活性材料覆盖法修复HOCs污染沉积物研究进展
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摘要
活性材料覆盖法已经被证明具有修复沉积物疏水性有机化合物(HOCs)的潜力。活性材料覆盖法利用活性材料的强吸附能力降低了HOCs生物可利用性,与此同时活性覆盖层有效地阻止沉积物中HOCs向上层水体扩散。然而,活性材料覆盖层可能会对沉积物中的底栖群落(微生物和无脊椎动物)的结构和生理功能造成不利的影响。该文从修复机制、材料选择、工程参数及对底栖群落的影响等方面对覆盖法进行综述,并指出活性材料覆盖法未来的研究方向可着眼于活性材料的生物亲和力、功能多样性和环境友好性。
The capping approach by active material has shown potential on sediment remediation for hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs). The active materials with high adsorption capacity can reduce the bioavailability of HOCs, meanwhile,the active material caps block the diffusion of HOCs from sediment to the upper water. However, the active material caps may adversely affect the structure and physiological functions of benthic communities(microbe and invertebrate). The remediation mechanism of capping approach including material selection, engineering parameters and its influence on benthic communities were reviewed. Furthermore, it described future improvements of active materials with emphasis on biological affinity, functional diversity and environmental friendliness.
The capping approach by active material has shown potential on sediment remediation for hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs). The active materials with high adsorption capacity can reduce the bioavailability of HOCs, meanwhile,the active material caps block the diffusion of HOCs from sediment to the upper water. However, the active material caps may adversely affect the structure and physiological functions of benthic communities(microbe and invertebrate). The remediation mechanism of capping approach including material selection, engineering parameters and its influence on benthic communities were reviewed. Furthermore, it described future improvements of active materials with emphasis on biological affinity, functional diversity and environmental friendliness.
引文
[1]Cui X,Philipp M,Gan J.Methods to assess bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants:principles,operations,and limitations[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,172(1):223-234.
[2]Zhang H,Kelly BC.Sorption and bioaccumulation behavior of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in a tropical marine food web[J].Chemosphere,2018,199:44-53.
[3]Semple KT,Morriss AWJ,Paton GI.Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils:fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2010,54(4):809-818.
[4]Luthy RG,Aiken GR,Brusseau ML,et al.Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1997,31(12):3341-3347.
[5]Zhang Y,Guo CS,Xu J,et al.Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake,China:comparison of three receptor models[J].Water Research,2012,46(9):3065-3073.
[6]Xu J,Yu Y,Wang P,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River,China[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(7):1408-1414.
[7]Luo XJ,Chen SJ,Mai BX,et al.Distribution,source apportionment,and transport of PAHs in sediments from the Pearl River Delta and the Northern South China Sea[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008,55(1):11-20.
[8]Palermo MR.Design considerations for in-situ capping of contaminated sediments[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6):315-321.
[9]Luke B,Eduardo MJ,Gomez-Eyles JL.Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility,bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(6):2282-2287.
[10]Fang G D,Gao J,Liu C,et al.Key role of persistent free radicals in hydrogen peroxide activation by biochar:implications to organic contaminant degradation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(3):1902-1910.
[11]Fang G D,Lin C,Gao J,et al.Manipulation of persistent free radicals in biochar to activate persulfate for contaminant degradation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(9):5645-5653.
[12]Wang Y,Wang YJ,Wang L,et al.Reducing the bioavailability of PCBs in soil to plant by biochars assessed with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane technique[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,174(5):250-256.
[13]Choi H,Agarwal S,Al-Abed SR.Adsorption and simultaneous dechlorination of PCBs on GAC/Fe/Pd:mechanistic aspects and reactive capping barrier concept[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(2):488-493.
[14]Liu T,Wang H,Zhang Z,et al.Application of synthetic iron-oxide coated zeolite for the pollution control of river sediments[J].Chemosphere,2017,180:160-168.
[15]Ding S,Chen M,Cui J,et al.Reactivation of phosphorus in sediments after calcium-rich mineral capping:implication for revising the laboratory testing scheme for immobilization efficiency[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,331:720-728.
[16]Liu C,Jay JA,Ford TE.Evaluation of environmental effects on metal transport from capped contaminated sediment under conditions of submarine groundwater discharge[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35(22):4549-4555.
[17]Liu C,Jay JA,Ika R,et al.Capping efficiency for metalcontaminated marine sediment under conditions of submarine groundwater discharge[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35(11):2334-2340.
[18]Viana PZ,Yin K,Rockne KJ.Modeling active capping efficacy.1.metal and organometal contaminated sediment remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(23):8922-8929.
[19]Wang Z,Han L,Sun K,et al.Sorption of four hydrophobic organic contaminants by biochars derived from maize straw,wood dust and swine manure at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:285-291.
