杀菌剂防治对隆安县板栗果实病害及采前落果的影响
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摘要
【目的】明确隆安县板栗果实病害及采前落果原因,并筛选出有效防治板栗果实病害及落果的药剂,为板栗果实病害及采前落果防治提供科学依据。【方法】通过对14年生板栗实地调查,针对板栗落果及果实病害现象,开展不同杀菌剂对隆安县板栗果实病害和采前落果影响,以清水为对照,采前1个月用多菌灵、春雷霉素、苯醚甲环唑、春雷霉素+苯醚甲环唑和噻菌酮等5种杀菌剂单剂或混剂喷施板栗3次,最后一次喷药为采收前约15 d,调查板栗落果率和病害率。【结果】5种杀菌剂单剂或混剂使用均能减少采前落果,平均落果率在10.60%～34.24%之间,其中多菌灵杀菌剂防治效果最佳,落果率为10.60%。另外在果实发病率中,各处理发病率最小为19.69%,最大为33.49%,总体平均值为27.16%,多菌灵药剂处理平均落果率为19.69%,且通过病原菌分离、纯化及致病性试验最终确认3种危害板栗果实病害的真菌菌株。【结论】板栗的保果措施应该主要针对多菌灵杀菌剂的合理喷施及科学管理进行深入研究,使落果及病害减少,提高经济效益和产量。
【Objective】The objective is to identify the cause of fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of Chinese chestnuts in Long'an and select the effective fungicides for the diseases and drop in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of chestnuts.【Method】Through field investigation of 14-yearold chestnuts, the effects of different fungicides on fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of chestnuts in Long'an County were carried out in response to the phenomenon of fruit drop and diseases of chestnuts. Clear water was used in the control group. Five fungicides, including Carbendazim, Kasugamycin, Diphenoxazole, Kasugamycin + Diphenoxazole and Thiodiazole-copper were sprayed, individually or in combination, on the chestnuts for 3 times one month before harvest,with the last spraying performed about 15 days before harvest. And the rates of pre-harvest fruit drop and diseases were investigated.【Result】The five fungicides, sprayed individually or in combination, could reduce the fruit drop before harvest. The average rate of fruit drop was between 10.60% and 34.24%, with the best control effect found in carbendazim(10.60%). In addition, the rate of fruit diseases ranged from19.69% and 33.49%, with an overall average of 27.16%.The average rate of fruit drop was 19.69% for those sprayed with carbendazim. Three fungi strains that caused the fruitdiseases of chestnuts were finally identified through a pathogenic bacteria separation, purification and pathogenicity test.【Conclusion】For the fruit protection measures of chestnuts, in-depth research should mainly focus on the rational spraying and scientific management of the fungicide carbendazim to reduce the fruit drop and diseases and improve economic benefits and yield.
【Objective】The objective is to identify the cause of fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of Chinese chestnuts in Long'an and select the effective fungicides for the diseases and drop in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of chestnuts.【Method】Through field investigation of 14-yearold chestnuts, the effects of different fungicides on fruit diseases and pre-harvest fruit drop of chestnuts in Long'an County were carried out in response to the phenomenon of fruit drop and diseases of chestnuts. Clear water was used in the control group. Five fungicides, including Carbendazim, Kasugamycin, Diphenoxazole, Kasugamycin + Diphenoxazole and Thiodiazole-copper were sprayed, individually or in combination, on the chestnuts for 3 times one month before harvest,with the last spraying performed about 15 days before harvest. And the rates of pre-harvest fruit drop and diseases were investigated.【Result】The five fungicides, sprayed individually or in combination, could reduce the fruit drop before harvest. The average rate of fruit drop was between 10.60% and 34.24%, with the best control effect found in carbendazim(10.60%). In addition, the rate of fruit diseases ranged from19.69% and 33.49%, with an overall average of 27.16%.The average rate of fruit drop was 19.69% for those sprayed with carbendazim. Three fungi strains that caused the fruitdiseases of chestnuts were finally identified through a pathogenic bacteria separation, purification and pathogenicity test.【Conclusion】For the fruit protection measures of chestnuts, in-depth research should mainly focus on the rational spraying and scientific management of the fungicide carbendazim to reduce the fruit drop and diseases and improve economic benefits and yield.
