季节性冻土区灌溉管道排空防冻模式设计
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摘要
为了避免灌溉管道浅埋时管内水体冻胀造成的管道损坏问题,该文提出了可用于季节性冻土区的管道排空防冻模式。根据理论分析和典型设计确定了排空方式、压缩机的类型和工作压力、管道排气容量、管道排空时间和压缩机的覆盖面积。并进行了大田试验测试管道排空时间和管道越冬时的温度。管道排空时间的大田试验结果表明,实测管道排空时间均小于管道排空时间计算值,证明管道排空模式中管道排空时间计算公式有效;管道排空后的温度监测表明,在管道埋深为80 cm时,越冬期间,管沟是否换填对管道内的温度影响不显著,同期温度差值介于0.8～1.23℃之间,管内最低温度为-3.66℃,越冬后管道均没有损坏,表明管道浅埋排空防冻模式的防冻效果良好。
In order to meet the anti-freeze requirements, traditional irrigation pipelines generally are laid below the ground frozen layer in seasonal frozen region. Although the deep-buried mode of the pipeline solved the freezing problem of pipelines, it has increased investment in irrigation projects and prolonged construction schedules, affecting the development of water-saving irrigation projects relying on ground water. Since irrigation was suspended during the winter, which provided the possibility that irrigation pipelines could be buried in the frozen ground. In order to solve the problem of pipelines damage, we proposed an anti-freeze mode for irrigation pipelines based on evacuation. First the emptying mode of pipelines and version of air compressors were recommended through analysis and comparisons. Because of the limited volume of irrigation pipelines, micro reciprocating piston compressor was recommended. Working pressure, rated discharge capacity of air compressors were 0.4 MPa and 2.5 m3/min, respectively. The laying out of pipelines was obtained according to similar designing rules. The pipeline distribution, length, diameter, as well as the volume of typical plots with different length to width ratios and areas were estimated through a series of design and calculation. The pipeline capacity increased along with the length to width ratio as well as the plot area. The dimensionless pipeline volume formula was obtained based on calculations and regression analysis. A mode of working-suspending-working was introduced into water drainage of pipelines. We estimated the working time of an air compressor by the pipeline volume and discharge capacity of air compressor, and the suspending time was set according to experiences. After that draining time of all typical plots was calculated and the time per area for the plots of 6.67 hm2 was longer than any others. The covering area of the recommended air compressor was suggested to be 266 hm2 under the conditions of 8 hours per day in a weekly working period. We conducted field experiment in Heilongjiang province in order to verify the effect of the emptying mode of pipelines. With the impact of carrying machinery, reducing the potential investment and the need for pipe insulation, the burial depth of pipelines was selected to be 80 cm. Frost heaving and thaw settlement is another key factor in the seasonal frozen earth region. When the pipe was buried in the ground frozen layer, it was necessary to carry out the pipe trench filling. Replacement by non-frost materials was a common and effective measure. We set up 3 types of pipeline ditches backfilling conditions including original soil, medium sand, slag. We dynamic monitored the temperature in pipelines from November 2017 to March 2018. The result showed that the calculated drainage time could meet the need of pipeline emptying. The temperatures fell first and then increased slowly and the lowest temperature was –3.66, –2.62 and –3.22 ℃ in the ditches with backfilling with original soil, slag and medium sand. When the burying depth of pipelines was 80 cm, the temperature differences in the pipelines were not obvious, which varies from 0.8 to 1.23 ℃, under the three condition. Using original soil or non-frost materials(such as sand and slag, etc.) for replacement and backfilling, the pipelines would be safe if the forced draining and evacuation mode is used through an air compressor.