[20]Sun X L,Ghosh Upal.PCB bioavailability control in Lumbriculus variegatus through different modes of activated carbon addition to sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(13):4774-80.
[21]David W,Higgins CP,Luthy RG.The sequestration of PCBs in Lake Hartwell sediment with activated carbon[J].Water Research,2005,39(10):2105-2113.
[22]Hyeok C,Shirish A,Al-Abed SR.Adsorption and simultaneous dechlorination of PCBs on GAC/Fe/Pd:mechanistic aspects and reactive capping barrier concept[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(2):488-493.
[23]Payne RB,Ghosh U,May HD,et al.Mesocosm studies on the efficacy of bioamended activated carbon for treating PCB-impacted sediment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(18):10691-10699.
[24]Chen J,Wang C,Pan Y,et al.Biochar accelerates microbial reductive debromination of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47)in anaerobic mangrove sediments[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,341:177-186.
[25]Yang X,Chen Z,Wu Q,et al.Enhanced phenanthrene degradation in river sediments using a combination of biochar and nitrate[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,619/620:600-605.
[26]Silvani L,Di Palma PR,Riccardi C,et al.Use of biochar as alternative sorbent for the active capping of oil contaminated sediments[J].Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2017,5(5):5241-5249.
[27]Thompson KA,Shimabuku KK,Kearns JP,et al.Environmental comparison of biochar and activated carbon for tertiary wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(20):11253-11262.
[28]Sower GJ,Anderson KA.Spatial and temporal variation of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban river undergoing superfund remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(24):9065-9071.
[29]Cornelissen G,Krusa ME,Breedveld GD,et al.Remediation of contaminated marine sediment using thin-layer capping with activated carbon:a field experiment in Trondheim harbor,Norway[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(14):6110-6116.
[30]Keshavarzifard M,Moore F,Keshavarzi B,et al.Distribution,source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in intertidal sediment of Asaluyeh,Persian Gulf[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2017,40(2):721-735.
[31]Hassan HM,Castillo AB,Yigiterhan O,et al.Baseline concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Qatar marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,126:58-62.
[32]Sun D,Tang J,He Y,et al.Sources,distributions,and burial efficiency of terrigenous organic matter in surface sediments from the Yellow River mouth,northeast China[J].Organic Geochemistry,2017,118:89-102.
[33]Ma J,Liu H,Tong L,et al.Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in the soil-sediment profile of Jianghan Oil Field,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(15):13344-13351.
[34]Himmelheber DW,Thomas SH,L?Ffler FE,et al.Microbial colonization of an in situ sediment cap and correlation to stratified redox zones[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(1):66-74.
[35]Huang YJ,Lee CL,Fang MD.Distribution and source differentiation of PAHs and PCBs among size and density fractions in contaminated harbor sediment particles and their implications in toxicological assessment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(2):432-439.
[36]Wu CC,Bao LJ,Tao S,et al.Mediated distribution pattern of organic compounds in estuarine sediment by anthropogenic debris[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:132-139.
[37]Saison C,Perrin-Ganier C,Amellal S,et al.Effect of metals on the adsorption and extractability of 14C-phenanthrene in soils[J].Chemosphere,2004,55(3):477-485.
[38]Gidley PT,Kwon S,Yakirevich A,et al.Advection dominated transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in amended sediment caps[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(9):5032-5039.
[39]Josefsson S,Schaanning M,Samuelsson GS,et al.Capping efficiency of various carbonaceous and mineral materials for in situ remediation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminated marine sediments:sediment-to-water fluxes and bioaccumulation in boxcosm tests[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(6):3343-3351.
[40]Kang S,Jung J,Choe JK,et al.Effect of biochar particle size on hydrophobic organic compound sorption kinetics:applicability of using representative size[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619/620:410-418.
[41]Kupryianchyk D,Noori A,Rakowska MI,et al.Bioturbation and dissolved organic matter enhance contaminant fluxes from sediment treated with powdered and granular activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47(10):5092-5100.
[42]Zhang J,You J,Li H,et al.Particle-scale understanding of cypermethrin in sediment:desorption,bioavailability,and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrate Lumbriculus variegatus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:638-645.
[43]Ping L,Luo Y.Phenanthrene adsorption on soils from the Yangtze River Delta region under different pH and temperature conditions[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2018:1-8.
[44]Ran W,Ni J,Chen W,et al.Variation in soil aggregate-size distribution affects the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in long-term field-contaminated soils[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2017,24(28):22332-22339.
[45]Lin D,Cho YM,Werner D,et al.Bioturbation delays attenuation of DDT by clean sediment cap but promotes sequestration by thin-layered activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(2):1175-1183.
