lost farmers' community resilience is the result of interaction between the inherent characteristics of the community and external interference factors. The path chart of influencing factors of land-lost farmers' community resilience indicates that four factors—geographical location,proportion of floating population,reason for land expropriation and time of land expropriation—have prominent effect on the land-lost farmers' community resilience. Finally,the countermeasures are put forward to enhance the resilience of land-lost farmers ' community from the aspects of economy,society,management and environment.
Resilience emphasizes the ability of system to withstand various disturbances and recover from it,which provides new research ideas for the sustainable development of human society under uncertainty. With the application of resilience theory and analysis of the concept of resilience of land-lost farmers' community,this paper establishes an evaluation index system from four dimensions of economic resilience,social resilience,management resilience and environmental resilience. What's more,based on the household survey data of urban fringe of Xi'an,this paper uses entropy-TOPSIS method to assess the resilience of land-lost farmers' communities,and then adopts t-test and variance analysis to explore the influencing factors and mechanism of land-lost farmers' community resilience. The results are shown as follows: ①The resilience index of land-lost farmers' community is below the middle level. The proportions of land-lost farmers' communities with scales of low,middle and high resilience index account for 47. 6%,33. 3% and 19. 1% respectively. The hierarchical structure of resilience presents the ‘Pyramid'shape,which demonstrates the unsatisfactory recovery of land-lost farmers' communities from urbanization disturbance. ②The resilience of four dimensions are in the trend of decreasing in environmental resilience,economic resilience,management resilience and social resilience. Compared with rapid adaptation and recovery of material environment and economic income,social restoration of the land-lost farmers' communities is lagging behind in social relation network construction,community participation and social learning. The result also reflects the weak management of the land-lost farmers' communities,which is hindered by lack of fairness in grass-roots government management and imperfect social security system. ③ Cultivation of land-lost farmers' community resilience is the result of interaction between the inherent characteristics of the community and external interference factors. The path chart of influencing factors of land-lost farmers' community resilience indicates that four factors—geographical location,proportion of floating population,reason for land expropriation and time of land expropriation—have prominent effect on the land-lost farmers' community resilience. Finally,the countermeasures are put forward to enhance the resilience of land-lost farmers ' community from the aspects of economy,society,management and environment.
引文
[1]丁琳琳,吴群,李永乐.新型城镇化背景下失地农民福利变化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(3):163-169.
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[7]张甜,刘焱序,王仰麟.恢复力视角下的乡村空间演变与重构[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):1-11.
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[9]SKERRATT S.Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience:evidence from community land ownership[J].Journal of rural studies,2013,31(1):36-46.
[10]杨新军,石育中,王子侨.道路建设对秦岭山区社会-生态系统的影响——一个社区恢复力的视角[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1313-1326.
[11]王群,陆林,杨兴柱.旅游地社区恢复力认知测度与影响因子分析——以千岛湖为例[J].人文地理,2017,32(5):139-146.
[12]BERKES F,ROSS H.Community resilience:toward an integrated approach[J].Society and natural resources,2013,26(1):5-20.
[13]赵直.天池博格达自然保护区社会-生态系统适应性循环机制及调控对策研究[D].西安:西北大学,2014:158-170.
[14]SUSAN L C,LINDSEY B,MELISSA B,et al.Community and regional resilience:perspectives from hazards,disasters,and emergency management[R].Oak Ridge:Community and Regional Resilience Initiative,2008.
[15]赵霜,方一平.青海省果洛州草地畜牧业雪灾的恢复力[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(04):898-905.
[16]葛怡,史培军,周忻,等.水灾恢复力评估研究——以湖南省长沙市为例[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(2):197-201.
[17]张向龙,杨新军,王俊,等.基于恢复力定量测度的社会-生态系统适应性循环研究——以榆中县北部山区为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,43(6):952-956.
[18]CUTTER S L,BURTON C G,EMRICH C T.Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions[J].Journal of homeland security and emergency management,2010,7(1):1-22.
[19]AINUDDIN S,ROUTRAY J K.Earthquake hazards and community resilience in Baluchistan[J].Nature hazards,2012,63(2):909-937.
[20]赵丹,刘东,武秋晨.基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的区域农业水资源系统恢复力测度[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(7):52-56.
[21]何艳冰,黄晓军,翟令鑫,等.西安快速城市化边缘区社会脆弱性评价与影响因素[J].地理学报,2016,71(8):1315-1328.
[22]CHRISTENSEN L,KROGMAN N.Social thresholds and their translation into social-ecological management practices[J].Ecology and society,2012,17(1):5.
[23]郭永锐,张捷.社区恢复力研究进展及其地理学研究议题[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(1):100-109.
[24]HOLLADAY P J,POWELL R B.Resident perceptions of socialecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the common wealth of Dominica[J].Journal of sustainable tourism,2013,21(8):1188-1211.
[25]李亚,翟国方.我国城市灾害韧性评估及其提升策略研究[J].规划师,2017,33(8):5-11.
[26]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):150-157.
[27]游细斌,代启梅,郭昌晟.基于熵权TOPSIS模型的南方丘陵地区乡村人居环境评价——以赣州为例[J].山地学报,2017,35(6):899-907.
