5～6岁自闭症儿童与正常儿童的辨别反转学习研究
|
摘要
采用条件性辨别反转范式,考察自闭症儿童与正常儿童的反转灵活性。44名5～6岁儿童(24名自闭症儿童,20名正常儿童)参加了辨别反转学习。结果显示:⑴在习得阶段,两类儿童都能辨别两个不同的条件性刺激;⑵在晚期反转阶段,正常儿童在晚期反转阶段升高了对新的条件性厌恶刺激的主观预期值,辨别了新的条件性刺激,而自闭症儿童在晚期反转阶段对新的条件性厌恶刺激的主观预期值没有显著性变化,无法辨别新的条件性刺激。研究结果表明,5～6岁自闭症儿童反转灵活性存在缺陷。
To examine the reversal flexibility in children with autism spectrum disorder( ASD),compared with typically developing( TD) children. Forty-four children aged from 5 ～ 6 years old( ASD,n = 24 and TD,n = 20)participated a simple discrimination reversal learning. The results showed that,at the acquisition stage,both ASD and TD groups demonstrated greater sound expectances to a conditioned stimulus( CS) that predicted an aversive sound than for another CS that never followed by the aversive sound. At the reversal learning stage,during the late stage of reversal,the TD group responded more strongly to the new CS that followed by the aversive sound. However,the ASD group had no significant change in the sound expectances of the new CS,indiscriminating the two new conditioned stimuli. The current study demonstrated the reversal flexibility deficit in 5-6-year-old children with ASD.
To examine the reversal flexibility in children with autism spectrum disorder( ASD),compared with typically developing( TD) children. Forty-four children aged from 5 ～ 6 years old( ASD,n = 24 and TD,n = 20)participated a simple discrimination reversal learning. The results showed that,at the acquisition stage,both ASD and TD groups demonstrated greater sound expectances to a conditioned stimulus( CS) that predicted an aversive sound than for another CS that never followed by the aversive sound. At the reversal learning stage,during the late stage of reversal,the TD group responded more strongly to the new CS that followed by the aversive sound. However,the ASD group had no significant change in the sound expectances of the new CS,indiscriminating the two new conditioned stimuli. The current study demonstrated the reversal flexibility deficit in 5-6-year-old children with ASD.
引文
Abu-Akel,A.,Testa,R.R.,Jones,H.P.,Ross,N.,Skafidas,E.,Tonge,B.,et al.(2017).Attentional set-shifting and social abilities in children with schizotypal and comorbid autism spectrum disorders.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,52(1),68-77.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(5th ed.).Washington,DC:American Psychiatric Association.
Boddez,Y.,Baeyens,F.,Luyten,L.,Vansteenwegen,D.,Hermans,D.,&Beckers,T.(2012).Rating Data are Underrated:Validity of US Expectancy in Human Fear Conditioning.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,44(2),201-206.
Bouton,M.E.,García-Gutiérrez,A.,Zilski,J.,&Moody,E.W.(2006).Extinction in Multiple Contexts does not Necessarily Make Extinction Less Vulnerable to Relapse.Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(7),983-994.
Brady,D.I.,Schwean,V.L.,Saklofske,D.H.,Mccrimmon,A.W.,Montgomery,J.M.,&Thorne,K.J.(2013).Conceptual and Perceptual Set-shifting Executive Abilities in Young Adults with Asperger’s Syndrome.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,7(12),1631-1637.
Canovas,D.D.S.,Souza,D.D.G.D.,&Barros,R.D.S.(2013).Simple Successive Discrimination and Functional Class Formation in Preschool Children.Psychological Record,63(3),525-544.
Costescu,C.A.,Vanderborght,B.,&David,D.O.(2014).Reversal Learning Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder:a Robot-based Approach.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(11),1-11.
de Sousa,N.M.,Gil,M.S.,&Mcilvane,W.J.(2015).Discrimination and Reversal Learning by Toddlers Aged 15-23 Months.Psychological Record,65(1),41-47.
Gaigg,S.B.,&Bowler,D.M.(2007).Differential Fear Conditioning in Asperger’s Syndrome:Implications for an Amygdala Theory of Autism.Neuropsychologia,45(9),2125-2134.
Geurts,H.M.,Corbett,B.,&Solomon,M.(2009).The Paradox of Cognitive Flexibility in Autism.Trends in cognitive sciences,13(2),74-82.
Landry,O.,&Al-Taie,S.(2016).A Meta-analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Task in Autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(4),1220-1235.
Leung,R.C.,&Zakzanis,K.K.(2014).Brief Report:Cognitive Flexibility in Autism Spectrum Disorders:A Quantitative Review.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(10),2628-2645.
Manrique,H.M.,&Call,J.(2015).Age-dependent Cognitive Inflexibility in Great Apes.Animal Behaviour,102(102),1-6.
