油井电磁全息成像精度和分辨率初探
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摘要
提出一种成像精度和分辨率探究思路,考察油井内气—水两相流动下的电磁全息测量适用性.以典型的泡状流为研究对象,检验实验测量与数值模拟结果的吻合程度.在不同半径的居中气泡和不同偏心程度的小气泡等极端情况下,利用测量数据进行电磁全息成像,通过占空比考察成像精度和分辨率.结果表明,当气泡居中时,气泡半径不小于管道半径的1/6时方可初步分辨,不小于1/4时方可准确分辨;当气泡半径为管道半径的1/12时,偏心量不小于管道半径的1/2时方可初步分辨,不小于2/3时方可准确分辨.当气泡半径或偏心程度更大时,分辨率将好于上述极端情况.
To propose a research idea of tomography precision and resolution for the applicability investigation of electromagnetic holographic measurement for gas-water two-phase flow in oil wells. Classical bubble flow is taken as the research object. Consistency of experimental measurement and numerical modeling results are examined. By considering the extreme conditions including centric bubbles with different radius and tiny bubbles with different eccentricities, electromagnetic holographic tomography is performed using measurement data, and their precision and resolution are investigated through the duty ratios. For the case of centric bubbles, when the bubble radius is 1/6 of flow tube radius, the distinguishment can be achieved, but with a large error; when the ratio is up to 1/4, the resolution is with a good accuracy. For the case when the bubble radius is 1/12 of flow tube radius, when the eccentricity ratio is up to 1/2, the distinguishment can be achieved, but with a large error; when the eccentricity ratio is up to 2/3, the resolution is with a good accuracy. When the radius or eccentricity is larger, there ought to be better resolutions compared with above extreme conditions.
To propose a research idea of tomography precision and resolution for the applicability investigation of electromagnetic holographic measurement for gas-water two-phase flow in oil wells. Classical bubble flow is taken as the research object. Consistency of experimental measurement and numerical modeling results are examined. By considering the extreme conditions including centric bubbles with different radius and tiny bubbles with different eccentricities, electromagnetic holographic tomography is performed using measurement data, and their precision and resolution are investigated through the duty ratios. For the case of centric bubbles, when the bubble radius is 1/6 of flow tube radius, the distinguishment can be achieved, but with a large error; when the ratio is up to 1/4, the resolution is with a good accuracy. For the case when the bubble radius is 1/12 of flow tube radius, when the eccentricity ratio is up to 1/2, the distinguishment can be achieved, but with a large error; when the eccentricity ratio is up to 2/3, the resolution is with a good accuracy. When the radius or eccentricity is larger, there ought to be better resolutions compared with above extreme conditions.
引文
Bie J,Wu X L,Miao Z W. 2011. Study on Flowing Image Reconstruction Algorithms for Oil Wells [J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology (in Chinese). 33(7): 92-94.别静,吴锡令,缪志伟. 2011. 油井流动图像重建算法研究[J]. 石油天然气学报,33(7): 92-94.
Cai J T,Wu X L. 2013a. Measurement data processing and application of electromagnetic sensors [J]. Science Technology and Engineering (in Chinese),13(12): 3432-3435.蔡家铁,吴锡令. 2013a. 电磁传感器测量数据处理与应用[J]. 科学技术与工程,13(12): 3432-3435.
Cai J T,Wu X L. 2013b. Experimental study on frequency property with array electromagnetic sensor [J]. Well Logging Technology (in Chinese). 37(1): 24-27.蔡家铁,吴锡令. 2013b. 阵列电磁传感器的频率特性测量实验研究[J]. 测井技术,37(1): 24-27.
Cai J T,Wu X L,Zhang K. 2015. Fascicular electromagnetic field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese J. Geophys (in Chinese). 58(1): 289-297,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150126.蔡家铁,吴锡令,张阔. 2015. 油井流动成像束状探测电磁场[J]. 地球物理学报,58(1): 289-297,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150126.
Geselowitz D B. 1971. An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography [J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 18(1): 38- 41.
Herman G T. 1980. Image reconstruction from projections: the fundamentals of computerized tomography [M]. New York: Academic Press.
Hill A D. 1990. Production Logging-Theoretical and Interpretive Elements [J]. Monograph Series of SPE,14: 1-2.
