获得性免疫缺陷综合征抗病毒治疗及预防的研究进展
|
摘要
获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)是人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的全球流行的传染性疾病。近40年来,全球感染HIV患者数量不断增加,大部分患者因AIDS相关疾病死亡。抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)是最有效的治疗AIDS的方法,由于HIV细胞潜伏库的存在,ART不能彻底清除HIV,但能有效抑制HIV复制,改善预后,提高患者生存质量,减少HIV传播。随着抗病毒治疗药物的不断更新、治疗时机提前、治疗方案的优化,AIDS治疗及预防有了巨大进展,使AIDS成为一种可控制的慢性传染性疾病。
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome( AIDS) is a globally popular communicable disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus( HIV). In the past 40 years,the number of people infected with HIV has been increasing,and most of them have died from AIDS-related diseases. Antiretroviral therapy( ART) is the best way to kill AIDS,which due to the existence of HIV cell latency pool,cannot kill HIV completely,but can stop HIV replicating,thus improving life a lot and reduce HIV transmission. The prevention and treatment of AIDS get improved a lot with the antiviral drugs updating,advancing of treatment timing and treatment optimization. Therefore,and AIDS becomes a controllable chronic infectious disease.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome( AIDS) is a globally popular communicable disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus( HIV). In the past 40 years,the number of people infected with HIV has been increasing,and most of them have died from AIDS-related diseases. Antiretroviral therapy( ART) is the best way to kill AIDS,which due to the existence of HIV cell latency pool,cannot kill HIV completely,but can stop HIV replicating,thus improving life a lot and reduce HIV transmission. The prevention and treatment of AIDS get improved a lot with the antiviral drugs updating,advancing of treatment timing and treatment optimization. Therefore,and AIDS becomes a controllable chronic infectious disease.
引文
[1]Peeters M,Fransen K,Delaporte E,et al.Isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus(simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant)from a wild-captured chimpanzee[J].AIDS,1992,6(5):447-451.
[2]UNAIDS.Fact sheet-world AIDS day 2018[EB/OL].(2018-12-1)[2018-12-2].http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.
[3]Samji H,Cescon A,Hogg RS,et al.Closing the gap:Increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada[J].PLo S One,2013,8(12):e81355.
[4]Katlama C,Ghosn J,Murphy RL.Individualized antiretroviral therapeutic approaches:Less can be more[J].AIDS,2017,31(8):1065-1071.
[5]Fauci AS,Marston HD.Ending the HIV-AIDS Pandemic-Follow the Science[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(23):2197-2199.
[6]TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group,Danel C,Moh R,et al.ATrial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(9):808-822.
[7]Lodi S,Sharma S,Lundgren JD,et al.The per-protocol effect of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy initiation[J].AIDS,2016,30(17):2659-2663.
[8]Hirschhorn LR,Kaaya SF,Garrity PS,et al.Cancer and the`other'noncommunicable chronic diseases in older people living with HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings:A challenge to success[J].AIDS,2012,26 Suppl 1:S65-75.
[9]Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration.Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy,1996-2006:Collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50(10):1387-1396.
[10]Cohen MS,Chen YQ,Mc Cauley M,et al.Prevention of HIV-1infection with early antiretroviral therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(6):493-505.
[11]World Health Organization.Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV[EB/OL].(2016-12-05)[2018-12-30].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf.
[12]蔡卫平,陈谐捷,李慧琴,等.国家免费艾滋病抗病毒药物治疗手册[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:37-43.
[13]Cihlar T,Fordyce M.Current status and prospects of HIV treatment[J].Curr Opin Virol,2016,18:50-56.
[14]张秋月,张彤.艾滋病抗病毒治疗现状及其研究进展[J].中国病毒病杂志,2018,8(2):103-108.
[15]Caplan MR,Daar ES,Corado KC.Next generation fixed dose combination pharmacotherapies for treating HIV[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother,2018,19(6):589-596.