引文
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[10]李洪耀.紫花芒果实海绵状组织发生规律及主要影响因子的研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2007.LI H Y.Study on the occurrence regularity and main influencing factors of spongiform tissue in Purple Mango Fruit[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2007.
[11]张水奎.浅析核桃落果的原因及防治措施[J].种子科技,2018,36(9):71,73.ZHANG S K.Analysis on the causes and control measures of walnut fruit drop[J].Seed Science and Technology,2018,36(9):71,73.
[12]周芳.山西省褐腐病菌种群结构及致病性研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学,2015.ZHOU F.Population structure and pathogenicity of brown rot fungus in Shanxi Province[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2015.
[13]侯保林,张志铭,杨兴民.河北板栗种仁斑点类病害研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1988,11(2):11-15.HOU B L,ZHANG ZM,YANG X M.Study on peel spot diseases of chestnut seeds in hebei province.[J]Journal of Hebei Agricultural University,1988,11(2):11-15.
[14]舒金平,滕莹,刘剑.油茶采前落果原因初步分析[J].中国植保导刊,2013,33(1):9-14.SHU J P,TENG Y,LIU J[J].Preliminary analysis of the causes of pre-harvest fruit drops of Camellia oleifera[J].China Plant Protection Guide,2013,33(1):9-14.
[15]齐保富.板栗落果病的成因及综防措施[J].现代农村科技,2016(18):30.QI B F.Causes of chestnut fruit dropping disease and comprehensive prevention measures[J].Modern Rural Science and Technology,2016(18):30.
[16]商改红.苹果树的落果及防治措施[J].农民致富之友,2016(20):133.SHANG G H.Fruit dropping and control measures of apple trees[J].Friends of Farmers to Get Rich,2016(20):133.
[17]宋伟,唐卫东,李华雄.资中血橙采前落果原因分析及对策[J].现代园艺,2018(21):62-63.SONG W,TANG W D,LI H X.Reasons and countermeasures for fruit drop of Zizhongxue orange before harvest[J].Modern Horticulture,2018(21):62-63.
[18]黄玉林,莫慧平.沙糖橘落花落果原因分析及对策建议[J].南方园艺,2016,27(3):28-30.HUANG Y L,MO H P.Cause analysis and countermeasures of orange blossom and fruit drop[J].Southern Horticulture,2016,27(3):28-30.
[19]温娅丽,温源,姚力.不同药剂处理对仁用杏结果的影响[J].林业科技通讯,2015(5):43-44.WEN Y L,WEN Y,YAO L.Effects of different chemical treatments on the results of almond apricots[J].Forestry Science and Technology Newsletter,2015(5):43-44.
[2]张彦妮.板栗栽培与管理技术[J].现代农村科技,2018(10):39.ZHANG Y N.Cultivation and management technology of chestnut[J].Modern Rural Science and Technology,2018(10):39.
[3]张丹,宋晓斌.不同来源的板栗疫病致病性差异研究[J].西北林学院学报,2016,31(3):175-178.ZHANG D,SONG X B.study on the pathogenicity difference of chestnut blight from different sources[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry College,2016,31(3):175-178.
[4]程远渡,易有金,周金伟.板栗病害防治研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(19):8170-8171,8174.CHENG Y D,Yi Y J,ZHOU J W.Advances in chestnut disease control[J].Anhui Agricultural Science,2013,41(19):8170-8171,8174.
[5]胡福初,陈哲,吴凤芝.无核荔枝采前落果原因分析及应对措施[J].中国热带农业,2017(6):10-12.HU F C,CHEN Z,WU F Z.Reasons for pre-harvest fruit drop of seedless litchi and countermeasures[J].Tropical Agriculture of China,2017(6):10-12.
