比较还是过程:中国当代新闻转型研究的方法论反思
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摘要
二战结束之后,传统的国际媒体比较实证研究具有共同的缺陷:无历史主义与西方中心主义,不能很好解释改革开放后的中国新闻转型。论文将媒体制度看作"移动目标"(moving target),将当代中国新闻职业的演化解读为一种创造性的结果,其生成于新闻从业者、学者和国家行动者在政府管理下的市场机构的话语行动。"新闻专业主义"作为舶来话语,逐渐从水土不服到被接入到本土内生的社会结构里。通过对相关研究方法论的批判,试图说明:转型国家中记者身份想象之所以不够稳定,恰恰是因为社会政治结构内生的动态性。基于这种演化多变的性质,任何企图将新闻价值塞入僵化的类型学的尝试都值得商榷。
Since the end of the Second World War,empirical international comparative media studies are largely embedded in ahistoricalism and western centrism, thus fail to provide convincing interpretation of journalism transformation in hybrid systems such as contemporary China in the age of socialist market reform. This paper understands media institutions in hybrid systems as moving targets. The evolution of journalistic orientation in contemporary China can be interpreted as a creative outcome in the process of journalistic articulations and discursive struggle within the state-regulated market structure among practitioners,scholars and state agents. Professionalism,as an imported discourse from the west,has since been entangled in the internal settings at the core of Chinese society. Through methodological discussions,this article further argues that journalistic identity is not stable especially in hybrid systems whose feature is the very dynamicity and instability of sociopolitical structures. Due to its varying and unstable nature,any attempt to force these ideals into stagnant typologies is open to criticism.
Since the end of the Second World War,empirical international comparative media studies are largely embedded in ahistoricalism and western centrism, thus fail to provide convincing interpretation of journalism transformation in hybrid systems such as contemporary China in the age of socialist market reform. This paper understands media institutions in hybrid systems as moving targets. The evolution of journalistic orientation in contemporary China can be interpreted as a creative outcome in the process of journalistic articulations and discursive struggle within the state-regulated market structure among practitioners,scholars and state agents. Professionalism,as an imported discourse from the west,has since been entangled in the internal settings at the core of Chinese society. Through methodological discussions,this article further argues that journalistic identity is not stable especially in hybrid systems whose feature is the very dynamicity and instability of sociopolitical structures. Due to its varying and unstable nature,any attempt to force these ideals into stagnant typologies is open to criticism.
引文
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(1)Nolan,D.,Rethinking Journalism Culture and Authority:Beyond‘Professionalism’,refereed Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Communications Association Annual Conference,Brisbane,July 8-10,2009,p.662.
(2)Reese,S.D.,“Understanding the Global Journalist:A Hierarchy-of-Influences Approach,”Journalism Studies,vol.2,no.2,2001,pp.173-187.
(2)Roudakova,N.,Comparing Processes:Media,‘Transitions’,and Historical Change.Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World,Cambridge University Press,2012.
(1)Jakubowicz,K.,“Introduction:Media Systems Research:An Overview,”in Jakubowicz K.,Dobek-Ostrowska B.,Gtowacki M.,Jakubowicz K.&Sük9sd M.,eds.,Comparative Media Systems:European and Global Perspectives,2010,p.1.Central European University Press.Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt12821q.5,2017/10/30.
(2)Siebert,F.S.,Peterson,T.&Schramm,W.,Four Theories of the Press:The Authoritarian,Libertarian,Social responsibility,and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do,University of Illinois Press,1956,p.1.
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(6)Huang,C.,“Transitional Media vs.Normative theories:Schramm,Altschull,and China,”Journal of Communication,vol.53,no.3,2003,p.451.
(7)Chang,T.K.,Chen,C.H.&Zhang,G.Q.,“Rethinking the Mass Propaganda Model:Evidence from the Chinese Regional Press,”International Communication Gazette,vol.51,no.3,2004,pp.173-195.
(8)Miller,D.,Market,State,and Community:Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism.Oxford University Press,1990.Lavigne,M.,The Economics of Transition:from Socialist Economy to Market Economy.Macmillan,1995.
(1)Shirk,S.L.,Changing Media,Changing China,Oxford University Press,2011.
(2)Verdery,K.,What Was Socialism,and What Comes Next?Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1996,p.30.
(3)Hadland,A.,“Africanizing Three Models of Media and Politics,”Comparing Media Systems:Beyond the Western World,2012,pp.96-118.
(4)De Albuquerque,A.,“On Models and Margins,”in Hallin,D.C.and Mancini,P.eds.,Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World:Cambridge University Press,2012.
(5)Voltmer,K.,‘How Far Can Media Systems Travel?’,in Hallin,D.C.and Mancini,P.(eds.)Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World,Cambridge University Press,2012,pp.224-245.
(6)Huang,C.,“Transitional Media vs.Normative Theories:Schramm,Altschull,and China,”Journal of Communication,vol.53,no.3,2003,p.455.
(7)Hallin,Daniel C.,and Paolo Mancini,Comparing Media Systems:Three Models of Media and Politics,Cambridge University Press,2004,pp.36-37.
(8)Meng B.and Rantanen T.,Go‘East’!A New Agenda for Comparative Research in Communication,Paper presented at the ICAConference,London,18 June,2013.
(1)Huang,C.,“Transitional Media vs.Normative Theories:Schramm,Altschull,and China,”Journal of Communication,vol.53,no.3,2003,p.455.
(2)Roudakova,N.,Comparing Processes:Media,‘Transitions’,and Historical Change.Comparing Media Systems beyond the Western World,Cambridge University Press,2012.
(3)Huang,C.,“Transitional Media vs.Normative Theories:Schramm,Altschull,and China,”Journal of Communication,vol.53,no.3,2003,p.451.
(4)Lee,C.C.,“The Conception of Chinese Journalists,”Making journalists:Diverse Models,Global Issues,2005,pp.107-124.
(1)Pan,Z.&Chan,J.M.,“Shifting Journalistic Paradigms How China's Journalists Assess‘Media Exemplars’,”.Communication Research,vol.30,no.6,2003,pp.649-682.
(2)陆晔、潘忠党:《成名的想象:社会转型过程中新闻从业者的专业主义话语建构》,《新闻学研究》(台北)2002年春季号(总第71期)。Chan,J.M.,Pan,Z.&Lee,F.L.,“Professional Aspirations and Job Satisfaction:Chinese Journalists at a Time of Change in the Media,”Journalism&Mass Communication Quarterly,vol.81,no.2,2004,pp.254-273.Cao,Y.,“From Communism to Nationalism:China's Press in the Transition of Dominant Ideology,”Global Media Journal,vol.4,no.6,2005,pp.1-23.
(3)Schudson,M.,Discovering the News:A Social History of American Newspapers,Basic Books,1981,pp9-10.
(4)Wilensky,H.L.,“The Professionalization of Everyone?”American Journal of Sociology,1964,pp.137-158.
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