草原戈壁短尾羊的起源及选育进展
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摘要
草原戈壁短尾羊属于蒙古羊系的一个优良类群,主要分布于内蒙古包头市达茂旗、乌兰察布市四子王旗、巴彦淖尔市乌拉特中旗以及乌拉特前旗北部牧区的荒漠草原地带,其典型特征为尾部短小并显著小于苏尼特羊。首先就我国脂尾羊的分类及形成做一论述,通过分析指出我国现存的脂尾羊育成于唐朝时期,主要由通过丝绸之路从中亚引入的脂尾羊、迁移南下的蒙古羊与本地古羌羊杂交选育而成;其次对草原戈壁短尾羊的起源做一探究,并指出其形成历史久远,特别是与四子、乌拉特、茂明安三部的民族迁移密切相关;最后对草原戈壁短尾羊选育进展及前景做一展望,指出今后在传统选育的基础上,充分结合利用先进分子标记辅助选择技术和基因组学技术,加快遗传进展,提高草原戈壁短尾羊尾型的整体度,进而增加养殖效益。
The Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep belongs to a fine group of Mongolian sheep which are mainly distributed in the northern pastoral desert steppe areas of Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Baotou, Siziwang Banner of Ulanqab, Urad Middle Banner of Bayannur City, and desert steppe region of northern pastoral area of Urad Front Banner. Its typical characteristics are short tail and significantly smaller than that of the Sunit sheep. Firstly, the classification and formation of the fat tail sheep in China were discussed, and the origin of fat tail sheep was explored. It is pointed out that the existing fat tail sheep were bred in the Tang Dynasty and were hybridized by fat tail sheep introduced from Central Asia through the Silk Road, southward migrated Mongolian sheep and local ancient Qiang sheep; secondly, the origin and history formation of Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep were explored. We found that their history was closely related to the migration of Sizi, Urad, and Darhan Muminggan nations; finally,the prospects for the breeding of Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep were described. We pointed out that on the basis of traditional breeding, the advanced molecular marker assisted selection and genomics technology should be used to accelerate the genetic progress, to improve the overall degree of the tail type of the Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep, and to increase the breeding benefit.
The Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep belongs to a fine group of Mongolian sheep which are mainly distributed in the northern pastoral desert steppe areas of Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner of Baotou, Siziwang Banner of Ulanqab, Urad Middle Banner of Bayannur City, and desert steppe region of northern pastoral area of Urad Front Banner. Its typical characteristics are short tail and significantly smaller than that of the Sunit sheep. Firstly, the classification and formation of the fat tail sheep in China were discussed, and the origin of fat tail sheep was explored. It is pointed out that the existing fat tail sheep were bred in the Tang Dynasty and were hybridized by fat tail sheep introduced from Central Asia through the Silk Road, southward migrated Mongolian sheep and local ancient Qiang sheep; secondly, the origin and history formation of Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep were explored. We found that their history was closely related to the migration of Sizi, Urad, and Darhan Muminggan nations; finally,the prospects for the breeding of Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep were described. We pointed out that on the basis of traditional breeding, the advanced molecular marker assisted selection and genomics technology should be used to accelerate the genetic progress, to improve the overall degree of the tail type of the Steppe gobi short-tailed sheep, and to increase the breeding benefit.
引文
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[2]何小龙,王位,王艳欣,等.蒙古羊尾椎数与尾型变异分析[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2017(15):102-105,110.
[3]甘尚权,张伟,沈敏,等.绵羊X染色体59383635位点多态性与脂尾性状的相关性分析[J].遗传,2013,35(10):1209-1216.
[4]RYDER M L.Sheep[M]//MASON S L.Evolution of Domesticated Animals.London and New York:Longman,1984.
[5]LV F H,PENG W F,YANG J,et al.Mitogenomic meta-analysis identifies two phases of migration in the history of eastern eurasian sheep[J].Mol Biol Evol,2015,32(10):2515-2533.
[6]赵永欣,李孟华.中国绵羊起源、进化和遗传多样性研究进展[J].遗传,2017,39(11):958-973.
[7]袁婧,黄蕴平,杨梦菲,等.公元前2500年-公元前1500年中原地区动物考古学研究---以陶寺、王城岗、新砦和二里头遗址为例[M]//中国社会科学院考古研究所考古科技中心编.科技考古(第二辑),北京:科学出版社,2007.
[8]谢成侠.中国养牛羊史(附养鹿简史)[M].北京:农业出版社,1985.
[9]杨晓军,赵有璋.藏系绵羊遗传多样性的研究进展[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2002,37(4):395-400.
[10]邹介正.我国古代养羊技术成就史略[J].农业考古,1982(2):171-176.
[11]乜小红.唐五代畜牧经济研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2004.
[12]《中国羊品种志》编写组.中国羊品种志[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1989.
[13]薄吾成.试论藏羊渊源[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),1986(2):79-82.
[14]JUVAINI A M.Genghis Khan:the history of the world conqueror[M]//BOYLE J A.Translated From the Text of Mizra Muhammad Qazvini.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997.
[15]BECKWITH C I.Empires of the Silk Road:a History of Central Eurasia From the Bronze Age to the Present[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2009.
[16]张新兰,何小龙,乌仁图雅,等.蒙古羊的起源、驯化、分化及保种措施[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2008,29(6):36-38.
[17]叶夫根尼.17-19世纪俄罗斯前贝加尔湖地区布里亚特人的民族社会结构与分布区域变迁[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2016.
[18]孛·蒙赫达赉.巴尔虎蒙古族起源和名称研究[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2011,19(4):10-13.
[19]石双柱.中国·布里亚特蒙古族的历史与现代文化的变迁[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古文化出版社,2009.
[20]屈罗木图.清代乌兰察布盟形成及相关问题考辨[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2017.
[21]齐木德道尔吉.四子部落迁徙考[J].蒙古史研究,2003(第7辑):292-306.
[22]MORADI M H,NEJATI-JAVAREMI A,MORADI-SHAHRBABAK M,et al.Genomic scan of selective sweeps in thin and fat tail sheep breeds for identifying of candidate regions associated with fat deposition[J].BMC Genet,2012,13(1):10.
[23]FARAHANI A H K,SHAHRBABAK H M,SHAHRBABAK M M,et al.Relationship of fat-tail and body measurements with some economic important traits in fat-tail Makoei breed of Iranian sheep[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2010,9(36):5989-5992.