建构失落的精神共和国——怀旧认知图式下《欢乐之家》再解读
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摘要
借助怀旧认知图式,通过分析主人公莉莉·芭特在话语暴力下抗拒现实、疏离现实以及人际归属建构策略的使用,说明《欢乐之家》的怀旧主题及其对华顿的身份意义。作为没落旧贵族,莉莉在上流社会圈内受精英主义和文雅传统的束缚,圈外遭物质主义、实用主义等话语的排斥;为防御这些现实威胁,她采用怀旧策略,通过疏离现实、建构一个理想化的地方,来补偿自我的缺损以及归属感的缺失。
In nostalgic schema theory, this article demonstrates the motif of nostalgia in The House of Mirth and its implications for Edith Wharton's identity construction through analysis of Lily Bart's rejection of reality, detachment from reality and construction of interpersonal belonging under pressure from the discourse violence. It is maintained that as a downward old aristocrat, Lily experiences identity crisis due to her maladjustment to her ingroup elitism and genteel tradition apart from the outgroup discourse such as materialism and utilitarianism so that she unconsciously deploys nostalgic schema to defend against these social threats and compensate for her repressed ideal self and sense of loss by detaching from reality and constructing an idealized republic of the spirit.
In nostalgic schema theory, this article demonstrates the motif of nostalgia in The House of Mirth and its implications for Edith Wharton's identity construction through analysis of Lily Bart's rejection of reality, detachment from reality and construction of interpersonal belonging under pressure from the discourse violence. It is maintained that as a downward old aristocrat, Lily experiences identity crisis due to her maladjustment to her ingroup elitism and genteel tradition apart from the outgroup discourse such as materialism and utilitarianism so that she unconsciously deploys nostalgic schema to defend against these social threats and compensate for her repressed ideal self and sense of loss by detaching from reality and constructing an idealized republic of the spirit.
引文
[1]AUCHINCLOSS L. Edith Wharton:University of Minnesota pamphlets on American writers[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1961:27.
[2] SEDIKIDES C, T WILDSCHUT, D BADEN. Nostalgia:conceptual issues and existential functions[M]//GREENBERG J, S L KOOLE, T PYSZCZYNSKI, ed. Handbook of experimental existential psychology. New York:Guilford, 2004:200-214.
[3] WILSON J L. Remember when’...a consideration of the concept of nostalgia[J]. ETC:a review of general semantics, 1999, 56(3):296-304.
[4] AUGOUSTINOS M, I WALKER. Social cognition:an integrated introduction[M]. London:Sage, 1995:32.
[5] WILDSCHUT T, C SEDIKIDES, J Arndt, et al. Nostalgia:content, triggers, functions[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2006, 91(5):975-993.
[6] BATCHO K I. Nostalgia:the bittersweet history of a psychological concept[J]. History of psychology, 2013,16(3):1–12.
[7] SEDIKIDES C, T WILDSCHUT, C ROUTLEDGE, et al. To nostalgize:mixing memory with affect and desire[J]. Advances in experimental social psychology, 2015,51(1):1–85.
[8] MELTZER G S. Euripides and the poetics of nostalgia[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2006:35.
[9] BOYM S. The future of nostalgia[M]. Introduction. New York:Basic Books, 2001:14.
[10] WOLFF C G. Edith Wharton:Novellas and other writings[M].New York:Library of America, 1990.
[11] WILSON E. The wound and the bow[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1947:160.
[12] STONE D. Edith Wharton seen in full[J]. Sewanee review,2008, 116(1):149-155.
[13] SCANLAN S M.‘Going no place?’foregrounding nostalgia and psychological spaces in Wharton’s The House of Mirth[J].Style, 2010, 44(1-2):207-229.
[14] DAVIS F. Yearning for yesterday:a sociology of nostalgia[M].New York:The Free Press,1979:34.
[15] BISSELL W C. Engaging colonial nostalgia[J]. Cultural anthropology, 2005, 20(2):215-248.
[16] STEWART K. Nostalgia—a polemic[J]. Cultural anthropology,1988, 3(3):227–241.