Mostertkerckhoffs,M.A.L.,Staal,W.G.,Houben,R.H.,&Jonge,M.V.D.(2015).Stop and Change:Inhibition and Flexibility Skills are Related to Repetitive Behavior in Children and Young A-dults with Autism Spectrum Disorders.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(10),3148-3158.
Neumann,D.L.,Waters,A.M.,Westbury,H.R.,&Henry,J.(2008).The Use of an Unpleasant Sound Unconditional Stimulus in an Aversive Conditioning Procedure with 8-to 11-year-old Children.Biological Psychology,79(3),337-342.
Postalli,L.M.M.,Canovas,D.D.S.,&Souza,D.D.G.D.(2015).Simple Discrimination and Reversal Learning Sets in Typically Developing Young Children.Psychological Record,65(3),1-13.
Powell,P.S.,Travers,B.G.,Klinger,L.G.,&Klinger,M.R.(2016).Difficulties with Multi-sensory Fear Conditioning in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,25,137-146
Remmelink,E.,Smit,A.B.,Verhage,M.,&Loos,M.(2016).Measuring Discrimination-and Reversal Learning in Mouse Models within 4 Days and without Prior Food Deprivation.Learning and Memory,23(11),660-667.
Resnik,J.,Sobel,N.,&Paz,R.(2011).Auditory Aversive Learning Increases Discrimination Thresholds.Nature Neuroscience,14(6),791-796.
Santos,E.A.L.,Nogueira,C.B.,Queiroz,L.L.D.,&Barros,R.D.S.(2017).Equivalence Class Formation via Class-specific Consequences in Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Temas Em Psicologia,25(2),831-842.
Schiller,D.,Levy,I.,Niv,Y.,Ledoux,J.E.,&Phelps,E.A.(2008).From Fear to Safety and Back:Reversal of Fear in the Human Brain.Journal of Neuroscience,28(45),11517-11525.
South,M.,Larson,M.J.,White,S.E.,Dana,J.,&Crowley,M.J.(2011).Better Fear Conditioning is Associated with Reduced Symptom Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research,4(6),412-421.
South,M.,Newton,T.,&Chamberlain,P.D.(2012).Delayed Reversal Learning and Association with Repetitive Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research,5(6),398-406.
South,M.,Ozonoff,S.,Suchy,Y.,Kesner,R.P.,Mcmahon,W.M.,&Lainhart,J.E.(2008).Intact Emotion Facilitation for Nonsocial Stimuli in Autism:is Amygdala Impairment in Autism Specific for Social Information?Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,14(1),42-54.
Sterling,L.,Munson,J.,Estes,A.,Murias,M.,Webb,S.J.,King,B.,et al.(2013).Fear-Potentiated Startle Response Is Unrelated to Social or Emotional Functioning in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research,6(5),320-331.
Westwood,H.,Stahl,D.,Mandy,W.,&Tchanturia,K.(2016).The set-shifting profiles of anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorder using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological Medicine,46(9),1809-1827.
Williams,D.,&Jarrold,C.(2013).Assessing Planning and Set-shifting Abilities in Autism:are Experimenter-administered and Computerised Versions of Tasks Equivalent?Autism Research Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research,6(6),461-467.
Yerys,B.E.,Wallace,G.L.,Harrison,B.,Celano,M.J.,Giedd,J.N.,&Kenworthy,L.E.(2009).Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders:reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors.Autism the International Journal of Research&Practice,13(5),523-538.
Yeung,M.K.,Han,Y.M.,Sze,S.L.,&Chan,A.S.(2016).Abnormal Frontal Theta Oscillations Underlie the Cognitive Flexibility Deficits in Children with High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders.Neuropsychology,30(3),281-295.
American Psychiatric Association.(2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(5th ed.).Washington,DC:American Psychiatric Association.
Boddez,Y.,Baeyens,F.,Luyten,L.,Vansteenwegen,D.,Hermans,D.,&Beckers,T.(2012).Rating Data are Underrated:Validity of US Expectancy in Human Fear Conditioning.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,44(2),201-206.
Bouton,M.E.,García-Gutiérrez,A.,Zilski,J.,&Moody,E.W.(2006).Extinction in Multiple Contexts does not Necessarily Make Extinction Less Vulnerable to Relapse.Behaviour Research and Therapy,44(7),983-994.
Brady,D.I.,Schwean,V.L.,Saklofske,D.H.,Mccrimmon,A.W.,Montgomery,J.M.,&Thorne,K.J.(2013).Conceptual and Perceptual Set-shifting Executive Abilities in Young Adults with Asperger’s Syndrome.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,7(12),1631-1637.
Canovas,D.D.S.,Souza,D.D.G.D.,&Barros,R.D.S.(2013).Simple Successive Discrimination and Functional Class Formation in Preschool Children.Psychological Record,63(3),525-544.
