信息量与相似度约束下的网络地图服务缩略图自动生成算法
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摘要
缩略图可显著提高图片和视频等图形图像资源的展现效率,有效改善信息检索过程中的用户体验。地图服务是一种耦合空间和尺度信息的图像资源,其设计创作、检索筛选和存储管理均需要缩略图的支撑。设计精巧的缩略图带给人良好、鲜活的第一印象,帮助用户实现高效的交互与探索;粗糙凌乱的缩略图则让用户产生抵触情绪,打消其继续探索地图服务的主动性。本文借鉴视频关键帧的思路并结合地图表达特点,提出了地图服务关键位置和关键尺度的概念,并设计了相应的量化指标和提取算法,重点解决了缩略图视觉效果不佳、地图信息量不足和自动化程度不高等问题。算法基于信息量识别地图中内容丰富的关键位置,然后利用跨比例尺相似度判断发生显著变化的关键尺度,最后自动筛选出若干张代表地图服务内容的缩略图。试验表明本方法提取的缩略图数量适中、内容丰富、代表性强,可高度还原地图服务的内容构成和外观样式。
Thumbnail can greatly increase the efficiency of browsing pictures,videos and other image resources and improve the user experience prominently.Map service is a kind of graphic resource coupling spatial information and representation scale,its crafting,retrieval and management will not function well without the support of thumbnail.Sophisticated designed thumbnails bring users vivid first impressions and help users make efficient exploration.On the contrast,coarse thumbnail cause negative emotion and discourage users to explore the map service positively.Inspired by video summarization,key position and key scale of web map service were proposed.Meanwhile,corresponding quantitative measures and an automatic algorithm were drawn up and implemented.With the help of this algorithm,poor visual quality,lack of map information and low automation of current thumbnails was solved successfully.Information entropy was used to determine areas richer in content and tran-scale similarity was calculated to judge at which scale the appearance of the map service has changed drastically,and finally a series of static pictures were extracted which can represent the content of the map service.Experimental results show that this method produced medium-sized,content-rich and well-representative thumbnails which effectively reflect the content and appearance of map service.
Thumbnail can greatly increase the efficiency of browsing pictures,videos and other image resources and improve the user experience prominently.Map service is a kind of graphic resource coupling spatial information and representation scale,its crafting,retrieval and management will not function well without the support of thumbnail.Sophisticated designed thumbnails bring users vivid first impressions and help users make efficient exploration.On the contrast,coarse thumbnail cause negative emotion and discourage users to explore the map service positively.Inspired by video summarization,key position and key scale of web map service were proposed.Meanwhile,corresponding quantitative measures and an automatic algorithm were drawn up and implemented.With the help of this algorithm,poor visual quality,lack of map information and low automation of current thumbnails was solved successfully.Information entropy was used to determine areas richer in content and tran-scale similarity was calculated to judge at which scale the appearance of the map service has changed drastically,and finally a series of static pictures were extracted which can represent the content of the map service.Experimental results show that this method produced medium-sized,content-rich and well-representative thumbnails which effectively reflect the content and appearance of map service.
引文
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[17]LUO Jiebo,PAPIN C,COSTELLO K.Towards Extracting Semantically Meaningful Key Frames from Personal Video Clips:From Humans to Computers[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2009,19(2):289-301.
[18]WOLF W.Key Frame Selection by Motion Analysis[C]∥Proceedings of the 1996IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing.Atlanta,GA:IEEE,1996,2:1228-1231.
[19]HARRIE L,MUSTIRE S,STIGMAR H.Cartographic Quality Issues for View Services in Geoportals[J].Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,2011,46(2):92-100.
[20]TOUYA G,HOARAU C,CHRISTOPHE S.Clutter and Map Legibility in Automated Cartography:A Research Agenda[J].Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,2016,51(4):198-207.
[21]江南,曹亚妮,孙庆辉,等.双峰型基础电子地图载负量变化规律的探究[J].测绘学报,2014,43(3):306-313.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0044.JIANG Nan,CAO Yani,SUN Qinghui,et al.Exploration of Two-peak Changing Law of Basic Electronic Map Load[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(3):306-313.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0044.
[22]艾廷华,李精忠.尺度空间中GIS数据表达的生命期模型[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(7):757-762,781.AI Tinghua,LI Jingzhong.The Lifespan Model of GIS Data Representation over Scale Space[J].Geom atics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2010,35(7):757-762,781.
[23]刘慧敏,邓敏,樊子德,等.点状地图空间信息量的度量方法研究[J].测绘学报,2013,42(1):138-144,151.LIU Huimin,DENG Min,FAN Zide,et al.An Approach to Measuring the Spatial Information Content of a Pointshaped Map[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(1):138-144,151.
[24]李志林,刘启亮,高培超.地图信息论:从狭义到广义的发展回顾[J].测绘学报,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.LI Zhilin,LIU Qiliang,GAO Peichao.Entropy-based Cartographic Communication Models:Evolution from Special to General Cartographic Information Theory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.
[25]FAIRBAIRN D.Measuring Map Complexity[J].The Cartographic Journal,2006,43(3):224-238.
[2]SEIP C,BILL R.Evaluation and Monitoring of Service Quality:Discussing Ways to Meet INSPIRE Requirements[J].Transactions in GIS,2016,20(2):163-181.
