核能综合利用研究现状与展望
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摘要
核能是满足能源供应、保证国家安全的重要支柱之一。核能发电在技术成熟性、经济性、可持续性等方面具有很大的优势,同时相较于水电、光电、风电具有无间歇性、受自然条件约束少等优点,是可以大规模替代化石能源的清洁能源。目前核能主要用于发电,只有少数反应堆应用于核能供热和海水淡化。随着技术的发展,尤其是第四代核能系统技术逐渐成熟和应用,核能有望超脱出仅仅提供电力的角色。文章围绕核能的综合利用,从高效发电、核能制氢、海水淡化、核能供热和高温工艺热利用的角度,分别阐述了核能综合利用现状以及未来发展趋势,最后展望了核能在未来构建多能融合的复合能源系统中的重要作用。
Nuclear energy is essential for energy supply and national security. Compared with hydropower, optoelectronics, and wind power, as the clean energy replacing fossil fuels in the future, nuclear power takes great advantage in technology maturity, economical efficiency, as well as sustainability and natural environment flexibility. Come so far, except for a few reactors used for district heating and seawater desalination, nuclear energy is mainly used for power generation. With the development of technology, especially the gradually matured and applied fourth-generation nuclear energy system, nuclear energy is expected for a comprehensive utilization in different areas. This paper elaborates the current status and future development trend of nuclear energy utilization from the highefficient power generation, high-temperature steam electrolysis, water desalination, district heating, and high-temperature industry process. Finally, it is expected that in the near future nuclear energy will occupy an important position in the hybrid-energy system.
Nuclear energy is essential for energy supply and national security. Compared with hydropower, optoelectronics, and wind power, as the clean energy replacing fossil fuels in the future, nuclear power takes great advantage in technology maturity, economical efficiency, as well as sustainability and natural environment flexibility. Come so far, except for a few reactors used for district heating and seawater desalination, nuclear energy is mainly used for power generation. With the development of technology, especially the gradually matured and applied fourth-generation nuclear energy system, nuclear energy is expected for a comprehensive utilization in different areas. This paper elaborates the current status and future development trend of nuclear energy utilization from the highefficient power generation, high-temperature steam electrolysis, water desalination, district heating, and high-temperature industry process. Finally, it is expected that in the near future nuclear energy will occupy an important position in the hybrid-energy system.
引文
1 IEA.Electricity Statistics.[2019-04-03].https://www.iea.org/statistics/electricity/.
2 IAEA.The database on nuclear power reactors.[2019-04-02].https://pris.iaea.org/pris/.
3中国核能行业协会.2018年1-12月全国核电运行情况.[2019-01-28].http://www.china-nea.cn/site/content/35592.html.
4 IAEA.Non-electric applications of nuclear power:Seawater desalination,hydrogen production and other industrial applications.Oarai:IAEA,2007.
5 Generation IV International Forum.Generation IV Systems.[2013-09-23].https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_59461/generation-iv-systems.
6江绵恒,徐洪杰,戴志敏.未来先进核裂变能--TMSR核能系统.中国科学院院刊,2012,27(3):366-374.
7陈硕翼,朱卫东,张丽,等.先进超超临界发电技术发展现状与趋势.科技中国,2018,(9):14-17.
8 Weisbrodt I A.Summary report on technical experiences from high-temperature helium turbomachinery testing in Germany.Beijing:IAEA,1996.
9高峰,孙嵘,刘水根.二氧化碳发电前沿技术发展简述.海军工程大学学报(综合版),2015,12(4):92-96.
10 International Atomic Energy Agency.Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy.Vienna:IAEA,2013.
11 Yan X L,Hino R.Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2018.
12清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院.高温气冷堆制氢关键技术研究达到预期技术目标.[2014-10-15]http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/inet/4019/2014/20141015153148648930933/20141015153148648930933_.html.
13 Fang Z,Smith R L,Qi X H.Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources.Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2015.
