知识共享是“圈子游戏”吗?——文化价值观与圈内/圈外知识共享实证研究
|
摘要
聚焦中国职场中颇具代表性的圈内人/圈外人身份,探讨了圈内/圈外知识共享、文化价值观以及文化价值观与圈内/圈外知识共享之间关系的代际差异。基于对中船重工149位年轻样本和168位年长样本的问卷调查数据进行实证研究。结果显示,年轻和年长样本的圈内知识共享均显著高于圈外知识共享;年轻样本的各文化价值观变量均值均显著低于年长样本;不考虑代际差异时,集体主义、面子取向显著促进圈内知识共享但显著抑制圈外知识共享,人情取向显著促进圈内知识共享但对圈外知识共享无显著影响,长期取向、关系取向、和谐取向对圈内/圈外知识共享均产生显著积极影响;考虑代际差异时,年轻和年长样本的大部分结论与总体样本一致,但在年轻样本中,长期取向、和谐取向对圈内/圈外知识共享的影响较为凸出,集体主义对圈外知识共享无显著消极影响,而在年长样本中,关系取向对圈内/圈外知识共享的影响最明显,面子取向对圈内知识共享无显著积极影响。
By focusing on the typical Chinese workplace identities: in-group member and out-group member, it discussed the intergenerational differences in in-group/out-group knowledge sharing, cultural values orientation, and the relationships between cultural values and in-group/out-group knowledge sharing. Through a field survey of 149 young samples and 168 senior samples of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, it derives the following conclusions: in-group knowledge sharing is significantly higher than out-group knowledge sharing in both young and senior samples; the mean scores of six representative cultural value variables of young samples are significantly lower than senior samples'; without considering intergenerational differences, collectivism and face orientation have significantly positive effects on in-group knowledge sharing and have negative effects on out-group knowledge sharing;renqing orientation positively affects in-group knowledge sharing and has no significant effect on out-group knowledge sharing; long-term orientation, guanxi orientation, and harmony orientation have significantly positive effects on ingroup/out-group knowledge; when considering intergenerational differences, although most results of young and senior samples are consistent with overall samples', in young samples, the effects of long-term orientation and harmony orientation on in-group/out-group knowledge are more prominent, and collectivism has no significant negative effect on out-group knowledge sharing; in senior samples, the effect of guanxi orientation on in-group/out-group knowledge is most significant, and face orientation has no significantly positive effect on in-group knowledge sharing.
By focusing on the typical Chinese workplace identities: in-group member and out-group member, it discussed the intergenerational differences in in-group/out-group knowledge sharing, cultural values orientation, and the relationships between cultural values and in-group/out-group knowledge sharing. Through a field survey of 149 young samples and 168 senior samples of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, it derives the following conclusions: in-group knowledge sharing is significantly higher than out-group knowledge sharing in both young and senior samples; the mean scores of six representative cultural value variables of young samples are significantly lower than senior samples'; without considering intergenerational differences, collectivism and face orientation have significantly positive effects on in-group knowledge sharing and have negative effects on out-group knowledge sharing;renqing orientation positively affects in-group knowledge sharing and has no significant effect on out-group knowledge sharing; long-term orientation, guanxi orientation, and harmony orientation have significantly positive effects on ingroup/out-group knowledge; when considering intergenerational differences, although most results of young and senior samples are consistent with overall samples', in young samples, the effects of long-term orientation and harmony orientation on in-group/out-group knowledge are more prominent, and collectivism has no significant negative effect on out-group knowledge sharing; in senior samples, the effect of guanxi orientation on in-group/out-group knowledge is most significant, and face orientation has no significantly positive effect on in-group knowledge sharing.
引文
[1] WEIR D, HUTCHINGS K. Cultural embeddedness and contextual constraints:knowledge sharing in Chinese and Arab cultures[J]. Knowledge&Process Management, 2005, 12(2):89-98.
[2] ARDICHVILI A, MAURER M, LI W, et al. Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2006, 10(1):94-107.
[3] HOFSTEDE G. Culture and organizations[J]. International Studies of Management&Organization, 1980, 10(4):15-41.
[4] HOFSTEDE G. Cultural constraints in management theories[J]. Academy of Management Executive, 1993, 7(1):81-94.
[5] CHOW C W, DENG F J, HO J L. The openness of knowledge sharing within organizations:a comparative study of the United States and the People’s Republic of China[J]. Journal of Management Accounting Research,2000, 12(1):65-95.
[6] HWANG Y, KIM D J. Understanding affective commitment, collectivist culture, and social influence in relation to knowledge sharing in technology mediated learning[J]. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 2007,50(3):232-248.
