退化程度对三江源泽库高寒草甸土壤理化性质及持水能力的影响
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摘要
通过野外原位测定和室内分析相结合的方法,分析了不同退化程度对高寒草甸土壤理化特征及持水能力的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒草甸草毡层的退化消失显著降低了土壤抗蚀能力。从原生植被至中度退化阶段,高寒草甸土壤硬度和抗剪强度逐渐增加,至重度退化阶段二者急剧下降(P<0.05)。(2)随着退化程度的加剧,高寒草甸土壤呈现贫瘠化。同时,随着土壤深度的增加,退化程度对土壤有机碳和全氮的影响作用逐步减弱。(3)退化程度对高寒草甸土壤持水能力的影响作用随深度的增加而降低,其对表层土壤持水能力的影响最为显著。从原生植被至中度退化阶段,0~10cm土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量呈增加趋势,至重度退化阶段,三者均显著降低。地表草毡层是保持高寒草甸土壤肥力、抗侵蚀能力和水源涵养功能的关键。
The effects of different degradation degree on soil physicochemical properties and soil waterholding capacity in Zeku alpine meadow in the headwater region of three rivers was analyzed by both of field monitoring and indoor experiment methods.The results showed that:(1)soil anti-erosion ability was significantly reduced by the degradation and disappearance of grass layer in alpine meadow.Soil hardness and soil shear strength was gradually increased from original vegetation to middle degradation period,while both of them were significantly decreased during severe degradation period(P<0.05).(2)Soil in alpine meadow became depleted with the aggravation of degradation degree,and with the increasing of soil depth,the effects of degradation degree on SOC and TN was gradually decreased.(3)The effects of degradation degree on soil water-holding capacity in alpine meadow was decreased with the increasing of soil depth,and soil water-holding capacity of surface soil(0~10cm)was significantly affected by degradation degree.From original vegetation to middle degradation period,the saturated water content,capillary water content and field capacity in depth of 0 to 10 cm was gradually increased,while the three indexes were significantly decreased in the severe degradation period.Thus,the grass layer is the key factor affecting soil resistance to erosion,soil water and nutrient conservation in alpine meadow.
The effects of different degradation degree on soil physicochemical properties and soil waterholding capacity in Zeku alpine meadow in the headwater region of three rivers was analyzed by both of field monitoring and indoor experiment methods.The results showed that:(1)soil anti-erosion ability was significantly reduced by the degradation and disappearance of grass layer in alpine meadow.Soil hardness and soil shear strength was gradually increased from original vegetation to middle degradation period,while both of them were significantly decreased during severe degradation period(P<0.05).(2)Soil in alpine meadow became depleted with the aggravation of degradation degree,and with the increasing of soil depth,the effects of degradation degree on SOC and TN was gradually decreased.(3)The effects of degradation degree on soil water-holding capacity in alpine meadow was decreased with the increasing of soil depth,and soil water-holding capacity of surface soil(0~10cm)was significantly affected by degradation degree.From original vegetation to middle degradation period,the saturated water content,capillary water content and field capacity in depth of 0 to 10 cm was gradually increased,while the three indexes were significantly decreased in the severe degradation period.Thus,the grass layer is the key factor affecting soil resistance to erosion,soil water and nutrient conservation in alpine meadow.
引文
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[2]孙鸿烈,郑度,姚檀栋,等.青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设[J].地理学报,2012,67(1):3-12.Sun Honglie,Zheng Du,Yao Tandong,et al.Protection and construction of the national ecological security shelter zone on Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(1):3-12.
[3]Xue Xian,Guo Jian,Han Bangshuai,et al.The effect of climate warming and permafrost thaw on desertification in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Geomorphology,2009,108:182-190.
[4]李以康,韩发,冉飞,等.三江源区高寒草甸退化对土壤养分和土壤酶活性影响的研究[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):51-58.Li Yikang,Han Fa,Ran Fei,et al.Effect of typical alpine meadow degradation on soil enzyme and soil nutrient in source region of three rivers[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(4):51-58.
[5]于健龙,石红霄.高寒草甸不同退化程度土壤微生物数量变化及影响因子[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(11):77-81.Yu Jianlong,Shi Hongxiao.Changes of microbes population in the different degraded alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2011,20(11):77-81.