In order to meet the anti-freeze requirements, traditional irrigation pipelines generally are laid below the ground frozen layer in seasonal frozen region. Although the deep-buried mode of the pipeline solved the freezing problem of pipelines, it has increased investment in irrigation projects and prolonged construction schedules, affecting the development of water-saving irrigation projects relying on ground water. Since irrigation was suspended during the winter, which provided the possibility that irrigation pipelines could be buried in the frozen ground. In order to solve the problem of pipelines damage, we proposed an anti-freeze mode for irrigation pipelines based on evacuation. First the emptying mode of pipelines and version of air compressors were recommended through analysis and comparisons. Because of the limited volume of irrigation pipelines, micro reciprocating piston compressor was recommended. Working pressure, rated discharge capacity of air compressors were 0.4 MPa and 2.5 m3/min, respectively. The laying out of pipelines was obtained according to similar designing rules. The pipeline distribution, length, diameter, as well as the volume of typical plots with different length to width ratios and areas were estimated through a series of design and calculation. The pipeline capacity increased along with the length to width ratio as well as the plot area. The dimensionless pipeline volume formula was obtained based on calculations and regression analysis. A mode of working-suspending-working was introduced into water drainage of pipelines. We estimated the working time of an air compressor by the pipeline volume and discharge capacity of air compressor, and the suspending time was set according to experiences. After that draining time of all typical plots was calculated and the time per area for the plots of 6.67 hm2 was longer than any others. The covering area of the recommended air compressor was suggested to be 266 hm2 under the conditions of 8 hours per day in a weekly working period. We conducted field experiment in Heilongjiang province in order to verify the effect of the emptying mode of pipelines. With the impact of carrying machinery, reducing the potential investment and the need for pipe insulation, the burial depth of pipelines was selected to be 80 cm. Frost heaving and thaw settlement is another key factor in the seasonal frozen earth region. When the pipe was buried in the ground frozen layer, it was necessary to carry out the pipe trench filling. Replacement by non-frost materials was a common and effective measure. We set up 3 types of pipeline ditches backfilling conditions including original soil, medium sand, slag. We dynamic monitored the temperature in pipelines from November 2017 to March 2018. The result showed that the calculated drainage time could meet the need of pipeline emptying. The temperatures fell first and then increased slowly and the lowest temperature was –3.66, –2.62 and –3.22 ℃ in the ditches with backfilling with original soil, slag and medium sand. When the burying depth of pipelines was 80 cm, the temperature differences in the pipelines were not obvious, which varies from 0.8 to 1.23 ℃, under the three condition. Using original soil or non-frost materials(such as sand and slag, etc.) for replacement and backfilling, the pipelines would be safe if the forced draining and evacuation mode is used through an air compressor.
引文
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[28]严晗,王天亮,刘建坤.粉砂土反复冻胀融沉特性试验研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(11):3159-3165.Yan Han,Wang Tianliang,Liu Jiankun.Experimental study of repeated frost heave and thaw settlement properties of silty sand[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(11):3159-3165.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[2]赵代鹏,王世梅,谈云志,等.库水升降作用下浮托减重型滑坡稳定性研究[J].岩土力学,2013,34(4):1017-1024.Zhao Daipeng,Wang Shimei,Tan Yunzhi,et al.Stability studies of buoyancy weight loss landslides under reservoir water level fluctuation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(4):1017-1024.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]戴佳琦.寒区村镇饮用水输配管道的保温防冻分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.Dai Jiaqi.Research on the Insulation of the Pipeline in Cold Area[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王炎.东北村镇地区间歇供水模式下给水管道浅埋保温技术研究[D].长春:吉林建筑大学,2015.Wang Yan.The Research of Shallow Buried Insulation Technology of Water Supply Pipe under Intermittent Water Supply System in Northeast Rural Places[D].Changchun:Jilin Jianzhu University.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]白莉,王炎.大庆地区给水管道合理埋深的数值研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014(5):28-31.Bai Li,Wang Yan.Numerical investigation of optimal buried depth of water supply pipe in Daqing region[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2014(5):28-31.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]白静,谢崇宝,高虹,等.东北地区灌溉管道的浅埋技术研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2016(11):135-138.Bai Jing,Xie Chongbao,Gao Hong,et al.Research on the technology of irrigation pipeline buried in a shallow layer of northeast China[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2016(11):135-138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]赵薇娜.塑料压力管道破坏机理的损伤力学研究及其数值模拟[D].成都:四川大学,2007.Zhao Weina.Study and Numerical Simulation of Fracture Mechanics in Plastic Pressure Pipes by Damage Mechanics[D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]陈宝明,陈若霆,王秀花.寒冷地区低压输水灌溉管道的适宜埋深[J].水利水电技术,1994(7):47-52.