[7] LI W, ARDICHVILI A, MAURER M, et al. Impact of Chinese culture values on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice[J]. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 2007, 3(3):46-59.
[8] WEI J, LIU L, FRANCESCO C A. A cognitive model of intra-organizational knowledge-sharing motivations in the view of cross-culture[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2010, 30(3):220-230.
[9] HUANG Q, DAVISON R M, GU J. The impact of trust, guanxi orientation and face on the intention of Chinese employees and managers to engage in peer-to-peer tacit and explicit knowledge sharing[J]. Information Systems Journal, 2011, 21(6):557-577.
[10]钟山,金辉,赵曙明.中国传统文化视角下高校教师教育博客知识共享意愿研究[J].管理学报, 2015, 12(11):1607-1613.
[11]路琳,陈晓荣.人际和谐取向对知识共享行为的影响研究[J].管理评论, 2011, 23(1):68-74.
[12] FENG Y, YE H. Why do you return the favor in online knowledge communities?A study of the motivations of reciprocity[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016, 63(5):342-349.
[13] TONG J, MITRA A. Chinese cultural influences on knowledge management practice[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2009, 13(2):49-62.
[14] SHIN S K, ISHMAN M, SANDERS G L. An empirical investigation of socio-cultural factors of information sharing in China[J]. Information&Management, 2007, 44(2):165-174.
[15] NIEDERGASSEL B, KANZLER S, ALVIDREZ S, et al. Cross-cultural perceptions on knowledge sharing in heterogeneous collaborations[J]. International Journal of Innovation Management, 2011, 15(3):563-592.
[16]陈文平,段锦云,田晓明.员工为什么不建言:基于中国文化视角的解析[J].心理科学进展, 2013, 21(5):905-913.
[17] HUTCHINGS K, MICHAILOVA S. Facilitating knowledge sharing in Russian and Chinese subsidiaries:the role of personal networks and group membership[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2004, 8(2):84-94.
[18] HUTCHINGS K, MICHAILOVA S. The impact of group membership on knowledge sharing in Russia and China[J]. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2006, 1(1):21-34.
[19] ZHANG Q, RIBIERE V M, CHINTAKOVID T. The impact of group relationships on knowledge sharing:a cross-cultural study[M]//O’Sullivan K. Strategic knowledge management in multinational organizations. Hershey, PA:IGI Global, 2008:40-52.
[20] ZHANG Q, CHINTAKOVID T, SUN X, et al. Saving face or sharing personal information?A cross-cultural study on knowledge sharing[J]. Journal of Information&Knowledge Management, 2006, 5(1):73-79.
[21]黄彦婷,杨忠,金辉.国家文化视角下的企业内部知识共享研究述评[J].贵州社会科学, 2014, 296(8):139-144.
[22]尤佳,孙遇春,雷辉.中国新生代员工工作价值观代际差异实证研究[J].软科学, 2013, 27(6):83-88.
[23] LEUNG K, KOCH P T, LU L. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications for conflict management in Asia[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2002, 19(2/3):201-220.
[24] KLUCKHOHN F R, STRODTBECK F L. Variations in value orientations[M]. Westport, CT:Greenwood, 1961.
[25] SCHWARTZ S H. Individualism-collectivism:critique and proposed refinements[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1990, 21(2):139-157.
[26] BOND M H, HWANG K. The social psychology of Chinese people[M]//Bond M H. The psychology of the Chinese people. New York:Oxford University Press, 1986:213-266.
[27]涂可国.儒学人情文化与人际关系的优化[J].东岳论丛, 2011, 32(8):37-44.
[28] The Chinese Culture Connection. Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture[J].Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1987, 18(2):143-164.
[29] HOFSTEDE G, BOND M H. The Confucius connection:from cultural roots to economic growth[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1988, 16(4):5-21.
[30] ZHANG X, DE PABLOS P O, XU Q. Culture effects on the knowledge sharing in multi-national virtual classes:a mixed method[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, 31(1):491-498.
[31] LUMPKIN G T, BRIGHAM K H, MOSS T W. Long-term orientation:implications for the entrepreneurial orien-tation and performance of family businesses[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2010, 22(3/4):241-264.
[32] BAO G, ZHANG Z, CHEN J. The mediation of in-group identification between collectivism and knowledge sharing[J]. Innovation, 2015, 17(3):341-363.
[33]佐斌.中国人的关系取向:概念及其测量[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)2002, 41(1):74-80.
[34] CHEN X P, PENG S. Guanxi dynamics:shifts in the closeness of ties between Chinese coworkers[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2008, 4(1):63-80.
[35]胡士强,彭纪生,周路路.关系取向、面子需求与组织内知识共享———中国情境下知识共享意愿的探讨[J].上海管理科学, 2010, 32(4):81-86.