[28]唐志鹏.中国省域资源环境的投入产出效率评价[J].地理研究,2018,37(8):1515-1527.
[29]王群,陆林,杨兴柱.千岛湖社会-生态系统恢复力测度与影响机理[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):779-795.
[30]WALKER B,SALT D.Resilience thinking:sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world[M].Washington:Island Press,2006.
[31]周婕,谢波.中外城市边缘区相关概念辨析与学科发展趋势[J].国际城市规划,2014,29(4):14-20.
[32]周江评,陈晓键,黄伟,等.中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安市为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1316-1330.
[33]何艳冰,黄晓军,杨新军.快速城市化背景下城市边缘区失地农民适应性研究——以西安市为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):226-240.
[2]HOLLING C S.Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J].Annual review of ecology and systematics,1973,4(4):1-23.
[3]HOLLING C S.Understanding the complexity of economic,ecological and social systems[J].Ecosystems,2001,4(5):390-405.
[4]BERKES F,SEIXAS C.Building resilience in lagoon socioecological systems:a local-level perspective[J].Ecosystems,2005(8):967-974.
[5]FOLKE C.Resilience:the emergence of a perspective for socialecological systems analyses[J].Global environment change,2006,16(3):253-267.
[6]孙晶,王俊,杨新军.社会-生态系统恢复力研究综述[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):5371-5381.
[7]张甜,刘焱序,王仰麟.恢复力视角下的乡村空间演变与重构[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):1-11.
[8]ADGER W N.Social and ecological resilience:are they related?[J].Progress in human geography,2000,24(3):347-364.
[9]SKERRATT S.Enhancing the analysis of rural community resilience:evidence from community land ownership[J].Journal of rural studies,2013,31(1):36-46.
[10]杨新军,石育中,王子侨.道路建设对秦岭山区社会-生态系统的影响——一个社区恢复力的视角[J].地理学报,2015,70(8):1313-1326.
[11]王群,陆林,杨兴柱.旅游地社区恢复力认知测度与影响因子分析——以千岛湖为例[J].人文地理,2017,32(5):139-146.
[12]BERKES F,ROSS H.Community resilience:toward an integrated approach[J].Society and natural resources,2013,26(1):5-20.
[13]赵直.天池博格达自然保护区社会-生态系统适应性循环机制及调控对策研究[D].西安:西北大学,2014:158-170.
[14]SUSAN L C,LINDSEY B,MELISSA B,et al.Community and regional resilience:perspectives from hazards,disasters,and emergency management[R].Oak Ridge:Community and Regional Resilience Initiative,2008.
[15]赵霜,方一平.青海省果洛州草地畜牧业雪灾的恢复力[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(04):898-905.
[16]葛怡,史培军,周忻,等.水灾恢复力评估研究——以湖南省长沙市为例[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,47(2):197-201.
[17]张向龙,杨新军,王俊,等.基于恢复力定量测度的社会-生态系统适应性循环研究——以榆中县北部山区为例[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,43(6):952-956.
[18]CUTTER S L,BURTON C G,EMRICH C T.Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions[J].Journal of homeland security and emergency management,2010,7(1):1-22.
[19]AINUDDIN S,ROUTRAY J K.Earthquake hazards and community resilience in Baluchistan[J].Nature hazards,2012,63(2):909-937.
[20]赵丹,刘东,武秋晨.基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的区域农业水资源系统恢复力测度[J].中国农村水利水电,2014(7):52-56.
[21]何艳冰,黄晓军,翟令鑫,等.西安快速城市化边缘区社会脆弱性评价与影响因素[J].地理学报,2016,71(8):1315-1328.
[22]CHRISTENSEN L,KROGMAN N.Social thresholds and their translation into social-ecological management practices[J].Ecology and society,2012,17(1):5.
[23]郭永锐,张捷.社区恢复力研究进展及其地理学研究议题[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(1):100-109.
[24]HOLLADAY P J,POWELL R B.Resident perceptions of socialecological resilience and the sustainability of community-based tourism development in the common wealth of Dominica[J].Journal of sustainable tourism,2013,21(8):1188-1211.
[25]李亚,翟国方.我国城市灾害韧性评估及其提升策略研究[J].规划师,2017,33(8):5-11.
[26]陈佳,杨新军,尹莎.农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(1):150-157.
[27]游细斌,代启梅,郭昌晟.基于熵权TOPSIS模型的南方丘陵地区乡村人居环境评价——以赣州为例[J].山地学报,2017,35(6):899-907.
[28]唐志鹏.中国省域资源环境的投入产出效率评价[J].地理研究,2018,37(8):1515-1527.
[29]王群,陆林,杨兴柱.千岛湖社会-生态系统恢复力测度与影响机理[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):779-795.
[30]WALKER B,SALT D.Resilience thinking:sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world[M].Washington:Island Press,2006.
[31]周婕,谢波.中外城市边缘区相关概念辨析与学科发展趋势[J].国际城市规划,2014,29(4):14-20.
[32]周江评,陈晓键,黄伟,等.中国中西部大城市的职住平衡与通勤效率——以西安市为例[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1316-1330.
[33]何艳冰,黄晓军,杨新军.快速城市化背景下城市边缘区失地农民适应性研究——以西安市为例[J].地理研究,2017,36(2):226-240.