[6]刘国庆.榆林山地苹果栽植及‘蜜脆’采前落果防治关键技术研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2018.LIU G Q.Research on key technologies of apple planting and'honey crisp'pre-harvest fruit falling prevention and control in yelling mountain[D].Yangling:Northwest agricultural and Forestry University,2018.
[7]杨帆,魏舒娅,胡发广.干热河谷地区澳洲坚果果实发育特性及落果调查[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(1):97-100.YANG F,WEI S Y,HU F G.Investigation of fruit development and fruit drop of Macadamia nuts in hot and dry valleys[J].China Agricultural Bulletin,2016,32(1):97-100.
[8]林珊宇,贤小勇,韦小妹.广西火龙果采后病害主要病原菌分离与鉴定[J].中国南方果树,2018,47(2):6-12.LIN SY,XIAN X Y,WEI X M.Isolation and identification of main pathogens of postharvest diseases of papaya fruit in Guangxi[J].Fruit Trees in Southern China,2018,47(2):6-12.
[9]刘银兰,赵慧宇,杨桂玲.杨梅采前防落果药剂筛选[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(9):1680-1682,1686.LIU Y L,ZHAO H Y,YANG G L.Screening of preharvest dropping control agents for Marcia rebar[J].Zhejiang Agricultural Science,2018,59(9):1680-1682,1686.
[10]李洪耀.紫花芒果实海绵状组织发生规律及主要影响因子的研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2007.LI H Y.Study on the occurrence regularity and main influencing factors of spongiform tissue in Purple Mango Fruit[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2007.
[11]张水奎.浅析核桃落果的原因及防治措施[J].种子科技,2018,36(9):71,73.ZHANG S K.Analysis on the causes and control measures of walnut fruit drop[J].Seed Science and Technology,2018,36(9):71,73.
[12]周芳.山西省褐腐病菌种群结构及致病性研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学,2015.ZHOU F.Population structure and pathogenicity of brown rot fungus in Shanxi Province[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2015.
[13]侯保林,张志铭,杨兴民.河北板栗种仁斑点类病害研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1988,11(2):11-15.HOU B L,ZHANG ZM,YANG X M.Study on peel spot diseases of chestnut seeds in hebei province.[J]Journal of Hebei Agricultural University,1988,11(2):11-15.
[14]舒金平,滕莹,刘剑.油茶采前落果原因初步分析[J].中国植保导刊,2013,33(1):9-14.SHU J P,TENG Y,LIU J[J].Preliminary analysis of the causes of pre-harvest fruit drops of Camellia oleifera[J].China Plant Protection Guide,2013,33(1):9-14.
[15]齐保富.板栗落果病的成因及综防措施[J].现代农村科技,2016(18):30.QI B F.Causes of chestnut fruit dropping disease and comprehensive prevention measures[J].Modern Rural Science and Technology,2016(18):30.
[16]商改红.苹果树的落果及防治措施[J].农民致富之友,2016(20):133.SHANG G H.Fruit dropping and control measures of apple trees[J].Friends of Farmers to Get Rich,2016(20):133.
[17]宋伟,唐卫东,李华雄.资中血橙采前落果原因分析及对策[J].现代园艺,2018(21):62-63.SONG W,TANG W D,LI H X.Reasons and countermeasures for fruit drop of Zizhongxue orange before harvest[J].Modern Horticulture,2018(21):62-63.
[18]黄玉林,莫慧平.沙糖橘落花落果原因分析及对策建议[J].南方园艺,2016,27(3):28-30.HUANG Y L,MO H P.Cause analysis and countermeasures of orange blossom and fruit drop[J].Southern Horticulture,2016,27(3):28-30.
[19]温娅丽,温源,姚力.不同药剂处理对仁用杏结果的影响[J].林业科技通讯,2015(5):43-44.WEN Y L,WEN Y,YAO L.Effects of different chemical treatments on the results of almond apricots[J].Forestry Science and Technology Newsletter,2015(5):43-44.