[16]de Miguel Buckley R,Montejano R,Stella-Ascariz N,et al.New Strategies of ARV:The Road to Simplification[J].Curr HIV/AIDS Rep,2018,15(1):11-19.
[17]Arribas JR,Girard PM,Landman R,et al.Dual treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine and a second nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression(OLE):A randomised,open-label,noninferiority trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2015,15(7):785-792.
[18]Raffi F,Babiker AG,Richert L,et al.Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1:96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet,2014,384(9958):1942-1951.
[19]Perez-Molina JA,Rubio R,Rivero A,et al.Dual treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus two nucleos(t)ides in virologically stable patients with HIV-1(SALT):48 week results from a randomized,open-label,non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2015,15(7):775-784.
[20]Achhra AC,Mwasakifwa G,Amin J,et al.Efficacy and safety of contemporary dual-drug antiretroviral regimens as first-line treatment or as a simplification strategy:A systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Lancet HIV,2016,3(8):e351-360.
[21]Capetti AF,Sterrantino G,Cossu MV,et al.Switch to Dolutegravir plus Rilpivirine Dual Therapy in c ART-Experienced Subjects:An Observational Cohort[J].PLo S One,2016,11(10):e0164753.
[22]Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first two-drug regimen for certain patients with HIV[EB/OL].(2017-11-21)[2018-12-2].https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/Press Announcements/ucm586305.htm.
[23]Llibre JM,Hung CC,Brinson C,et al.Efficacy,safety,and tolerability of dolutegravir-rilpivirine for the maintenance of virological suppression in adults with HIV-1:Phase 3,randomized,non-inferiority SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 studies[J].Lancet,2018,391(10123):839-849.
[24]Pasquau J,Hidalgo-Tenorio C,Montes ML,et al.High quality of life,treatment tolerability,safety and efficacy in HIV patients switching from triple therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy:Arandomized clinical trial[J].PLo S One,2018,13(4):e0195068.
[25]Arribas JR,Girard PM,Paton N,et al.Efficacy of protease inhibitor monotherapy vs.triple therapy:Meta-analysis of data from 2303patients in 13 randomized trials[J].HIV Med,2016,17(5):358-367.
[26]Blanco JL,Rojas J,Paredes R,et al.Dolutegravir-based maintenance monotherapy versus dual therapy with lamivudine:A planned 24week analysis of the DOLAM randomized clinical trial[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2018,73(7):1965-1971.
[27]Wandeler G,Buzzi M,Anderegg N,et al.Virologic failure and HIV drug resistance on simplified,dolutegravir-based maintenance therapy:Systematic review and meta-analysis[J].F1000Res,2018,7:1359.
[28]Ananworanich J,Nuesch R,Le Braz M,et al.Failures of 1 week on,1 week off antiretroviral therapies in a randomized trial[J].AIDS,2003,17(15):F33-37.
[29]Leibowitch J,Mathez D,de Truchis P,et al.Four days a week or less on appropriate anti-HIV drug combinations provided long-term optimal maintenance in 94 patients:the ICCARRE project[J].FASEB J,2015,29(6):2223-2234.
[30]Rudy BJ,Sleasman J,Kapogiannis B,et al.Short-cycle therapy in adolescents after continuous therapy with established viral suppression:The impact on viral load suppression[J].AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses,2009,25(6):555-561.
[31]Reynolds SJ,Kityo C,Hallahan CW,et al.A randomized,controlled,trial of short cycle intermittent compared to continuous antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection in Uganda[J].PLo SOne,2010,5(4):e10307.
[32]Turkova A,Moore CL,Butler K,et al.Weekends-off efavirenzbased antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children,adolescents and young adults(BREATHER):Extended follow-up results of a randomized,open-label,non-inferiority trial[J].PLo S One,2018,13(4):e0196239.