14 Naterer G F,Dincer I,Zamfirescu C.Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy.London:Springer-Verlag,2013.
15 Maskalick N J.High temperature electrolysis cell performance characterization.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1986,11(9):563-570.
16 Herring J S,O’Brien J E,Stoots C M,et al.Progress in hightemperature electrolysis for hydrogen production using planar SOFC technology.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2007,32(4):440-450.
17 Stoots C,O’Brien J,Hartvigsen J.Results of recent high temperature coelectrolysis studies at the Idaho National Laboratory.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2009,34(9):4208-4215.
18 IAEA.Economics of nuclear desalination:New developments and site specific studies,[2007-07-01].https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf.
19 IAEA.New Technologies for Seawater Desalination Using Nuclear Energy.Vienna:IAEA,2015.
20陈微,张立君.海水淡化技术在国内外核电站的应用.水处理技术,2018,44(11):133-137.
21田嘉夫,杨富.城市采暖用低温核供热站的参数规模及经济性.区域供热,1991,(2):36-39.
22 IAEA.Advances in Nuclear Power Process Heat Applications.Vienna:IAEA,2012.
(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_reactor; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power#cite_ref-256.
2 IAEA.The database on nuclear power reactors.[2019-04-02].https://pris.iaea.org/pris/.
3中国核能行业协会.2018年1-12月全国核电运行情况.[2019-01-28].http://www.china-nea.cn/site/content/35592.html.
4 IAEA.Non-electric applications of nuclear power:Seawater desalination,hydrogen production and other industrial applications.Oarai:IAEA,2007.
5 Generation IV International Forum.Generation IV Systems.[2013-09-23].https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_59461/generation-iv-systems.
6江绵恒,徐洪杰,戴志敏.未来先进核裂变能--TMSR核能系统.中国科学院院刊,2012,27(3):366-374.
7陈硕翼,朱卫东,张丽,等.先进超超临界发电技术发展现状与趋势.科技中国,2018,(9):14-17.
8 Weisbrodt I A.Summary report on technical experiences from high-temperature helium turbomachinery testing in Germany.Beijing:IAEA,1996.
9高峰,孙嵘,刘水根.二氧化碳发电前沿技术发展简述.海军工程大学学报(综合版),2015,12(4):92-96.
10 International Atomic Energy Agency.Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy.Vienna:IAEA,2013.
11 Yan X L,Hino R.Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2018.
12清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院.高温气冷堆制氢关键技术研究达到预期技术目标.[2014-10-15]http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/inet/4019/2014/20141015153148648930933/20141015153148648930933_.html.
13 Fang Z,Smith R L,Qi X H.Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources.Berlin:Springer Netherlands,2015.
14 Naterer G F,Dincer I,Zamfirescu C.Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy.London:Springer-Verlag,2013.
15 Maskalick N J.High temperature electrolysis cell performance characterization.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1986,11(9):563-570.
16 Herring J S,O’Brien J E,Stoots C M,et al.Progress in hightemperature electrolysis for hydrogen production using planar SOFC technology.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2007,32(4):440-450.
17 Stoots C,O’Brien J,Hartvigsen J.Results of recent high temperature coelectrolysis studies at the Idaho National Laboratory.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2009,34(9):4208-4215.
18 IAEA.Economics of nuclear desalination:New developments and site specific studies,[2007-07-01].https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1561_web.pdf.
19 IAEA.New Technologies for Seawater Desalination Using Nuclear Energy.Vienna:IAEA,2015.
20陈微,张立君.海水淡化技术在国内外核电站的应用.水处理技术,2018,44(11):133-137.
21田嘉夫,杨富.城市采暖用低温核供热站的参数规模及经济性.区域供热,1991,(2):36-39.
22 IAEA.Advances in Nuclear Power Process Heat Applications.Vienna:IAEA,2012.
(1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_reactor; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power#cite_ref-256.