自发地理信息兴趣点数据在线综合与多尺度可视化方法
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摘要
移动及Web环境下,集成各种自发地理信息POI数据与地理框架背景数据的混搭式地图应用,越来越多地出现在主流地理信息平台及LBS服务中。由于缺乏适宜的在线多尺度可视化机制,这种POI数据表达上通常出现拥挤、压盖等冲突现象。针对该问题,本研究将传统的尺度变换方法与在线环境相结合,提出一种面向城市设施POI数据的多尺度可视化策略。即由服务器端通过预处理方式对POI数据进行多层次结构化组织;在此基础上,客户端依据显示比例尺导出对应层次的POI目标,并通过移位操作解决局部存在的符号表达冲突现象。试验表明,该方法符合数字化网络应用的在线实时需求,同时也能获得较高质量的多尺度表达效果。
With the development of mobile and Web technologies,there has been an increasing number of mapbased mashups which display different kinds of POI data in volunteered geographic information.Due to the lack of suitable mechanisms for multi-scale visualization,the display of the POI data often results in the icon clustering problem with icons touching and overlapping each other.This paper introduces a multi-scale visualization method for urban facility POI data by combing the classic methods of generalization and on-line environment.Firstly,we organize the POI data into hierarchical structure by preprocessing in the server-side;the POI features then will be obtained based on the display scale in the client-side and the displacement operation will be executed to resolve the local icon conflicts.Experiments show that this approach can not only achieve the requirements of real-time online,but also can get better multi-scale representation of POI data.
With the development of mobile and Web technologies,there has been an increasing number of mapbased mashups which display different kinds of POI data in volunteered geographic information.Due to the lack of suitable mechanisms for multi-scale visualization,the display of the POI data often results in the icon clustering problem with icons touching and overlapping each other.This paper introduces a multi-scale visualization method for urban facility POI data by combing the classic methods of generalization and on-line environment.Firstly,we organize the POI data into hierarchical structure by preprocessing in the server-side;the POI features then will be obtained based on the display scale in the client-side and the displacement operation will be executed to resolve the local icon conflicts.Experiments show that this approach can not only achieve the requirements of real-time online,but also can get better multi-scale representation of POI data.
引文
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[20]LI Wenjing,LIN Zhiyong,LONG Yi.Application of Rough Set Idea to Points Objects GIS Generalization[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2008,33(9):896-899.(李雯静,林志勇,龙毅.粗集分类思想在GIS点群综合中的应用[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2008,33(9):896-899.)
[21]YAN H,WEIBEL R.An Algorithm for Point Cluster Generalization Based on the Voronoi Diagram[J].Computers and Geosciences,2008,34(8):939-954.
[22]TOPFER F,PLLEWIZER W.The Principles of Selection:a Means of Cartographic Generalization[J].The Cartographic Journal,1966,3(1):10-16.
[23]JIANG Nan,CAO Yani,SUN Qinghui,et al.Exploration of Two-peak Changing Law of Basic Electronic Map Load[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(3):306-313.(江南,曹亚妮,孙庆辉,等.双峰型基础电子地图载负量变化规律的探究[J].测绘学报,2014,43(3):306-313.)
[24]TAO Lianhui,CHEN Yanwu,XIAO Chengcai.Research on Multi-scale Display and Map Loading of Navigation Electronic Map[J].Geomatics World,2012,9(5):46-50.(陶连会,陈艳武,肖成才.导航电子地图多尺度显示与载负量的研究[J].地理信息世界,2012,9(5):46-50.)
[25]BADER M,BARRAULT M,WEIBEL R.Building Displacement over a Ductile Truss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(8-9):915-936.
[26]WU Fang,HOU Xuan,QIAN Haizhong,et al.A Model for Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268.(武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268.)
[2]LI Deren,SHAO Zhenfeng.New Era of GIS[J].Scientia Sinica Informationis,2009,39(6):579-587.(李德仁,邵振峰.论新地理信息时代[J].中国科学F辑,2009,39(6):579-587.)
[3]MUMMIDI L,KRUMM J.Discovering Points of Interest from Users’Map Annotations[EB/OL].[2010-01-28].http:∥www.freepatentsonline.com/y2010/0023259.html.
[4]GOETZ M.Using Crowdsourced Indoor Geodata for the Creation of a Three-dimensional Indoor Routing Web Application[J],Future Internet,2012,4:575-591.
[5]HUANG Haosheng,GEORG G.A Technical Survey on Decluttering of Icons in Online Map-Based Mashups[C]∥Proceedings of Online Maps with APIs and WebServices.Berlin:Springer,2012:157-175.
