基于卫星识别的渤海海效应事件基本特征分析
|
摘要
针对渤海区域冬季较为常见的海效应事件,利用2000——2012年的GMS5、GOES9和MTSAT等卫星遥感数据及NCEP FNL再分析数据、海面温度SST、地面降水观测数据等资料,系统研究了渤海海效应事件的季节变化和日变化特征。研究结果表明:渤海海效应事件一般持续时间不长,但在11月——次年1月,有持续时间较长的个例,这段时间也是发生次数最多的时期;海效应事件的发生有较明显的日变化特征,清晨和上午出现的频次明显大于下午和前半夜,且不同季节也不尽相同;海效应事件中有约一半会造成山东半岛降水,其中在冬半年主要造成降雪,但个别情况下也有可能形成降雨;另外,造成海效应事件的天气学环境指标也具有很强的季节变化特征,其中850 hPa温度、海面温度、地面2 m温度和比湿均有较明显的月变化,而风速、海面和850 hPa温差则相对稳定,季节变化不大。这些研究结果将进一步加深对渤海海效应事件的认识,为预报思路凝练和研究的开展提供参考和借鉴。
Ocean-effect events take place frequently in winter in the Bohai Sea region. Based on the satellite data of GMS5,GOES9 and MTSAT,NCEP FNL reanalysis data,SST,and observed surface precipitation data from 2000 to 2012,the seasonal and diurnal variation characteristics of the ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea are systematically studied. The results are listed as below. 1) The ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea generally do not last for a long time. The cases of long duration happen from November to next January,and this period sees the most events. 2) The occurrence of ocean-effect events has obvious diurnal variation characteristics. The probability of occurrence in the morning is obviously greater than that in the afternoon and the early night,and the probability is not the same in different seasons. 3) About half of the ocean-effect events cause precipitation in the Shandong Peninsula,mainly snow in winter and rainfall in some cases. 4) In addition,the environmental indicators causing oceaneffect events also have strong monthly variation characteristics. The monthly variations of temperature at 850 hPa,sea surface temperature,temperature at 2 m,and specific humidity are obvious,while the wind speed and the temperature difference between sea surface and 850 hPa are relatively constant and have little seasonal change. These results will further deepen the understanding of ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea and provide reference for forecasting and profound research.
Ocean-effect events take place frequently in winter in the Bohai Sea region. Based on the satellite data of GMS5,GOES9 and MTSAT,NCEP FNL reanalysis data,SST,and observed surface precipitation data from 2000 to 2012,the seasonal and diurnal variation characteristics of the ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea are systematically studied. The results are listed as below. 1) The ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea generally do not last for a long time. The cases of long duration happen from November to next January,and this period sees the most events. 2) The occurrence of ocean-effect events has obvious diurnal variation characteristics. The probability of occurrence in the morning is obviously greater than that in the afternoon and the early night,and the probability is not the same in different seasons. 3) About half of the ocean-effect events cause precipitation in the Shandong Peninsula,mainly snow in winter and rainfall in some cases. 4) In addition,the environmental indicators causing oceaneffect events also have strong monthly variation characteristics. The monthly variations of temperature at 850 hPa,sea surface temperature,temperature at 2 m,and specific humidity are obvious,while the wind speed and the temperature difference between sea surface and 850 hPa are relatively constant and have little seasonal change. These results will further deepen the understanding of ocean-effect events in the Bohai Sea and provide reference for forecasting and profound research.
引文
[1]KRISTOVICH D A R,YOUNG G S,VERLINDE J,et al.The lake-induced convection experiment and the snowband dynamics project[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2000,81(3):519-542.
[2]ALCOTT T I,STEENBURGH W J,LAIRD N F.Great Salt Lake-effect precipitation:Observed frequency,characteristics,and associated environmental factors[J].Wea Forecasting,2012,27(4):954-971.
[3]LAIRD N,SOBASH R,HODAS N.Climatological conditions of lake-effect precipitation events associated with the New York State Finger Lakes[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2010,49(5):1052-1062.