[36]金耀基.“面”、“耻”与中国人行为之分析[M]//翟学伟.中国社会心理学评论:第二辑.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006:48-64.
[37]翟学伟.中国人的脸面观模型[M]//翟学伟.中国社会心理学评论:第二辑.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:217-228.
[38] HO D Y. On the concept of face[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1976, 81(4):867-884.
[39]金耀基.人际关系中人情之分析[M]//杨国枢.中国人的心理.中国台湾:桂冠图书公司, 1988:75-104.
[40] HWANG K. Face and favor:the Chinese power game[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1987, 92(4):944-974.
[41]王国保.中国文化因素对知识共享、员工创造力的影响研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2010.
[42] LUO J D. Particularistic trust and general trust:a network analysis in Chinese organizations[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2005, 1(3):437-458.
[43] SRITE M, KARAHANNA E. The role of espoused national cultural values in technology acceptance[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2006, 30(3):679-704.
[44] BEARDEN W O, MONEY R B, NEVINS J L. A measure of long-term orientation:development and validation[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2006, 34(3):456-467.
[45] ZHANG X, CAO Q, GRIGORIOU N. Consciousness of social face:the development and validation of a scale measuring desire to gain face versus fear of losing face[J]. Journal of Social Psychology, 2011, 151(2):129-149.
[46] QIAN W, RAZZAQUE M A, KENG K A. Chinese cultural values and gift-giving behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2007, 24(4):214-228.
[47] BOCK G W, ZMUD R W, KIM Y G, et al. Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005,29(1):87-111.
[48] ANDERSON J C, GERBING D W. Structural equation modeling in practice:a review and recommended twostep approach[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1988, 103(3):411-423.
[49]马粤娴,严鸣,黄国华.团队群体性组织偏差行为的产生机制[J].管理科学, 2016, 29(3):59-70.
[2] ARDICHVILI A, MAURER M, LI W, et al. Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2006, 10(1):94-107.
[3] HOFSTEDE G. Culture and organizations[J]. International Studies of Management&Organization, 1980, 10(4):15-41.
[4] HOFSTEDE G. Cultural constraints in management theories[J]. Academy of Management Executive, 1993, 7(1):81-94.
[5] CHOW C W, DENG F J, HO J L. The openness of knowledge sharing within organizations:a comparative study of the United States and the People’s Republic of China[J]. Journal of Management Accounting Research,2000, 12(1):65-95.
[6] HWANG Y, KIM D J. Understanding affective commitment, collectivist culture, and social influence in relation to knowledge sharing in technology mediated learning[J]. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 2007,50(3):232-248.
[7] LI W, ARDICHVILI A, MAURER M, et al. Impact of Chinese culture values on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice[J]. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 2007, 3(3):46-59.
[8] WEI J, LIU L, FRANCESCO C A. A cognitive model of intra-organizational knowledge-sharing motivations in the view of cross-culture[J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2010, 30(3):220-230.
[9] HUANG Q, DAVISON R M, GU J. The impact of trust, guanxi orientation and face on the intention of Chinese employees and managers to engage in peer-to-peer tacit and explicit knowledge sharing[J]. Information Systems Journal, 2011, 21(6):557-577.
[10]钟山,金辉,赵曙明.中国传统文化视角下高校教师教育博客知识共享意愿研究[J].管理学报, 2015, 12(11):1607-1613.
[11]路琳,陈晓荣.人际和谐取向对知识共享行为的影响研究[J].管理评论, 2011, 23(1):68-74.
[12] FENG Y, YE H. Why do you return the favor in online knowledge communities?A study of the motivations of reciprocity[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016, 63(5):342-349.
[13] TONG J, MITRA A. Chinese cultural influences on knowledge management practice[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2009, 13(2):49-62.
[14] SHIN S K, ISHMAN M, SANDERS G L. An empirical investigation of socio-cultural factors of information sharing in China[J]. Information&Management, 2007, 44(2):165-174.
[15] NIEDERGASSEL B, KANZLER S, ALVIDREZ S, et al. Cross-cultural perceptions on knowledge sharing in heterogeneous collaborations[J]. International Journal of Innovation Management, 2011, 15(3):563-592.
[16]陈文平,段锦云,田晓明.员工为什么不建言:基于中国文化视角的解析[J].心理科学进展, 2013, 21(5):905-913.
[17] HUTCHINGS K, MICHAILOVA S. Facilitating knowledge sharing in Russian and Chinese subsidiaries:the role of personal networks and group membership[J]. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2004, 8(2):84-94.
[18] HUTCHINGS K, MICHAILOVA S. The impact of group membership on knowledge sharing in Russia and China[J]. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2006, 1(1):21-34.