[3]WU Huayi,LI Zhenlong,ZHANG Hanwu,et al.Monitoring and Evaluating the Quality of Web Map Service Resources for Optimizing Map Composition over the Internet to Support Decision Making[J].Computers&Geosciences,2011,37(4):485-494.
[4]LI Wenwen,WANG Sizhe,BHATIA V.PolarHub:A Large-scale Web Crawling Engine for OGC Service Discovery in Cyber Infrastructure[J].Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,2016,59(2):195-207.
[5]HUANG C Y,CHANG Hao.GeoWeb Crawler:An Extensible and Scalable Web Crawling Framework for Discovering Geospatial Web Resources[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(8):136.
[6]BONE C,AGER A,BUNZEL K,et al.A Geospatial Search Engine for Discovering Multi-format Geospatial Data across the Web[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2016,9(1):47-62.
[7]PATIL S,BHATTACHARJEE S,GHOSH S K.A Spatial Web Crawler for Discovering Geo-servers and Semantic Referencing with Spatial Features[M]∥NATARAJAN R.Distributed Computing and Internet Technology.Cham:Springer,2014:68-78.
[8]LOPEZ-PELLICER F J,RENTERíA-AGUALIMPIA W,NOGUERAS-ISO J,et al.Towards an Active Directory of Geospatial Web Services[M]∥GENSEL J M,JOSSELIN D,VANDENBROUCKE D.Bridging the Geographic Information Sciences.Berlin:Springer,2012:63-79.
[9]CHEN Nengcheng,CHEN Zeqiang,HU Chuli,et al.A Capability Matching and Ontology Reasoning Method for High Precision OGC Web Service Discovery[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2011,4(6):449-470.
[10]LI Wenwen,YANG Chaowei,YANG Chongjun.An Active Crawler for Discovering Geospatial Web Services and Their Distribution Pattern:A Case Study of OGC Web Map Service[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2010,24(8):1127-1147.
[11]DE ANDRADE F G,DE SOUZA BAPTISTA C,DAVIS JR C A.Improving Geographic Information Retrieval in Spatial Data Infrastructures[J].GeoInformatica,2014,18(4):793-818.
[12]GUI Zhipeng,YANG Chaowei,XIA Jizhe,et al.A Performance,Semantic and Service Quality-enhanced Distributed Search Engine for Improving Geospatial Resource Discovery[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2013,27(6):1109-1132.
[13]SZUKALSKI B.Put Your Best Thumbnail Forward[EB/OL].(2015-12-30)[2017-07-26].https:∥blogs.esri.com/esri/arcgis/2015/12/30/put-your-best-thumbnail-forward/.
[14]张维刚,王祯骏,黄庆明,等.融合视觉内容分析的网络视频缩略图推荐[J].智能计算机与应用,2014,4(3):5-10.ZHANG Weigang,WANG Zhenjun,HUANG Qingming,et al.Web Video Thumbnail Recommendation by Visual Content Analysis[J].Intelligent Computer and Applications,2014,4(3):5-10.
[15]SUH B,LING Haibin,BEDERSON B B,et al.Automatic Thum bnail Cropping and Its Effectiveness[C]∥Proceedings of the 16th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology.New York:ACM,2003:95-104.
[16]LIU Wu,MEI Tao,ZHANG Yongdong,et al.Multi-Task Deep Visual-Semantic Embedding for Video Thumbnail Selection[C]∥Proceedings of the 2015IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR).Boston,MA:IEEE,2015:3707-3715.
[17]LUO Jiebo,PAPIN C,COSTELLO K.Towards Extracting Semantically Meaningful Key Frames from Personal Video Clips:From Humans to Computers[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2009,19(2):289-301.
[18]WOLF W.Key Frame Selection by Motion Analysis[C]∥Proceedings of the 1996IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal Processing.Atlanta,GA:IEEE,1996,2:1228-1231.
[19]HARRIE L,MUSTIRE S,STIGMAR H.Cartographic Quality Issues for View Services in Geoportals[J].Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,2011,46(2):92-100.
[20]TOUYA G,HOARAU C,CHRISTOPHE S.Clutter and Map Legibility in Automated Cartography:A Research Agenda[J].Cartographica:The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,2016,51(4):198-207.
[21]江南,曹亚妮,孙庆辉,等.双峰型基础电子地图载负量变化规律的探究[J].测绘学报,2014,43(3):306-313.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0044.JIANG Nan,CAO Yani,SUN Qinghui,et al.Exploration of Two-peak Changing Law of Basic Electronic Map Load[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(3):306-313.DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0044.
[22]艾廷华,李精忠.尺度空间中GIS数据表达的生命期模型[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(7):757-762,781.AI Tinghua,LI Jingzhong.The Lifespan Model of GIS Data Representation over Scale Space[J].Geom atics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2010,35(7):757-762,781.
[23]刘慧敏,邓敏,樊子德,等.点状地图空间信息量的度量方法研究[J].测绘学报,2013,42(1):138-144,151.LIU Huimin,DENG Min,FAN Zide,et al.An Approach to Measuring the Spatial Information Content of a Pointshaped Map[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(1):138-144,151.
[24]李志林,刘启亮,高培超.地图信息论:从狭义到广义的发展回顾[J].测绘学报,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.LI Zhilin,LIU Qiliang,GAO Peichao.Entropy-based Cartographic Communication Models:Evolution from Special to General Cartographic Information Theory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.
[25]FAIRBAIRN D.Measuring Map Complexity[J].The Cartographic Journal,2006,43(3):224-238.