[4]LAIRD N F,DESROCHERS J,PAYER M.Climatology of lake-effect precipitation events over Lake Champlain[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2009,48(2):232-250.
[5]MILRAD S M,GYAKUM J R,ATALLAH E H,et al.Adiagnostic examination of the eastern ontario and western Quebec wintertime convection event of 28 January 2010[J].Wea Forecasting,2011,26(3):301-318.
[6]SHIMIZU N,UCHIDA A.Anobservational study of organized snow echo over the Japan Sea[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,1974,52(3):289-299.
[7]LEE S H,RYU C S.Influence of continuous satellitebased SST distribution on heavy snowfall events over the Korean Peninsula[J].Int J Remote Sens,2010,31(11):2853-2883.
[8]KINDAP T.A severe sea-effect snow episode over the city of Istanbul[J].Nat Hazards,2010,54(3):707-723.
[9]周淑玲,朱先德,符长静,等.山东半岛典型冷涡暴雪个例对流云及风场特征的观测与模拟[J].高原气象,2009,28(4):935-944.
[10]张黎红.大连地方性冷流降雪成因分析[J].辽宁气象,2004(4):12-13.
[11]陈雷,戴建华,韩雅萍.上海地区近10年冷流降雪天气诊断分析[J].气象,2012,38(2):182-188.
[12]尹承美,于丽娟,高帆.秋末冬初济南两次暴雪过程对比分析[J].海洋气象学报,2013,33(1):11-16.
[13]赵海军,张芹,王庆华.2014年鲁南一次暖切变暴雪过程的诊断分析[J].山东气象,2015,35(3):7-12.
[14]杨成芳,刘畅,郭俊建,等.山东相态逆转降雪天气的特征与预报[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(1):73-83.
[15]李洪业,徐旭然.冷流低云降雪成因的分析[J].气象,1995,21(12):21-24.
[16]杨成芳,陶祖钰,李泽椿.海(湖)效应降雪的研究进展[J].海洋通报,2009,28(4):81-88.
[17]李刚,党英娜,袁海豹.烟台冷流强降雪天气预报指标统计分析[J].山东气象,2007,27(3):24-36.
[18]CARPENTER D M.The lake effect of the Great Salt Lake:Overview and forecast problems[J].Wea Forecasting,1993,8(2):181-193.
[19]NIZIOL T A,SNYDER W R,WALDSTREICHER J S.Winter weather forecasting throughout the Eastern United States.Part IV:Lake effect snow[J].Wea Forecasting,1995,10(1):61-77.
[20]REYNOLDS R W,SMITH T M,LIU C Y,et al.Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature[J].J Climate,2007,20(22):5473-5496.
[21]袁松,程华,王东勇,等.模式再分析与实际探空资料的对比分析[J].气象科学,2012,32(1):62-67.
[22]HOLROYD E WⅢ.Lake-effect cloud bands as seen from weather satellites[J].J Atmos Sci,1971,28(7):1165-1170.
[23]KRISTOVICH D A R,STEVE R AⅢ.A satellite study of cloud-band frequencies over the Great Lakes[J].J Appl Meteor,1995,34(9):2083-2090.
[24]周雪松,吴炜,孙兴池.山东暴雨天气学预报指标的统计特征分析[J].气象,2014,40(6):744-753.
[25]NOH Y J,LIU G S,BALAS N,et al.Diurnal variations of snow precipitation in Wakasa Bay during winter[J].JMeteor Soc Japan,2004,82(4):1117-1128.
[26]MINER T J,FRITSCH J M.Lake-effect rain events[J].Mon Wea Rev,1997,125(12):3231-3248.
[27]杨成芳.渤海海效应暴雪的多尺度研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2010.
[2]ALCOTT T I,STEENBURGH W J,LAIRD N F.Great Salt Lake-effect precipitation:Observed frequency,characteristics,and associated environmental factors[J].Wea Forecasting,2012,27(4):954-971.
