生物降解地膜对棉花温度、郁闭度、产量及纤维品质的影响
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摘要
为了验证生物降解地膜在大田的应用效果,于2017年在新疆石河子设置生物降解地膜(biodegradable mulch film,BD)和普通地膜(common mulch,PE)棉田覆盖处理,研究滴灌条件下生物降解地膜降解程度及其对棉田土壤温度、棉花郁闭度、产量和品质的影响,并进行经济效益分析。结果表明:BD覆盖60 d后膜面开始降解,至棉花收获降解率为75.71%,PE全生育期未降解,地膜质量正常损耗4.70%;在棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期及吐絮期4个时期中,BD土壤温度分别比PE土壤温度低1.80、2.32、2.26、0.91℃。BD和PE覆膜58 d时郁闭度没有差异,并同时于覆膜87 d时完成封行,但BD郁闭度增长速度比PE快6.36%。BD株高、果枝台数、单铃质量均较PE减少,但单株有效铃数较PE高0.1个。BD较PE减产55.8 kg/hm~2,棉花纤维品质没有差异,净收入减少1 012元/hm~2。在生产中,BD一定程度上可以代替普通地膜进行推广使用,改善残膜污染问题,但仍需在价格和功能上进一步优化。
The cotton field cover treatments including biodegradable mulch film(BD) and the common mulch(PE) were set up in 2017,Shihezi,Xinjiang to study the degree of degradation of biodegradable mulch film and effects on soil temperature,cotton canopy density,yield and quality under drip irrigation conditions.The economic effects were analyzed.Results showed that the film surface began to degrade after 60 days of BD coverage,and the degradation rate of cotton harvest was 75.71%.The PE was not degraded during the whole growth period,and the normal loss of film quality was 4.70%.The soil temperature at the four stages of cotton including seedling,bud,flowering and boll opening under BD treatment was 1.80,2.32,2.26,and 0.91 ℃ lower than that under PE treatment,respectively.There was no difference in the degree of canopy density between the BD and PE at 58 d.The density was completed at 87 d.The growth rate of BD canopy was 6.36% faster than that of PE.The plant height,the number of fruit branches,and the weight of single bolls of BD were all lower than that of PE,but the number of effective bolls per plant of BD was 0.1 higher than that of PE.BD reduced production by 55.8 kg/hm~2 compared with PE.There was no difference in cotton fiber quality.The net income of BD decreased by 1 012 yuan/hm~2.In production,BD can be used to replace the common film and improve the residual film pollution problem to a certain extent,but the price and function is still needed to be further optimized.
The cotton field cover treatments including biodegradable mulch film(BD) and the common mulch(PE) were set up in 2017,Shihezi,Xinjiang to study the degree of degradation of biodegradable mulch film and effects on soil temperature,cotton canopy density,yield and quality under drip irrigation conditions.The economic effects were analyzed.Results showed that the film surface began to degrade after 60 days of BD coverage,and the degradation rate of cotton harvest was 75.71%.The PE was not degraded during the whole growth period,and the normal loss of film quality was 4.70%.The soil temperature at the four stages of cotton including seedling,bud,flowering and boll opening under BD treatment was 1.80,2.32,2.26,and 0.91 ℃ lower than that under PE treatment,respectively.There was no difference in the degree of canopy density between the BD and PE at 58 d.The density was completed at 87 d.The growth rate of BD canopy was 6.36% faster than that of PE.The plant height,the number of fruit branches,and the weight of single bolls of BD were all lower than that of PE,but the number of effective bolls per plant of BD was 0.1 higher than that of PE.BD reduced production by 55.8 kg/hm~2 compared with PE.There was no difference in cotton fiber quality.The net income of BD decreased by 1 012 yuan/hm~2.In production,BD can be used to replace the common film and improve the residual film pollution problem to a certain extent,but the price and function is still needed to be further optimized.
引文
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[4] 董合干,刘彤,李勇冠,等.新疆棉田地膜残留对棉花产量及土壤理化性质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(8):91-99.
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[7] 邬强,郑旭荣,王振华,等.完全生物降解地膜覆盖对膜下滴灌棉花土壤温度及水分的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2016(8):133-136,143.
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[9] 薛颖昊,曹肆林,徐志宇,等.地膜残留污染防控技术现状及发展趋势[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1595-1600.
[10] 宋玉秋,张强,陈天佑,等.可降解种膜直播对水稻生长和产量的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2017,36(4):1-6.
[11] 白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):135-139,162.
[12] MORENO M M,MORENO A.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia horticulturae,2008,116(3):256-263.
[13] ANZALONE A,CIRUJEDA A,AIBAR J,et al.Effect of biodegradable mulch materials on weed control in processing tomatoes[J].Weed technology,2010,24(3):369-377.
[14] CIRUJEDA A,AIBAR J,ANZALONE á,et al.Biodegradable mulch instead of polyethylene for weed control of processing tomato production[J].Agronomy for sustainable development,2012,32(4):889-897.
[15] 王建武,张雄,段义忠.生物可降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(24):97-102.