LI H Q. 1991. Detection and application of two phase flow parameters [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press,(in Chinese).李海青. 1991. 两相流参数检测及应用[M]. 浙江大学出版社.
LIU Z B. 2011b. Research of electromagnetic wave ?ow imaging logging image reconstruction and parameter obtainment method [D]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum (in Chinese).刘再斌. 2011b. 电磁波流动成像测井图像重建及参数提取方法研究[D]. 北京: 中国石油大学.
Liu Z B,Wu X L. 2012. Flow pattern identification in oil wells by electromagnetic image logging[J].Petroleum Science.9(3):303-309.
LIU Z B,WU X L. 2011a. Gas-water stratified flow identification based on electromagnetic image logging [J]. Science and Technology Review (in Chinese),29(5): 28-31.刘再斌,吴锡令. 2011a. 电磁流动成像测井识别气-水层流的信号处理方法[J]. 科技导报,29(5): 28-31.
LU J,WU X L. 2010. Gas-water flow pattern recognition by log response in horizontal wells [J]. International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems. Xiamen,China,IEEE: 229-232.
Radon J. 1917. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der K?niglich-S?chsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-Physische Klasse. 69: 262-277.
Twomey S. 1963. On the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind by the inversion of the linear system produced by Quadrature [J]. J.A.C.M.,10(1): 97-101.
WANG X X,WU X L. 2008. Study on the forward simulation of the two-phase flow electromagnetic tomography [J]. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University: Natural Science Edition (in Chinese),23(3): 88-91.王晓星,吴锡令. 2008. 两相流电磁成像测量正问题研究[J]. 西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),23(3): 88-91.
Wang X X,Wu X L. 2009. Gas-water stratified flow patterns from electromagnetic tomography[J].Petroleum Science. 6(3): 254-258.
WU X L. 2004. Petroleum production logging principles [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press (in Chinese).吴锡令. 2004. 石油开发测井原理[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社.
Wu X L,Jing Y Q,Wu S Q. 1999. Electromagnetic imaging logging method in multiphase pipe flow [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 42(4): 557-563 ,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.04.015.吴锡令,景永奇,吴世旗. 1999. 多相管流电磁成像测井方法研究[J]. 地球物理学报,42(4): 577-562,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.04.015.
WU X L,WANG X X. 2009. Simulation and Experimental Studies on the Stratified Flow of Gas-Water by Electromagnetic Tomography [J]. 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing. Tianjin,China,IEEE: 1-5.
Wu X L,Wang X X,Zhao Y W,et al. 2008. Flow imaging method of electromagnetic measurement in well logging [J]. Science in China,Series D: Earth Sciences. 38(S2): 181-185.
Wu X L,Zhao L,Liu D J. 2000. A fundamental study on electromagnetic wave imaging logging in multiphase flow [J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese).27(2):79-82.吴锡令,赵亮,刘迪军. 2000. 多相流动电磁波成像测井基础研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发,27(2): 79-82.
Wu X L,Zhao Y W. 2006. Simulation Experiments in Electromagnetic Tomography Well Logging in Two-phase Flow [J]. Petroleum Science. 3(3): 41- 44.
YIN W L. 2010. Low frequency electromagnetic sensor inspecting technique: design,analysis,calculation and application [M]. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).尹武良. 2010. 低频电磁传感检测技术: 设计、分析、计算与应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Cai J T. 2015a. The phase field characteristics based on the oil well electromagnetic flow imaging measurement [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese). 30(4): 1843-1848,doi: 10.6038/pg20150444.张阔,吴锡令,蔡家铁. 2015a. 油井流动成像电磁测量相位场特性[J]. 地球物理学进展,30(4): 1843-1848,doi: 10.6038/pg20150444.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Yan J F,et al. 2015b. Characteristics of electromagnetic holographic measurement sensitivity field for flow imaging [J]. International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques Proceedings. Macao,IEEE: 216-221.
ZHANG Kuo,WU Xiling,YAN Jingfu,et al. 2016a. Study of electromagnetic holographic methods for multiphase ?ow in oil wells [J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin (in Chinese),1(2): 209-224.张阔,吴锡令,闫景富,等. 2016a. 油井多相流动电磁全息方法研究[J]. 石油科学通报,1(2): 209-224.