[17] HALTTUNEN K. A companion to American cultural history[M]. Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2008:183.
[18]戚涛.主流或边缘——场域视野下爱默生超验主义再探[J].外国文学,2013(3):103-111.
[19]伊迪丝·华顿.我的纯真年代:伊迪丝·华顿自传[M].乐欢,译.南京:江苏凤凰文艺出版社,2017.
[20] JAHER F C. Nineteenth-century elites in Boston and New York[J]. Journal of social history, 1972, 6(1):32-77.
[21]马骏.经济、社会变迁与国家治理转型:美国进步时代改革[J].公共管理研究,2008(6):3-43.
[22] LEARS J. Rebirth of a nation:the making of modern America,1877-1920[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers, 2009:56.
[23]伊迪斯·华顿.欢乐之家[M].王小可,译.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2012.
[24] NEGRO J L. The passion imperative:marriage and self in Edith Wharton’s“Summer”,“The House of Mirth”, and“The Age of Innocence”[D]. New Haven:Southern Connecticut State University, 2013:29.
[25] WHARTON E. The uncollected critical writings of Edith Wharton[M]. New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1996:155.
[26] SINGLEY C J. Edith Wharton:Matters of mind and spirit[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 1998:68.
[27] WILDSCHUT T, C SEDIKIDES, C ROUTLEDGE, et al.“Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness:the role of attachment-related avoidance”[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2010, 98(4):573–586.
[28]埃里希·弗罗姆.逃避自由[M].刘林海,译.北京:国际文化出版公司,2002:193.
[29]卡伦·霍妮.我们内心的冲突[M].王作虹,译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1990:21-22.
[30]邓芳宁.“生活在别处”——论70后小说的“逃离”母题[J].扬子江评论,2018,71(4):91-97.
[31] ADEN R. Nostalgia communication as temporal escape:when it was a game’s reconstruction of a baseball/work community[J].Western journal of communication, 59(1),1995:20-38.
[32] AKHTER F. The net of nostalgia:class, culture, and political alienation and nostalgia in contemporary Latino and South Asian American literature[D].Fayetteville:University of Arkansas. 2017:18.
[33] PAPKE M E. Verging on the abyss:social fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton[M]. New York:Greenwood Press, 1990:123.
[34] FARWELL T M. The republic of the spirit:Eros and Thanatos in the works of Edith Wharton[M]. Tucson:Arizona State University, 2004:42.
[35] GOODWYN J. Edith Wharton:traveller in the land of letters[M]. New York:St. Martin’s Press. 1990:56.
[36] LEWIS R W B. Edith Wharton:a biography[M]. New York:Harper Collins, 1975.
[37] WOLFF C G. A feast of words:the triumph of Edith Wharton[M]. Reading, New York:Oxford University Press, 1977:51.
[38] WHARTON E. A backward glance[M].New York:D. AppletonCentury Co., Inc., 1934:75.
[39] GOODMAN S. Edith Wharton’s inner circle[M]. Austin:U of Texas Press, 1994:104.
[2] SEDIKIDES C, T WILDSCHUT, D BADEN. Nostalgia:conceptual issues and existential functions[M]//GREENBERG J, S L KOOLE, T PYSZCZYNSKI, ed. Handbook of experimental existential psychology. New York:Guilford, 2004:200-214.
[3] WILSON J L. Remember when’...a consideration of the concept of nostalgia[J]. ETC:a review of general semantics, 1999, 56(3):296-304.
[4] AUGOUSTINOS M, I WALKER. Social cognition:an integrated introduction[M]. London:Sage, 1995:32.
[5] WILDSCHUT T, C SEDIKIDES, J Arndt, et al. Nostalgia:content, triggers, functions[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2006, 91(5):975-993.
[6] BATCHO K I. Nostalgia:the bittersweet history of a psychological concept[J]. History of psychology, 2013,16(3):1–12.
[7] SEDIKIDES C, T WILDSCHUT, C ROUTLEDGE, et al. To nostalgize:mixing memory with affect and desire[J]. Advances in experimental social psychology, 2015,51(1):1–85.