[33]Derdelinckx I,Wainberg MA,Lange JM,et al.Criteria for drugs used in pre-exposure prophylaxis trials against HIV infection[J].PLo S Med,2006,3(11):e454.
[34]Krakower DS,Mayer KH.Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIVinfection:Current status,future opportunities and challenges[J].Drugs,2015,75(3):243-251.
[35]Grant RM,Lama JR,Anderson PL,et al.Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(27):2587-2599.
[36]Fonner VA,Dalglish SL,Kennedy CE,et al.Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations[J].AIDS,2016,30(12):1973-1983.
[37]Grant RM,Anderson PL,Mc Mahan V,et al.Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis,sexual practices,and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men:A cohort study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2014,14(9):820-829.
[38]Cottrell ML,Yang KH,Prince HM,et al.A Translational Pharmacology Approach to Predicting Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Against HIV in Men and Women Using Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate With or Without Emtricitabine[J].J Infect Dis,2016,214(1):55-64.
[39]Günthard HF,Saag MS,Benson CA,et al.Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults:2016 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel[J].JAMA,2016,316(2):191-210.
[40]World Health Organization.Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection[M].2 th ed.Geneva:World Health Organization,2016:52-53.
[41]Abdool Karim Q,Abdool Karim SS,Frohlich JA,et al.Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel,an antiretroviral microbicide,for the prevention of HIV infection in women[J].Science,2010,329(5996):1168-1174.
[42]Marrazzo JM,Ramjee G,Richardson BA,et al.Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(6):509-518.
[43]Scorgie F,Stadler J,Baron D,et al."It Was Not My Aim to Sleep There":The Impact of Timing and Location of Sex on Adherence to Coitally-Dependent HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis[J].AIDSBehav,2018.[2018-11-02].https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10461-018-2195-1.[published online ahead of Jun 16,2018]
[44]Baeten JM,Palanee-Phillips T,Brown ER,et al.Use of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine for HIV-1 Prevention in Women[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(22):2121-2132.
[45]Nel A,van Niekerk N,Kapiga S,et al.Safety and Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Women[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(22):2133-2143.
[46]Sperling RS,Shapiro DE,Coombs RW,et al.Maternal viral load,zidovudine treatment,and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant[J].N Engl JMed,1996,335(22):1621-1629.
[47]Cardo DM,Culver DH,Ciesielski CA,et al.A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group[J].N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485-1490.
[48]Otten RA,Smith DK,Adams DR,et al.Efficacy of post exposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus(human immunodeficiency virus type2)[J].J Virol,2000,74(20):9771-9775.
[49]Tsai CC,Emau P,Follis KE,et al.Effectiveness of postinoculation(R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine treatment for prevention of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment[J].J Virol,1998,72(5):4265-4273.
[50]Nielsen-Saines K,Watts DH,Veloso VG,et al.Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection[J].N Engl J Med,2012,366(25):2368-2379.
[51]Connor EM,Sperling RS,Gelber R,et al.Reduction of maternalinfant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment.Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group[J].N Engl J Med,1994,331(18):1173-1180.
[52]Kesho Bora Study Group,de Vincenzi I.Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1(Kesho Bora study):A randomized controlled trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2011,11(3):171-180.
[53]刘冬梅,秦燕,韦丹燕,等.不同孕周高效抗反转录病毒治疗对HIV母婴阻断效果的比较[J].中国临床新医学,2016,9(9):770-772.
[54]World Health Organization.Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection:Recommendations for a Public Health Approach[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2013:100-104.
[55]Rodger AJ,Cambiano V,Bruun T,et al.Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy[J].JAMA,2016,316(2):171-181.
[56]Dimitrov DT,Kiem HP,Jerome KR,et al.A curative regimen would decrease HIV prevalence but not HIV incidence unless targeted to an ART-na6ve population[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:22183.
[57]Granich R,Kahn JG,Bennett R,et al.Expanding ART for treatment and prevention of HIV in South Africa:Estimated cost and cost-effectiveness 2011-2050[J].PLo S One,2012,7(2):e30216.