ZHANG Kuo,WU Xiling,YAN Jingfu,et al. 2016b. Data Processing of Electromagnetic Holographic Measurement for Multiphase Flow in Oil Wells [J]. Science Technology and Engineering (in Chinese),16(26): 189-194.张阔,吴锡令,闫景富,等. 2016b. 油井多相流动电磁全息测量数据处理[J]. 科学技术与工程,16(26): 189-194.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Yan J F,et al. 2017a. Electromagnetic holographic sensitivity field of two-phase flow in horizontal wells [J]. Applied Geophysics. 14(1): 40- 48.
Zhang K,Wu X,Yan J,et al. 2017b. An Electric-based Dual-mode Tomography System for Interpretation on Two-phase Flow in Oil Wells. Interpretation. 5(2):T259-T264.
Zhao L,Wu X L. 2003. Calculation of sensitivity field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 46(6): 870-874,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.022.赵亮,吴锡令. 2003. 多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场计算[J]. 地球物理学报,46(6): 870-874,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.022.
Zhao Y W,Wu X L,Wang X X. 2007. Simulation of sensitivity field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 50(3): 811-816.赵彦伟,吴锡令,王晓星. 2007. 油井多相流电磁成像测量敏感场仿真[J]. 地球物理学报,50(3): 946-950,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.03.038.
Cai J T,Wu X L. 2013a. Measurement data processing and application of electromagnetic sensors [J]. Science Technology and Engineering (in Chinese),13(12): 3432-3435.蔡家铁,吴锡令. 2013a. 电磁传感器测量数据处理与应用[J]. 科学技术与工程,13(12): 3432-3435.
Cai J T,Wu X L. 2013b. Experimental study on frequency property with array electromagnetic sensor [J]. Well Logging Technology (in Chinese). 37(1): 24-27.蔡家铁,吴锡令. 2013b. 阵列电磁传感器的频率特性测量实验研究[J]. 测井技术,37(1): 24-27.
Cai J T,Wu X L,Zhang K. 2015. Fascicular electromagnetic field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese J. Geophys (in Chinese). 58(1): 289-297,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150126.蔡家铁,吴锡令,张阔. 2015. 油井流动成像束状探测电磁场[J]. 地球物理学报,58(1): 289-297,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150126.
Geselowitz D B. 1971. An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography [J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 18(1): 38- 41.
Herman G T. 1980. Image reconstruction from projections: the fundamentals of computerized tomography [M]. New York: Academic Press.
Hill A D. 1990. Production Logging-Theoretical and Interpretive Elements [J]. Monograph Series of SPE,14: 1-2.
LI H Q. 1991. Detection and application of two phase flow parameters [M]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press,(in Chinese).李海青. 1991. 两相流参数检测及应用[M]. 浙江大学出版社.
LIU Z B. 2011b. Research of electromagnetic wave ?ow imaging logging image reconstruction and parameter obtainment method [D]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum (in Chinese).刘再斌. 2011b. 电磁波流动成像测井图像重建及参数提取方法研究[D]. 北京: 中国石油大学.
Liu Z B,Wu X L. 2012. Flow pattern identification in oil wells by electromagnetic image logging[J].Petroleum Science.9(3):303-309.
LIU Z B,WU X L. 2011a. Gas-water stratified flow identification based on electromagnetic image logging [J]. Science and Technology Review (in Chinese),29(5): 28-31.刘再斌,吴锡令. 2011a. 电磁流动成像测井识别气-水层流的信号处理方法[J]. 科技导报,29(5): 28-31.
LU J,WU X L. 2010. Gas-water flow pattern recognition by log response in horizontal wells [J]. International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Intelligent Systems. Xiamen,China,IEEE: 229-232.
Radon J. 1917. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der K?niglich-S?chsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Mathematisch-Physische Klasse. 69: 262-277.
Twomey S. 1963. On the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind by the inversion of the linear system produced by Quadrature [J]. J.A.C.M.,10(1): 97-101.
WANG X X,WU X L. 2008. Study on the forward simulation of the two-phase flow electromagnetic tomography [J]. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University: Natural Science Edition (in Chinese),23(3): 88-91.王晓星,吴锡令. 2008. 两相流电磁成像测量正问题研究[J]. 西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),23(3): 88-91.