[9]郭新禧.晋北地区PE塑料管道浅埋试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,1998(2):35-36.
[10]解放庆,白小丹,郭新禧.晋北高寒地区PE塑料灌溉管道浅埋方法[J].山西水利,1998(1):24-26.
[11]张科亮.寒区地下输水管道合理埋置深度的研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2013.Zhang Keliang.The Research for Rational Burying Depth of Underground Water Pipeline in Cold Region[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Christ M,Park J B,Hong S S.Laboratory observation of the response of a buried pipeline to freezing rubber-sand backfill[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2010,22(9):943-950.
[13]管岫峰,刘建军,李伟.季节性冻土区给水管道周围温度场与埋深的数值模拟及分析[J].石河子大学学报(自科版),2015,33(3):362-367.Guan Xiufeng,Liu Jianjun,Li Wei.Numeric simulation and analysis of temperature field and burying depth of underground water pipeline in seasonal Frozen area[J].Journal of Shihezi University(Natural Science),2015,33(3):362-367.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]管岫峰.季节性冻土区市政给水管道合理埋置深度研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2015.Guan Xiufeng.Research for Rational Burying Depth of Underground Water Supply Pipeline in Seasonal Region[D].Shihezi:Shihezi University,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]林名桢,李传宪,杨飞.管道埋深对稳定运行热油管道热力特性的影响[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2008,21(3):63-67.Lin Mingzhen,Li Chuanxian,Yang Fei.Effect of buried depth on thermodynamic properties of hot oil pipeline in steady operation[J].Journal of Petrochemical Universities,2008,21(3):63-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Song Weon Keun.Thermal transfer analysis of a freezing soil medium with an embedded pipeline[J].Journal of Cold Regions Engineering,2006,20(1):20-36.
[17]刘家春.水泵与水泵站[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[18]徐少明.空气压缩机实用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1994.
[19]GB/T 13928-2002.微型往复活塞空气压缩机[S].
[20]中华人民共和国水利部.东北四省区节水增粮行动高效节水灌溉项目实施方案[R],2011.
[21]水利部农村水利司.节水灌溉工程实用手册[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[22]钱焕群,胡志华,王跃社,等.水平管气液两相间歇流含气率研究[J].应用力学学报,2003,20(1):114-117.Qian Huanqun,Hu Zhihua,Wang Yueshe,et al.Study of liquid slug void fraction for gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipe[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics,2003,20(1):114-117.
[23]中国灌溉排水发展中心.节水灌溉工程管理手册[R],2015.
[24]齐吉琳,马巍.冻土的力学性质及研究现状[J].岩土力学,2011,31(1):133-143.Qi Jilin,Ma Wei.State-of-art of research on mechanical properties of frozen soils[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,31(1):133-143.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]何平,程国栋,杨成松,等.冻土融沉系数的评价方法[J].冰川冻土,2013,25(6):608-613.He Ping,Cheng Guodong,Yang Chengsong,et al.The evaluation of thawing-settlement coefficient of frozen soil[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,25(6):608-613.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]杨凤学,张喜发,冷毅飞,等.冻土融化体积压缩系数的经验确定方法[J].岩土力学,2011,32(11):432-436.Yang Fengxue,Zhang Xifa,Leng Yifei,et al.Empirical method for determining thawing volume compression coefficient of frozen soil[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(11):432-436.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]冷毅飞,张喜发,张冬青.季节冻土区公路路基细粒土冻胀敏感性研究[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(2):211-216.Leng Yifei,Zhang Xifa,Zhang Dongqing.Study of frost heaving susceptibility of fine-grain soil of high way subgrade in seasonally frozen ground regions[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(2):211-216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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