成都双流国际机场大气污染物排放清单与时空分布特征
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摘要
基于成都双流国际机场活动水平数据,采用排放因子法和计算模型等,编制了机场大气污染物排放清单,并完成了时空分配和不确定性分析,建立了高分辨率网格化排放清单。结果表明,成都双流国际机场标准起飞着陆(LTO)循环数为2.4×10~5次/a,CO、VOCs、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2排放量分别为1.2×10~3、1.3×10~2、2.1×10~3、2.8×10、2.7×10、2.5×10~2t/a,且主要由飞机发动机排放;活动水平数据仅包括LTO循环数和地面保障设备两部分;污染物排放分布和跑道类型相关性较高;排放清单活动水平数据可靠性较高,而排放因子存在一定的不确定性。
Based on activity data of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport,its sources emission inventory was compiled by applying the emission factor method and calculation model,temporal-spatial distribution and uncertainties of the anthropogenic sources emission were discussed, then the grid-based emission inventory with high temporal and spatial resolutions was developed. The result showed that( Landing and Take-Off,LTO) LTO cycles of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was 2. 4 × 10~5 cycles/a,the total emissions of CO,VOCs,NO_x ,PM_(10),PM_(2.5) and SO_2 were about 1. 2 × 10~3,1. 3 × 10~2,2. 1 × 10~3,2. 8 × 10,2. 7 × 10,2. 5 × 10~2 t/a,respectively,which were mainly from aviation engines. The activity data include only LTO cycles and ground support equipment. The distribution of atmospheric pollutants and runways were highly correlative. The activity data tended to be reliable,whereas emission factors had some uncertainties.
Based on activity data of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport,its sources emission inventory was compiled by applying the emission factor method and calculation model,temporal-spatial distribution and uncertainties of the anthropogenic sources emission were discussed, then the grid-based emission inventory with high temporal and spatial resolutions was developed. The result showed that( Landing and Take-Off,LTO) LTO cycles of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was 2. 4 × 10~5 cycles/a,the total emissions of CO,VOCs,NO_x ,PM_(10),PM_(2.5) and SO_2 were about 1. 2 × 10~3,1. 3 × 10~2,2. 1 × 10~3,2. 8 × 10,2. 7 × 10,2. 5 × 10~2 t/a,respectively,which were mainly from aviation engines. The activity data include only LTO cycles and ground support equipment. The distribution of atmospheric pollutants and runways were highly correlative. The activity data tended to be reliable,whereas emission factors had some uncertainties.
引文
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[2]樊守彬,聂磊,李雪峰.应用EDMS模型建立机场大气污染物排放清单[J].安全与环境学报,2010,10(4):93-96.FAN Shoubing,NIE Lei,LI Xuefeng.Calculating Airport Emission with EDMS Model[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2010,10(4):93-96.
[3]PISON I,MENUT L.Quantification of the Impact of Aircraft traffic Emissions on Tropospheric Ozone Over Paris Area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(7):971-983.
[4]KJELLSTROM E,FEICHTERB J,SAUSENC R,et al.The Contribution of Aircraft Emissions to the Atmospheric Sulfur Budget[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(21):3 455-3 465.
[5]SCHUMANN U,SCHLAGER H,ARNOLD F,et al.Dilution of Aircraft Exhaust Plumes at Cruise Altitudes[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(18):3 097-3 103.
[6]YU K N,CHEUNG Y P,HENRY R C,et al.Identifying the Impact of Large Urban Airports on Local Air Quality by Nonparametric Regression[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(27):4 501-4 507.
[7]MOUSSIOPOULOS N,SAHM P,KARATZAS K,et al.Assessing the Impact of the New Athens Airport to Urban Air Quality with Contemporary Air Pollution Models[J].Atmospheric Environment,1997,31(10):1 497-1 511.
[8]WILLIAMS V,NOLAND R B,TOUMI R.Reducing the Climate Change Impacts of Aviation by Restricting Cruise Altitudes[J].Transport Research Part D,2002,7(6):451-464.