[3]LAIRD N,SOBASH R,HODAS N.Climatological conditions of lake-effect precipitation events associated with the New York State Finger Lakes[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2010,49(5):1052-1062.
[4]LAIRD N F,DESROCHERS J,PAYER M.Climatology of lake-effect precipitation events over Lake Champlain[J].J Appl Meteor Climatol,2009,48(2):232-250.
[5]MILRAD S M,GYAKUM J R,ATALLAH E H,et al.Adiagnostic examination of the eastern ontario and western Quebec wintertime convection event of 28 January 2010[J].Wea Forecasting,2011,26(3):301-318.
[6]SHIMIZU N,UCHIDA A.Anobservational study of organized snow echo over the Japan Sea[J].J Meteor Soc Japan,1974,52(3):289-299.
[7]LEE S H,RYU C S.Influence of continuous satellitebased SST distribution on heavy snowfall events over the Korean Peninsula[J].Int J Remote Sens,2010,31(11):2853-2883.
[8]KINDAP T.A severe sea-effect snow episode over the city of Istanbul[J].Nat Hazards,2010,54(3):707-723.
[9]周淑玲,朱先德,符长静,等.山东半岛典型冷涡暴雪个例对流云及风场特征的观测与模拟[J].高原气象,2009,28(4):935-944.
[10]张黎红.大连地方性冷流降雪成因分析[J].辽宁气象,2004(4):12-13.
[11]陈雷,戴建华,韩雅萍.上海地区近10年冷流降雪天气诊断分析[J].气象,2012,38(2):182-188.
[12]尹承美,于丽娟,高帆.秋末冬初济南两次暴雪过程对比分析[J].海洋气象学报,2013,33(1):11-16.
[13]赵海军,张芹,王庆华.2014年鲁南一次暖切变暴雪过程的诊断分析[J].山东气象,2015,35(3):7-12.
[14]杨成芳,刘畅,郭俊建,等.山东相态逆转降雪天气的特征与预报[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(1):73-83.
[15]李洪业,徐旭然.冷流低云降雪成因的分析[J].气象,1995,21(12):21-24.
[16]杨成芳,陶祖钰,李泽椿.海(湖)效应降雪的研究进展[J].海洋通报,2009,28(4):81-88.
[17]李刚,党英娜,袁海豹.烟台冷流强降雪天气预报指标统计分析[J].山东气象,2007,27(3):24-36.
[18]CARPENTER D M.The lake effect of the Great Salt Lake:Overview and forecast problems[J].Wea Forecasting,1993,8(2):181-193.
[19]NIZIOL T A,SNYDER W R,WALDSTREICHER J S.Winter weather forecasting throughout the Eastern United States.Part IV:Lake effect snow[J].Wea Forecasting,1995,10(1):61-77.
[20]REYNOLDS R W,SMITH T M,LIU C Y,et al.Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature[J].J Climate,2007,20(22):5473-5496.
[21]袁松,程华,王东勇,等.模式再分析与实际探空资料的对比分析[J].气象科学,2012,32(1):62-67.
[22]HOLROYD E WⅢ.Lake-effect cloud bands as seen from weather satellites[J].J Atmos Sci,1971,28(7):1165-1170.
[23]KRISTOVICH D A R,STEVE R AⅢ.A satellite study of cloud-band frequencies over the Great Lakes[J].J Appl Meteor,1995,34(9):2083-2090.
[24]周雪松,吴炜,孙兴池.山东暴雨天气学预报指标的统计特征分析[J].气象,2014,40(6):744-753.
[25]NOH Y J,LIU G S,BALAS N,et al.Diurnal variations of snow precipitation in Wakasa Bay during winter[J].JMeteor Soc Japan,2004,82(4):1117-1128.
[26]MINER T J,FRITSCH J M.Lake-effect rain events[J].Mon Wea Rev,1997,125(12):3231-3248.
[27]杨成芳.渤海海效应暴雪的多尺度研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2010.