[58]Tanser F,Brnighausen T,Grapsa E,et al.High coverage of ARTassociated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural Kwa ZuluNatal,South Africa[J].Science,2013,339(6122):966-971.
[59]Montaner JS,Lima VD,Harrigan PR,et al.Expansion of HAARTcoverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV/AIDSmorbidity,mortality and HIV transmission:The"HIV Treatment as Prevention"experience in a Canadian setting[J].PLo S One,2014,9(2):e87872.
[2]UNAIDS.Fact sheet-world AIDS day 2018[EB/OL].(2018-12-1)[2018-12-2].http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.
[3]Samji H,Cescon A,Hogg RS,et al.Closing the gap:Increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada[J].PLo S One,2013,8(12):e81355.
[4]Katlama C,Ghosn J,Murphy RL.Individualized antiretroviral therapeutic approaches:Less can be more[J].AIDS,2017,31(8):1065-1071.
[5]Fauci AS,Marston HD.Ending the HIV-AIDS Pandemic-Follow the Science[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(23):2197-2199.
[6]TEMPRANO ANRS 12136 Study Group,Danel C,Moh R,et al.ATrial of Early Antiretrovirals and Isoniazid Preventive Therapy in Africa[J].N Engl J Med,2015,373(9):808-822.
[7]Lodi S,Sharma S,Lundgren JD,et al.The per-protocol effect of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy initiation[J].AIDS,2016,30(17):2659-2663.
[8]Hirschhorn LR,Kaaya SF,Garrity PS,et al.Cancer and the`other'noncommunicable chronic diseases in older people living with HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings:A challenge to success[J].AIDS,2012,26 Suppl 1:S65-75.
[9]Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration.Causes of death in HIV-1-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy,1996-2006:Collaborative analysis of 13 HIV cohort studies[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50(10):1387-1396.
[10]Cohen MS,Chen YQ,Mc Cauley M,et al.Prevention of HIV-1infection with early antiretroviral therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,365(6):493-505.
[11]World Health Organization.Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV[EB/OL].(2016-12-05)[2018-12-30].http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186275/1/9789241509565_eng.pdf.
[12]蔡卫平,陈谐捷,李慧琴,等.国家免费艾滋病抗病毒药物治疗手册[M].4版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:37-43.
[13]Cihlar T,Fordyce M.Current status and prospects of HIV treatment[J].Curr Opin Virol,2016,18:50-56.
[14]张秋月,张彤.艾滋病抗病毒治疗现状及其研究进展[J].中国病毒病杂志,2018,8(2):103-108.
[15]Caplan MR,Daar ES,Corado KC.Next generation fixed dose combination pharmacotherapies for treating HIV[J].Expert Opin Pharmacother,2018,19(6):589-596.
[16]de Miguel Buckley R,Montejano R,Stella-Ascariz N,et al.New Strategies of ARV:The Road to Simplification[J].Curr HIV/AIDS Rep,2018,15(1):11-19.
[17]Arribas JR,Girard PM,Landman R,et al.Dual treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with lopinavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine and a second nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for maintenance of HIV-1 viral suppression(OLE):A randomised,open-label,noninferiority trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2015,15(7):785-792.
[18]Raffi F,Babiker AG,Richert L,et al.Ritonavir-boosted darunavir combined with raltegravir or tenofovir-emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naive adults infected with HIV-1:96 week results from the NEAT001/ANRS143 randomised non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet,2014,384(9958):1942-1951.
[19]Perez-Molina JA,Rubio R,Rivero A,et al.Dual treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus lamivudine versus triple treatment with atazanavir-ritonavir plus two nucleos(t)ides in virologically stable patients with HIV-1(SALT):48 week results from a randomized,open-label,non-inferiority trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2015,15(7):775-784.