[6]张静,李希来,于海.青藏高原不同退化程度小嵩草草甸群落结构特征与土壤理化特征分析[J].草原与草坪,2008,4:5-9.Zhang Jing,Li Xilai,Yu Hai.Influences of temperature and humidity conditions on flight capacity and main utilization of energy substances in Oedaleus asiaticus[J].Grassland and Turf,2008,4:5-9.
[7]林丽,李以康,张法伟,等.青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸退化演替主成分分析[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(1):24-30.Lin Li,Li Yikang,Zhang Fawei,et al.Principal component analysis on alpine Kobresia humilis meadow degradation succession in Qinghai-tibetan plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2012,34(1):24-30.
[8]陈玫妃,曾辉,王钧.青藏高原高寒草地土壤水分生态特征研究现状[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(2):94-101.Chen Meifei,Zeng Hui,Wang Jun.Research progress in the ecological characteristics of soil water in alpine grassland on the Qinghai-tibetan plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2015,37(2):94-101.
[9]马青山,马正炳,张芳,等.青海省泽库县草地生态环境现状及保护建设措施[J].草原与草坪,2009,3:95-97.Ma Qingshan,Ma Zhengbing,Zhang Fang,et al.Ecological environment status and protection measurement of grasslanf in Zeku county in Qinghai[J].Grassland and Turf,2009,3:95-97.
[10]惠文森,陈怀顺,焕角.青海省泽库县草地资源特征及其退化与恢复[J].西北民族大学学报(自然科学版),2007,28(68):43-47.Hui Wensen,Chen Huaishun,Huan Jiao.The characteristic and degeneration and resumed of grassland resources in Zeku County Qinghai Province[J].Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities(Natural Science),2007,28(68):43-47.
[11]王启基.DB63/T608-2006高寒草甸中、轻度退化草地植被恢复技术规程[S].青海:青海省质量技术监督局,2006.Wang Qiji.DB63/T608-2006Technology rules for restoration of light and middle degraded grassland in alpine meadow[S].Qinghai:Qinghai Municipal Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision,2006.
[12]李红琴,乔小龙,张镱锂,等.封育对黄河源头玛多高寒草原水源涵养的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):195-200.Li Hongqin,Qiao Xiaolong,Zhang Yili,et al.Effects of fencing on the soil water conservation in maduo alpine grassland-source of Yellow river[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(1):195-200.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao Shidan.Soil Agrochemical Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[14]杜建会,严平,展秀丽,等.民勤绿洲白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段表面抗蚀性及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(4):763-768.Du Jianhui,Yan Ping,Zhan Xiuli,et al.Surface erosion-resistance of Nitraria tangutorun nebk has at different succession stages in Minqin oasis and related affecting factors[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(4):763-768.
[15]郑洪兵,郑金玉,罗洋,等.长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):63-70.Zheng Hongbin,Zheng Jinyu,Luo Yang,et al.Change characteristic of soil compaction of long-term different tillage methods in cropland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(9):63-70.
[16]曹广民,杜岩功,梁东营,等.高寒嵩草草甸的被动与主动退化分异特征及其发生机理[J].山地学报,2007,25(6):641-648.Cao Guangmin,Du Yangong,Liang Dongying,et al.Character of passive active degradation process and its mechanism in alpine Kobresia meadow[J].Mountain Research,2007,25(6):641-648.
[17]刘伟,程积民,高阳,等.黄土高原草地土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2012,49(1):68-75.Liu Wei,Cheng Jimin,Gao Yang,et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon in grassland on Loess Plateau and its influencing factors[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(1):68-75.
[18]王文颖,王启基,鲁子豫.高寒草甸土壤组分碳氮含量及草甸退化对组分碳氮的影响[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(5):647-654.Wang Wenyin,Wang Qiji,Lu Ziyu.Effect of component content of coil carbon and nitrogen and degradation on organic carbon and nitrogen in alpine meadow[J].China Science D:Earth Science,2009,39(5):647-654.
[19]刘景双,杨继松,于君宝,等.三江平原沼泽湿地土壤有机碳的垂直分布特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):5-8.Liu Jingshuang,Yang Jisong,Yu Junbao,et al.Study on vertical distributon of soil organic carbon in wetlands Sanjiang plain[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(3):5-8.
[20]贺有龙.不同退化程度高寒灌丛草甸植物量及土壤养分的变化[J].西北农业学报,2014,23(7):184-190.He Youlong.Changes of biomass and soil nutrients in the differently degraded alpine Salis paraqlesia shrub meadows[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2014,23(7):184-190.
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