[9]PEACE H,MAUGHAN J,OWEN B,et al.Identifying the Contribution of Different Airport Related Sources to Local Urban Air Quality[J].Environmental Modeling&Software,2006,21(4):532-538.
[10]UNAL A,HU Y T,CHANG M E,et al.Airport Related Emissions and Impacts on Air Quality:Application to the Atlanta International Airport[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(32):5 787-5 798.
[11]黄清凤,陈桂浓,胡丹心,等.广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2014,26(3):57-59.HUANG Qingfeng,CHENG Guinong,HU Danxin,et al.Analysis of the Airplane Emission of Atmospheric Pollutants in Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2014,26(3):57-59.
[12]徐冉,郎建垒,杨孝文,等.首都国际机场飞机排放清单的建立[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(8):2 554-2 560.XU Ran,LANG Jianlei,YANG Xiaowen,et al.Establishment of Aircraft Emission Inventory for Beijing Capital International Airport[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(8):2 554-2 560.
[13]International Civil Aviation Organization.Airport Air Quality Manual.[EB/OL].[2012-01-30].http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Publications/FINAL.Doc%209889.1st%20Edition.alltext.en.pdf.
[14]European Aviation Safety Agency.Engine Emission Data Bank[EB/OL].[2016-01-30].http://www.easa.europa.eu/system/files/dfu/edb-emissionsdatabank%20v23%20%28web%29.xlsx.
[15]夏卿.飞机发动机排放对机场大气环境影响评估研究[D].南京:南京航空航天大学,2009.
[16]环境保护部.非道路移动源排放清单编制技术指南[EB/OL].[2014-12-31].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201501/W020150107594587960717.pdf.
[17]International Sustainable Systems Research Center.IVE Model Users Manual[EB/OL].[2008-05-01].http://www.issrc.org/ive/downloads/manuals/Users Manual.pdf.
[18]姚志良,贺克斌,王岐东,等.IVE机动车排放模型应用研究[J].环境科学,2006,27(10):1 928-1 933.YAO Zhiliang,HE Kebin,WANG Qidong,et al.Application Study of IVE Vehicle Emission Model[J].Enviromental Science,2006,27(10):1 928-1 933.
[19]李靖,王敏燕,张健,等.基于Tanks 4.0.9 d模型的石化储罐VOCs排放定量方法研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(12):4 718-4 723.LI Jing,WANG Minyan,ZHANG Jian,et al.Study on the Quantitative Estimation Method for VOCs Emission from Petrochemical Storage Tanks based on Tanks4.0.9 d Model[J].Enviromental Science,2013,34(12):4 718-4 723.
[20]Environmental Protection Agency.User's Manual for TANKS4.0.9d[EB/OL].[1999-09-30].http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/tanks/tank4man.pdf.
[21]Environmental Protection Agency.Emissions Factors&AP-42,Transportation and Organic Liquid Storage Tanks[EB/OL].[2009-10-14].https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/old/ap42/ch07/s01/final/c07s01.pdf.
[22]国家质量监督检验检疫总局.散装液态石油产品损耗:GB 11085-89[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1989.
[23]国家石油和化学工业局.石油库节能设计导则:SH/T 3002-2000[S].北京:中国石化出版社,2000.
[24]Environmental Protection Agency.Emissions Factors&AP-42,Transportation And Marketing Of Petroleum Liquids[EB/OL].[2009-10-14].http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch05/final/c05s02.pdf.
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[26]陆成伟,周来东,邓也,等.基于Models-3的自修正空气质量预报系统及其效果检验[J].中国环境管理,2016,8(2):102-109.LU Chenwei,ZHOU Laidong,DENG Ye,et al.AModels-3 based Self-correcting Air Quality Forecast System and the Estimation[J].Chinses Journal of Environmental Management,2016,8(2):102-109.
[27]郑君瑜,王水胜,黄志炯,等.区域高分辨率大气排放源清单建立的技术方法与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[28]HE M,ZHENG J Y,YIN S S,et al.2011.Trends,Temporal and Spatial Characteristics,and Uncertainties in Biomass Burning Emissions in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(24):4 051-4 059.