[20]Achhra AC,Mwasakifwa G,Amin J,et al.Efficacy and safety of contemporary dual-drug antiretroviral regimens as first-line treatment or as a simplification strategy:A systematic review and metaanalysis[J].Lancet HIV,2016,3(8):e351-360.
[21]Capetti AF,Sterrantino G,Cossu MV,et al.Switch to Dolutegravir plus Rilpivirine Dual Therapy in c ART-Experienced Subjects:An Observational Cohort[J].PLo S One,2016,11(10):e0164753.
[22]Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves first two-drug regimen for certain patients with HIV[EB/OL].(2017-11-21)[2018-12-2].https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/Press Announcements/ucm586305.htm.
[23]Llibre JM,Hung CC,Brinson C,et al.Efficacy,safety,and tolerability of dolutegravir-rilpivirine for the maintenance of virological suppression in adults with HIV-1:Phase 3,randomized,non-inferiority SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 studies[J].Lancet,2018,391(10123):839-849.
[24]Pasquau J,Hidalgo-Tenorio C,Montes ML,et al.High quality of life,treatment tolerability,safety and efficacy in HIV patients switching from triple therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy:Arandomized clinical trial[J].PLo S One,2018,13(4):e0195068.
[25]Arribas JR,Girard PM,Paton N,et al.Efficacy of protease inhibitor monotherapy vs.triple therapy:Meta-analysis of data from 2303patients in 13 randomized trials[J].HIV Med,2016,17(5):358-367.
[26]Blanco JL,Rojas J,Paredes R,et al.Dolutegravir-based maintenance monotherapy versus dual therapy with lamivudine:A planned 24week analysis of the DOLAM randomized clinical trial[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2018,73(7):1965-1971.
[27]Wandeler G,Buzzi M,Anderegg N,et al.Virologic failure and HIV drug resistance on simplified,dolutegravir-based maintenance therapy:Systematic review and meta-analysis[J].F1000Res,2018,7:1359.
[28]Ananworanich J,Nuesch R,Le Braz M,et al.Failures of 1 week on,1 week off antiretroviral therapies in a randomized trial[J].AIDS,2003,17(15):F33-37.
[29]Leibowitch J,Mathez D,de Truchis P,et al.Four days a week or less on appropriate anti-HIV drug combinations provided long-term optimal maintenance in 94 patients:the ICCARRE project[J].FASEB J,2015,29(6):2223-2234.
[30]Rudy BJ,Sleasman J,Kapogiannis B,et al.Short-cycle therapy in adolescents after continuous therapy with established viral suppression:The impact on viral load suppression[J].AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses,2009,25(6):555-561.
[31]Reynolds SJ,Kityo C,Hallahan CW,et al.A randomized,controlled,trial of short cycle intermittent compared to continuous antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection in Uganda[J].PLo SOne,2010,5(4):e10307.
[32]Turkova A,Moore CL,Butler K,et al.Weekends-off efavirenzbased antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children,adolescents and young adults(BREATHER):Extended follow-up results of a randomized,open-label,non-inferiority trial[J].PLo S One,2018,13(4):e0196239.
[33]Derdelinckx I,Wainberg MA,Lange JM,et al.Criteria for drugs used in pre-exposure prophylaxis trials against HIV infection[J].PLo S Med,2006,3(11):e454.
[34]Krakower DS,Mayer KH.Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIVinfection:Current status,future opportunities and challenges[J].Drugs,2015,75(3):243-251.
[35]Grant RM,Lama JR,Anderson PL,et al.Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men[J].N Engl J Med,2010,363(27):2587-2599.
[36]Fonner VA,Dalglish SL,Kennedy CE,et al.Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations[J].AIDS,2016,30(12):1973-1983.
[37]Grant RM,Anderson PL,Mc Mahan V,et al.Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis,sexual practices,and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men:A cohort study[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2014,14(9):820-829.