Costescu,C.A.,Vanderborght,B.,&David,D.O.(2014).Reversal Learning Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder:a Robot-based Approach.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(11),1-11.
de Sousa,N.M.,Gil,M.S.,&Mcilvane,W.J.(2015).Discrimination and Reversal Learning by Toddlers Aged 15-23 Months.Psychological Record,65(1),41-47.
Gaigg,S.B.,&Bowler,D.M.(2007).Differential Fear Conditioning in Asperger’s Syndrome:Implications for an Amygdala Theory of Autism.Neuropsychologia,45(9),2125-2134.
Geurts,H.M.,Corbett,B.,&Solomon,M.(2009).The Paradox of Cognitive Flexibility in Autism.Trends in cognitive sciences,13(2),74-82.
Landry,O.,&Al-Taie,S.(2016).A Meta-analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Task in Autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,46(4),1220-1235.
Leung,R.C.,&Zakzanis,K.K.(2014).Brief Report:Cognitive Flexibility in Autism Spectrum Disorders:A Quantitative Review.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,44(10),2628-2645.
Manrique,H.M.,&Call,J.(2015).Age-dependent Cognitive Inflexibility in Great Apes.Animal Behaviour,102(102),1-6.
Mostertkerckhoffs,M.A.L.,Staal,W.G.,Houben,R.H.,&Jonge,M.V.D.(2015).Stop and Change:Inhibition and Flexibility Skills are Related to Repetitive Behavior in Children and Young A-dults with Autism Spectrum Disorders.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,45(10),3148-3158.
Neumann,D.L.,Waters,A.M.,Westbury,H.R.,&Henry,J.(2008).The Use of an Unpleasant Sound Unconditional Stimulus in an Aversive Conditioning Procedure with 8-to 11-year-old Children.Biological Psychology,79(3),337-342.
Postalli,L.M.M.,Canovas,D.D.S.,&Souza,D.D.G.D.(2015).Simple Discrimination and Reversal Learning Sets in Typically Developing Young Children.Psychological Record,65(3),1-13.
Powell,P.S.,Travers,B.G.,Klinger,L.G.,&Klinger,M.R.(2016).Difficulties with Multi-sensory Fear Conditioning in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,25,137-146
Remmelink,E.,Smit,A.B.,Verhage,M.,&Loos,M.(2016).Measuring Discrimination-and Reversal Learning in Mouse Models within 4 Days and without Prior Food Deprivation.Learning and Memory,23(11),660-667.
Resnik,J.,Sobel,N.,&Paz,R.(2011).Auditory Aversive Learning Increases Discrimination Thresholds.Nature Neuroscience,14(6),791-796.
Santos,E.A.L.,Nogueira,C.B.,Queiroz,L.L.D.,&Barros,R.D.S.(2017).Equivalence Class Formation via Class-specific Consequences in Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Temas Em Psicologia,25(2),831-842.
Schiller,D.,Levy,I.,Niv,Y.,Ledoux,J.E.,&Phelps,E.A.(2008).From Fear to Safety and Back:Reversal of Fear in the Human Brain.Journal of Neuroscience,28(45),11517-11525.
South,M.,Larson,M.J.,White,S.E.,Dana,J.,&Crowley,M.J.(2011).Better Fear Conditioning is Associated with Reduced Symptom Severity in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research,4(6),412-421.
South,M.,Newton,T.,&Chamberlain,P.D.(2012).Delayed Reversal Learning and Association with Repetitive Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research,5(6),398-406.
South,M.,Ozonoff,S.,Suchy,Y.,Kesner,R.P.,Mcmahon,W.M.,&Lainhart,J.E.(2008).Intact Emotion Facilitation for Nonsocial Stimuli in Autism:is Amygdala Impairment in Autism Specific for Social Information?Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,14(1),42-54.
Sterling,L.,Munson,J.,Estes,A.,Murias,M.,Webb,S.J.,King,B.,et al.(2013).Fear-Potentiated Startle Response Is Unrelated to Social or Emotional Functioning in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders.Autism Research,6(5),320-331.
Westwood,H.,Stahl,D.,Mandy,W.,&Tchanturia,K.(2016).The set-shifting profiles of anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorder using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological Medicine,46(9),1809-1827.
Williams,D.,&Jarrold,C.(2013).Assessing Planning and Set-shifting Abilities in Autism:are Experimenter-administered and Computerised Versions of Tasks Equivalent?Autism Research Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research,6(6),461-467.
Yerys,B.E.,Wallace,G.L.,Harrison,B.,Celano,M.J.,Giedd,J.N.,&Kenworthy,L.E.(2009).Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders:reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors.Autism the International Journal of Research&Practice,13(5),523-538.
Yeung,M.K.,Han,Y.M.,Sze,S.L.,&Chan,A.S.(2016).Abnormal Frontal Theta Oscillations Underlie the Cognitive Flexibility Deficits in Children with High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders.Neuropsychology,30(3),281-295.