Wang X X,Wu X L. 2009. Gas-water stratified flow patterns from electromagnetic tomography[J].Petroleum Science. 6(3): 254-258.
WU X L. 2004. Petroleum production logging principles [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press (in Chinese).吴锡令. 2004. 石油开发测井原理[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社.
Wu X L,Jing Y Q,Wu S Q. 1999. Electromagnetic imaging logging method in multiphase pipe flow [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 42(4): 557-563 ,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.04.015.吴锡令,景永奇,吴世旗. 1999. 多相管流电磁成像测井方法研究[J]. 地球物理学报,42(4): 577-562,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.1999.04.015.
WU X L,WANG X X. 2009. Simulation and Experimental Studies on the Stratified Flow of Gas-Water by Electromagnetic Tomography [J]. 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing. Tianjin,China,IEEE: 1-5.
Wu X L,Wang X X,Zhao Y W,et al. 2008. Flow imaging method of electromagnetic measurement in well logging [J]. Science in China,Series D: Earth Sciences. 38(S2): 181-185.
Wu X L,Zhao L,Liu D J. 2000. A fundamental study on electromagnetic wave imaging logging in multiphase flow [J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese).27(2):79-82.吴锡令,赵亮,刘迪军. 2000. 多相流动电磁波成像测井基础研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发,27(2): 79-82.
Wu X L,Zhao Y W. 2006. Simulation Experiments in Electromagnetic Tomography Well Logging in Two-phase Flow [J]. Petroleum Science. 3(3): 41- 44.
YIN W L. 2010. Low frequency electromagnetic sensor inspecting technique: design,analysis,calculation and application [M]. Beijing: Science Press (in Chinese).尹武良. 2010. 低频电磁传感检测技术: 设计、分析、计算与应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Cai J T. 2015a. The phase field characteristics based on the oil well electromagnetic flow imaging measurement [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese). 30(4): 1843-1848,doi: 10.6038/pg20150444.张阔,吴锡令,蔡家铁. 2015a. 油井流动成像电磁测量相位场特性[J]. 地球物理学进展,30(4): 1843-1848,doi: 10.6038/pg20150444.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Yan J F,et al. 2015b. Characteristics of electromagnetic holographic measurement sensitivity field for flow imaging [J]. International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques Proceedings. Macao,IEEE: 216-221.
ZHANG Kuo,WU Xiling,YAN Jingfu,et al. 2016a. Study of electromagnetic holographic methods for multiphase ?ow in oil wells [J]. Petroleum Science Bulletin (in Chinese),1(2): 209-224.张阔,吴锡令,闫景富,等. 2016a. 油井多相流动电磁全息方法研究[J]. 石油科学通报,1(2): 209-224.
ZHANG Kuo,WU Xiling,YAN Jingfu,et al. 2016b. Data Processing of Electromagnetic Holographic Measurement for Multiphase Flow in Oil Wells [J]. Science Technology and Engineering (in Chinese),16(26): 189-194.张阔,吴锡令,闫景富,等. 2016b. 油井多相流动电磁全息测量数据处理[J]. 科学技术与工程,16(26): 189-194.
Zhang K,Wu X L,Yan J F,et al. 2017a. Electromagnetic holographic sensitivity field of two-phase flow in horizontal wells [J]. Applied Geophysics. 14(1): 40- 48.
Zhang K,Wu X,Yan J,et al. 2017b. An Electric-based Dual-mode Tomography System for Interpretation on Two-phase Flow in Oil Wells. Interpretation. 5(2):T259-T264.
Zhao L,Wu X L. 2003. Calculation of sensitivity field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 46(6): 870-874,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.022.赵亮,吴锡令. 2003. 多相流动电磁波成像测井测量敏感场计算[J]. 地球物理学报,46(6): 870-874,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.06.022.
Zhao Y W,Wu X L,Wang X X. 2007. Simulation of sensitivity field for electromagnetic tomography in multiphase flow well logging [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 50(3): 811-816.赵彦伟,吴锡令,王晓星. 2007. 油井多相流电磁成像测量敏感场仿真[J]. 地球物理学报,50(3): 946-950,doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.03.038.