[8] MELTZER G S. Euripides and the poetics of nostalgia[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2006:35.
[9] BOYM S. The future of nostalgia[M]. Introduction. New York:Basic Books, 2001:14.
[10] WOLFF C G. Edith Wharton:Novellas and other writings[M].New York:Library of America, 1990.
[11] WILSON E. The wound and the bow[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1947:160.
[12] STONE D. Edith Wharton seen in full[J]. Sewanee review,2008, 116(1):149-155.
[13] SCANLAN S M.‘Going no place?’foregrounding nostalgia and psychological spaces in Wharton’s The House of Mirth[J].Style, 2010, 44(1-2):207-229.
[14] DAVIS F. Yearning for yesterday:a sociology of nostalgia[M].New York:The Free Press,1979:34.
[15] BISSELL W C. Engaging colonial nostalgia[J]. Cultural anthropology, 2005, 20(2):215-248.
[16] STEWART K. Nostalgia—a polemic[J]. Cultural anthropology,1988, 3(3):227–241.
[17] HALTTUNEN K. A companion to American cultural history[M]. Oxford:Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2008:183.
[18]戚涛.主流或边缘——场域视野下爱默生超验主义再探[J].外国文学,2013(3):103-111.
[19]伊迪丝·华顿.我的纯真年代:伊迪丝·华顿自传[M].乐欢,译.南京:江苏凤凰文艺出版社,2017.
[20] JAHER F C. Nineteenth-century elites in Boston and New York[J]. Journal of social history, 1972, 6(1):32-77.
[21]马骏.经济、社会变迁与国家治理转型:美国进步时代改革[J].公共管理研究,2008(6):3-43.
[22] LEARS J. Rebirth of a nation:the making of modern America,1877-1920[M]. New York:Harper Collins Publishers, 2009:56.
[23]伊迪斯·华顿.欢乐之家[M].王小可,译.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2012.
[24] NEGRO J L. The passion imperative:marriage and self in Edith Wharton’s“Summer”,“The House of Mirth”, and“The Age of Innocence”[D]. New Haven:Southern Connecticut State University, 2013:29.
[25] WHARTON E. The uncollected critical writings of Edith Wharton[M]. New Jersey:Princeton University Press, 1996:155.
[26] SINGLEY C J. Edith Wharton:Matters of mind and spirit[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 1998:68.
[27] WILDSCHUT T, C SEDIKIDES, C ROUTLEDGE, et al.“Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness:the role of attachment-related avoidance”[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2010, 98(4):573–586.
[28]埃里希·弗罗姆.逃避自由[M].刘林海,译.北京:国际文化出版公司,2002:193.
[29]卡伦·霍妮.我们内心的冲突[M].王作虹,译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1990:21-22.
[30]邓芳宁.“生活在别处”——论70后小说的“逃离”母题[J].扬子江评论,2018,71(4):91-97.
[31] ADEN R. Nostalgia communication as temporal escape:when it was a game’s reconstruction of a baseball/work community[J].Western journal of communication, 59(1),1995:20-38.
[32] AKHTER F. The net of nostalgia:class, culture, and political alienation and nostalgia in contemporary Latino and South Asian American literature[D].Fayetteville:University of Arkansas. 2017:18.
[33] PAPKE M E. Verging on the abyss:social fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton[M]. New York:Greenwood Press, 1990:123.
[34] FARWELL T M. The republic of the spirit:Eros and Thanatos in the works of Edith Wharton[M]. Tucson:Arizona State University, 2004:42.
[35] GOODWYN J. Edith Wharton:traveller in the land of letters[M]. New York:St. Martin’s Press. 1990:56.
[36] LEWIS R W B. Edith Wharton:a biography[M]. New York:Harper Collins, 1975.
[37] WOLFF C G. A feast of words:the triumph of Edith Wharton[M]. Reading, New York:Oxford University Press, 1977:51.
[38] WHARTON E. A backward glance[M].New York:D. AppletonCentury Co., Inc., 1934:75.
[39] GOODMAN S. Edith Wharton’s inner circle[M]. Austin:U of Texas Press, 1994:104.