[16] 林萌萌,孙涛,尹继乾,等.不同生物降解地膜对花生光合特性和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(27):190-197.
[17] 龚双凤,杨涛,陈宝燕,等.地膜降解与土壤温度和含水量的关系及其对棉花产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(4):62-68.
[18] ZHANG D,LIU H B,HU W L,et al.The status and distribution characteristics of residual mulching film in Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of integrative agriculture,2016,15(11):2639-2646.
[19] 张占琴,魏建军,战勇,等.不同可降解地膜对棉花生理及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(10):1947-1951.
[20] 严昌荣,何文清,薛颖昊,等.生物降解地膜应用与地膜残留污染防控[J].生物工程学报,2016,32(6):748-760.
[21] 赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[22] 严昌荣,何文清,刘恩科,等.作物地膜覆盖安全期概念和估算方法探讨[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):1-4.
[23] 何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(3):21-27.
[24] 唐文雪,马忠明.地膜降解特征对土壤水热效应和玉米产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):114-123.
[25] 顾海蓉,沈根祥,黄丽华,等.热塑淀粉Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的适用性与降解性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):539-543.
[26] 袁海涛,余学科,董灵艳,等.氧化-生物双降解地膜在棉田示范效果[J].中国棉花,2017,44(4):21-23.
[27] 霍轶珍,郭彦芬,韩翠莲,等.不同覆膜处理对土壤水热效应及春玉米产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):124-128.
[28] 宋兴阳,王琦,李富春,等.覆盖材料和沟垄比对土壤水分和紫花苜蓿干草产量的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):798-809.
[2] 严昌荣,王序俭,何文清,等.新疆石河子地区棉田土壤中地膜残留研究[J].生态学报,2008,28(7):3470-3474.
[3] 严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014,31(2):95-102.
[4] 董合干,刘彤,李勇冠,等.新疆棉田地膜残留对棉花产量及土壤理化性质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(8):91-99.
[5] LU S Z,ZHOU Z F,YAN X S.Environmental problems and control ways of plastic film in agricultural production[J].Applied mechanics and materials,2013,295/296/297/298:2187-2190.
[6] 黎先发.可降解地膜材料研究现状与进展[J].塑料,2004,33(1):76-81.
[7] 邬强,郑旭荣,王振华,等.完全生物降解地膜覆盖对膜下滴灌棉花土壤温度及水分的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2016(8):133-136,143.
[8] 邬强,王振华,郑旭荣,等.PBAT生物降解膜覆盖对绿洲滴灌棉花土壤水热及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):135-143.
[9] 薛颖昊,曹肆林,徐志宇,等.地膜残留污染防控技术现状及发展趋势[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(8):1595-1600.
[10] 宋玉秋,张强,陈天佑,等.可降解种膜直播对水稻生长和产量的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2017,36(4):1-6.
[11] 白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):135-139,162.
[12] MORENO M M,MORENO A.Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylene mulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop[J].Scientia horticulturae,2008,116(3):256-263.
[13] ANZALONE A,CIRUJEDA A,AIBAR J,et al.Effect of biodegradable mulch materials on weed control in processing tomatoes[J].Weed technology,2010,24(3):369-377.
[14] CIRUJEDA A,AIBAR J,ANZALONE á,et al.Biodegradable mulch instead of polyethylene for weed control of processing tomato production[J].Agronomy for sustainable development,2012,32(4):889-897.
[15] 王建武,张雄,段义忠.生物可降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(24):97-102.
[16] 林萌萌,孙涛,尹继乾,等.不同生物降解地膜对花生光合特性和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(27):190-197.
[17] 龚双凤,杨涛,陈宝燕,等.地膜降解与土壤温度和含水量的关系及其对棉花产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(4):62-68.
[18] ZHANG D,LIU H B,HU W L,et al.The status and distribution characteristics of residual mulching film in Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of integrative agriculture,2016,15(11):2639-2646.
[19] 张占琴,魏建军,战勇,等.不同可降解地膜对棉花生理及产量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2010,47(10):1947-1951.
[20] 严昌荣,何文清,薛颖昊,等.生物降解地膜应用与地膜残留污染防控[J].生物工程学报,2016,32(6):748-760.
[21] 赵彩霞,何文清,刘爽,等.新疆地区全生物降解膜降解特征及其对棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(8):1616-1621.
[22] 严昌荣,何文清,刘恩科,等.作物地膜覆盖安全期概念和估算方法探讨[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(9):1-4.
[23] 何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(3):21-27.
[24] 唐文雪,马忠明.地膜降解特征对土壤水热效应和玉米产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):114-123.
[25] 顾海蓉,沈根祥,黄丽华,等.热塑淀粉Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的适用性与降解性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):539-543.
[26] 袁海涛,余学科,董灵艳,等.氧化-生物双降解地膜在棉田示范效果[J].中国棉花,2017,44(4):21-23.
[27] 霍轶珍,郭彦芬,韩翠莲,等.不同覆膜处理对土壤水热效应及春玉米产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):124-128.
[28] 宋兴阳,王琦,李富春,等.覆盖材料和沟垄比对土壤水分和紫花苜蓿干草产量的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(3):798-809.