[38]Cottrell ML,Yang KH,Prince HM,et al.A Translational Pharmacology Approach to Predicting Outcomes of Preexposure Prophylaxis Against HIV in Men and Women Using Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate With or Without Emtricitabine[J].J Infect Dis,2016,214(1):55-64.
[39]Günthard HF,Saag MS,Benson CA,et al.Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults:2016 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel[J].JAMA,2016,316(2):191-210.
[40]World Health Organization.Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection[M].2 th ed.Geneva:World Health Organization,2016:52-53.
[41]Abdool Karim Q,Abdool Karim SS,Frohlich JA,et al.Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel,an antiretroviral microbicide,for the prevention of HIV infection in women[J].Science,2010,329(5996):1168-1174.
[42]Marrazzo JM,Ramjee G,Richardson BA,et al.Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women[J].N Engl J Med,2015,372(6):509-518.
[43]Scorgie F,Stadler J,Baron D,et al."It Was Not My Aim to Sleep There":The Impact of Timing and Location of Sex on Adherence to Coitally-Dependent HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis[J].AIDSBehav,2018.[2018-11-02].https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10461-018-2195-1.[published online ahead of Jun 16,2018]
[44]Baeten JM,Palanee-Phillips T,Brown ER,et al.Use of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine for HIV-1 Prevention in Women[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(22):2121-2132.
[45]Nel A,van Niekerk N,Kapiga S,et al.Safety and Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Women[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(22):2133-2143.
[46]Sperling RS,Shapiro DE,Coombs RW,et al.Maternal viral load,zidovudine treatment,and the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to infant[J].N Engl JMed,1996,335(22):1621-1629.
[47]Cardo DM,Culver DH,Ciesielski CA,et al.A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group[J].N Engl J Med,1997,337(21):1485-1490.
[48]Otten RA,Smith DK,Adams DR,et al.Efficacy of post exposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus(human immunodeficiency virus type2)[J].J Virol,2000,74(20):9771-9775.
[49]Tsai CC,Emau P,Follis KE,et al.Effectiveness of postinoculation(R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine treatment for prevention of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment[J].J Virol,1998,72(5):4265-4273.
[50]Nielsen-Saines K,Watts DH,Veloso VG,et al.Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection[J].N Engl J Med,2012,366(25):2368-2379.
[51]Connor EM,Sperling RS,Gelber R,et al.Reduction of maternalinfant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment.Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group[J].N Engl J Med,1994,331(18):1173-1180.
[52]Kesho Bora Study Group,de Vincenzi I.Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1(Kesho Bora study):A randomized controlled trial[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2011,11(3):171-180.
[53]刘冬梅,秦燕,韦丹燕,等.不同孕周高效抗反转录病毒治疗对HIV母婴阻断效果的比较[J].中国临床新医学,2016,9(9):770-772.
[54]World Health Organization.Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection:Recommendations for a Public Health Approach[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,2013:100-104.
[55]Rodger AJ,Cambiano V,Bruun T,et al.Sexual Activity Without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy[J].JAMA,2016,316(2):171-181.
[56]Dimitrov DT,Kiem HP,Jerome KR,et al.A curative regimen would decrease HIV prevalence but not HIV incidence unless targeted to an ART-na6ve population[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:22183.
[57]Granich R,Kahn JG,Bennett R,et al.Expanding ART for treatment and prevention of HIV in South Africa:Estimated cost and cost-effectiveness 2011-2050[J].PLo S One,2012,7(2):e30216.
[58]Tanser F,Brnighausen T,Grapsa E,et al.High coverage of ARTassociated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural Kwa ZuluNatal,South Africa[J].Science,2013,339(6122):966-971.
[59]Montaner JS,Lima VD,Harrigan PR,et al.Expansion of HAARTcoverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV/AIDSmorbidity,mortality and HIV transmission:The"HIV Treatment as Prevention"experience in a Canadian setting[J].PLo S One,2014,9(2):e87872.