[19] ZHANG Q, RIBIERE V M, CHINTAKOVID T. The impact of group relationships on knowledge sharing:a cross-cultural study[M]//O’Sullivan K. Strategic knowledge management in multinational organizations. Hershey, PA:IGI Global, 2008:40-52.
[20] ZHANG Q, CHINTAKOVID T, SUN X, et al. Saving face or sharing personal information?A cross-cultural study on knowledge sharing[J]. Journal of Information&Knowledge Management, 2006, 5(1):73-79.
[21]黄彦婷,杨忠,金辉.国家文化视角下的企业内部知识共享研究述评[J].贵州社会科学, 2014, 296(8):139-144.
[22]尤佳,孙遇春,雷辉.中国新生代员工工作价值观代际差异实证研究[J].软科学, 2013, 27(6):83-88.
[23] LEUNG K, KOCH P T, LU L. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications for conflict management in Asia[J]. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2002, 19(2/3):201-220.
[24] KLUCKHOHN F R, STRODTBECK F L. Variations in value orientations[M]. Westport, CT:Greenwood, 1961.
[25] SCHWARTZ S H. Individualism-collectivism:critique and proposed refinements[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1990, 21(2):139-157.
[26] BOND M H, HWANG K. The social psychology of Chinese people[M]//Bond M H. The psychology of the Chinese people. New York:Oxford University Press, 1986:213-266.
[27]涂可国.儒学人情文化与人际关系的优化[J].东岳论丛, 2011, 32(8):37-44.
[28] The Chinese Culture Connection. Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture[J].Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1987, 18(2):143-164.
[29] HOFSTEDE G, BOND M H. The Confucius connection:from cultural roots to economic growth[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1988, 16(4):5-21.
[30] ZHANG X, DE PABLOS P O, XU Q. Culture effects on the knowledge sharing in multi-national virtual classes:a mixed method[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, 31(1):491-498.
[31] LUMPKIN G T, BRIGHAM K H, MOSS T W. Long-term orientation:implications for the entrepreneurial orien-tation and performance of family businesses[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2010, 22(3/4):241-264.
[32] BAO G, ZHANG Z, CHEN J. The mediation of in-group identification between collectivism and knowledge sharing[J]. Innovation, 2015, 17(3):341-363.
[33]佐斌.中国人的关系取向:概念及其测量[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)2002, 41(1):74-80.
[34] CHEN X P, PENG S. Guanxi dynamics:shifts in the closeness of ties between Chinese coworkers[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2008, 4(1):63-80.
[35]胡士强,彭纪生,周路路.关系取向、面子需求与组织内知识共享———中国情境下知识共享意愿的探讨[J].上海管理科学, 2010, 32(4):81-86.
[36]金耀基.“面”、“耻”与中国人行为之分析[M]//翟学伟.中国社会心理学评论:第二辑.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2006:48-64.
[37]翟学伟.中国人的脸面观模型[M]//翟学伟.中国社会心理学评论:第二辑.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:217-228.
[38] HO D Y. On the concept of face[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1976, 81(4):867-884.
[39]金耀基.人际关系中人情之分析[M]//杨国枢.中国人的心理.中国台湾:桂冠图书公司, 1988:75-104.
[40] HWANG K. Face and favor:the Chinese power game[J]. American Journal of Sociology, 1987, 92(4):944-974.
[41]王国保.中国文化因素对知识共享、员工创造力的影响研究[D].杭州:浙江大学, 2010.
[42] LUO J D. Particularistic trust and general trust:a network analysis in Chinese organizations[J]. Management and Organization Review, 2005, 1(3):437-458.
[43] SRITE M, KARAHANNA E. The role of espoused national cultural values in technology acceptance[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2006, 30(3):679-704.
[44] BEARDEN W O, MONEY R B, NEVINS J L. A measure of long-term orientation:development and validation[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2006, 34(3):456-467.
[45] ZHANG X, CAO Q, GRIGORIOU N. Consciousness of social face:the development and validation of a scale measuring desire to gain face versus fear of losing face[J]. Journal of Social Psychology, 2011, 151(2):129-149.
[46] QIAN W, RAZZAQUE M A, KENG K A. Chinese cultural values and gift-giving behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2007, 24(4):214-228.
[47] BOCK G W, ZMUD R W, KIM Y G, et al. Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2005,29(1):87-111.
[48] ANDERSON J C, GERBING D W. Structural equation modeling in practice:a review and recommended twostep approach[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1988, 103(3):411-423.
[49]马粤娴,严鸣,黄国华.团队群体性组织偏差行为的产生机制[J].管理科学, 2016, 29(3):59-70.