[6]DAS S A,LEE H,GONZALEZ H,et al.Efficient Spatial Sampling of Large Geographical Tables[C]∥Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data.[S.l.]:ACM,2012:193-204.
[7]KORPI J,AHONEN-RAINIO P.Clutter Reduction Methods for Point Symbols in Map Mashups[J].The Cartographic Journal,2013,50(3):257-265.
[8]WEIBEL R,BURGHARDT D.Generalization On-the-Fly[C]∥Proceedings of Encyclopedia of GIS.New York:Springer,2008:339-344.
[9]BEREUTER P,WEIBEL R.Real-time Generalization of Point Data in Mobile and Web Mapping Using Quadtrees[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2013,40(4):1-11.
[10]KOVANEN J,SARJAKOSKI L T.Sequential Displacement and Grouping of Point Symbols in a Mobile Context[J].Journal of Location Based Services,2013,7(2):1-19.
[11]STEFANO B,CHITTARO L.Decluttering of Icons Based on Aggregation in Mobile Maps[C]∥Proceedings of Mapbased Mobile Services.Berlin:Springer,2008:13-32.
[12]AI Tinghua,CHENG Jianguo.Key Issues of Multi-Scale Representation of Spatial Data[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2005,30(5):377-382.(艾廷华,成建国.对空间数据多尺度表达有关问题的思考[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2005,30(5):377-382.)
[13]VAN OOSTEROM P.Reactive Data Structure for Geographic Information Systems[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1994.
[14]VAN OOSTEROM P.Variable-Scale Topological Data Structures Suitable for Progressive Data Transfer:The GAPFace Tree and GAP-Edge Forest[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2005,32(4):331-346.
[15]AI Bo,AI Tinghua,TANG Xinming.Progressive Transmission of River Network[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2010,35(1):51-54.(艾波,艾廷华,唐新明.矢量河网数据的渐进式传输[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2010,35(1):51-54.)
[16]WU Hehai.Principle of Convex Hull and Its Application in Generalization of Grouped Point Objects[J].Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,1997,6(1):1-6.(毋河海.凸壳原理在点群目标综合中的应用[J].测绘工程,1997,6(1):1-6.)
[17]AI Tinghua,LIU Yaolin.A Method of Point Cluster Simplification with Spatial Distribution Properties Preserved[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2002,31(2):175-181.(艾廷华,刘耀林.保持空间分布特征的群点化简方法[J].测绘学报,2002,31(2):175-181.)
[18]DENG Hongyan,WU Fang,QIAN Haizhong,et al.A Model of Point Cluster Selection Based on Genetic Algorithms[J].Journal of Image and Graphics,2003,8(8):970-975.(邓红艳,武芳,钱海忠,等.基于遗传算法的点群目标选取模型[J].中国图象图形学报,2003,8(8):970-975.)
[19]CAI Yongxiang,GUO Qingsheng.Points Group Generalization Based on Konhonen[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2007,32(7):626-629.(蔡永香,郭庆胜.基于Kohonen网络的点群综合研究[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2007,32(7):626-629.)
[20]LI Wenjing,LIN Zhiyong,LONG Yi.Application of Rough Set Idea to Points Objects GIS Generalization[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2008,33(9):896-899.(李雯静,林志勇,龙毅.粗集分类思想在GIS点群综合中的应用[J].武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2008,33(9):896-899.)
[21]YAN H,WEIBEL R.An Algorithm for Point Cluster Generalization Based on the Voronoi Diagram[J].Computers and Geosciences,2008,34(8):939-954.
[22]TOPFER F,PLLEWIZER W.The Principles of Selection:a Means of Cartographic Generalization[J].The Cartographic Journal,1966,3(1):10-16.
[23]JIANG Nan,CAO Yani,SUN Qinghui,et al.Exploration of Two-peak Changing Law of Basic Electronic Map Load[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(3):306-313.(江南,曹亚妮,孙庆辉,等.双峰型基础电子地图载负量变化规律的探究[J].测绘学报,2014,43(3):306-313.)
[24]TAO Lianhui,CHEN Yanwu,XIAO Chengcai.Research on Multi-scale Display and Map Loading of Navigation Electronic Map[J].Geomatics World,2012,9(5):46-50.(陶连会,陈艳武,肖成才.导航电子地图多尺度显示与载负量的研究[J].地理信息世界,2012,9(5):46-50.)
[25]BADER M,BARRAULT M,WEIBEL R.Building Displacement over a Ductile Truss[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2005,19(8-9):915-936.
[26]WU Fang,HOU Xuan,QIAN Haizhong,et al.A Model for Road Network Displacement in Automated Map Generalization[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2005,34(3):262-268.(武芳,侯璇,钱海忠,等.自动制图综合中的线目标位移模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):262-268.)