[46]Samuelsson GS,Raymond C,Agrenius S,et al.Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords,Norway[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(16):14218-14233.
[47]Olsen M,Moy FE,Mjelde M,et al.An in situ experimental study of effects on submerged vegetation after activated carbon amendment of legacy contaminated sediments[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2018,229(8):263.
[48]Zheng H,Liu X,Liu G,et al.Comparison of the ecotoxicological effects of biochar and activated carbon on a marine clam(Meretrix meretrix)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,180:252-262.
[49]Kupryianchyk D,Reichman EP,Rakowska MI,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of activated carbon amendments on macroinvertebrates in nonpolluted and polluted sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(19):8567-8574.
[50]Lillicrap A,Schaanning M,Macken A.Assessment of the direct effects of biogenic and petrogenic activated carbon on benthic organisms[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(6):3705-3710.
[51]McLeod PB,Luoma SN,Luthy RG.Biodynamic modeling of PCB uptake by Macoma balthica and Corbicula fluminea from sediment amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(2):484-490.
[52]McLeod PB,den MJv,Heuvel-Greve,et al.Biological uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls by Macoma balthica from sediment amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(5):980-987.
[53]Millward RN,Bridges TS,Ghosh U,et al.Addition of activated carbon to sediments to reduce PCB bioaccumulation by a polychaete(Neanthes arenaceodentata)and an amphipod(Leptocheirus plumulosus)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(8):2880-2887.
[54]Nybom I,Werner D,Leppanen MT,et al.Responses of Lumbriculus variegatus to activated carbon amendments in uncontaminated sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(23):12895-12903.
[55]Sanders JP,Andrade NA,Menzie CA,et al.Persistent reductions in the bioavailability of PCBs at a tidally inundated Phragmites australis marsh amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37(9).
[56]Janssen EM,Beckingham BA.Biological responses to activated carbon amendments in sediment remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47(14):7595-7607.
[57]Jonker MTO,Suijkerbuijk MPW,Schmitt H,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of activated carbon addition to sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(15):5959-5966.
[2]Zhang H,Kelly BC.Sorption and bioaccumulation behavior of multi-class hydrophobic organic contaminants in a tropical marine food web[J].Chemosphere,2018,199:44-53.
[3]Semple KT,Morriss AWJ,Paton GI.Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils:fundamental concepts and techniques for analysis[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2010,54(4):809-818.
[4]Luthy RG,Aiken GR,Brusseau ML,et al.Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents[J].Environmental Science and Technology,1997,31(12):3341-3347.
[5]Zhang Y,Guo CS,Xu J,et al.Potential source contributions and risk assessment of PAHs in sediments from Taihu Lake,China:comparison of three receptor models[J].Water Research,2012,46(9):3065-3073.
[6]Xu J,Yu Y,Wang P,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River,China[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(7):1408-1414.
[7]Luo XJ,Chen SJ,Mai BX,et al.Distribution,source apportionment,and transport of PAHs in sediments from the Pearl River Delta and the Northern South China Sea[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008,55(1):11-20.
[8]Palermo MR.Design considerations for in-situ capping of contaminated sediments[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6):315-321.
[9]Luke B,Eduardo MJ,Gomez-Eyles JL.Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility,bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(6):2282-2287.
[10]Fang G D,Gao J,Liu C,et al.Key role of persistent free radicals in hydrogen peroxide activation by biochar:implications to organic contaminant degradation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(3):1902-1910.
[11]Fang G D,Lin C,Gao J,et al.Manipulation of persistent free radicals in biochar to activate persulfate for contaminant degradation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(9):5645-5653.
[12]Wang Y,Wang YJ,Wang L,et al.Reducing the bioavailability of PCBs in soil to plant by biochars assessed with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane technique[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,174(5):250-256.
[13]Choi H,Agarwal S,Al-Abed SR.Adsorption and simultaneous dechlorination of PCBs on GAC/Fe/Pd:mechanistic aspects and reactive capping barrier concept[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(2):488-493.
[14]Liu T,Wang H,Zhang Z,et al.Application of synthetic iron-oxide coated zeolite for the pollution control of river sediments[J].Chemosphere,2017,180:160-168.
[15]Ding S,Chen M,Cui J,et al.Reactivation of phosphorus in sediments after calcium-rich mineral capping:implication for revising the laboratory testing scheme for immobilization efficiency[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,331:720-728.
[16]Liu C,Jay JA,Ford TE.Evaluation of environmental effects on metal transport from capped contaminated sediment under conditions of submarine groundwater discharge[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35(22):4549-4555.
[17]Liu C,Jay JA,Ika R,et al.Capping efficiency for metalcontaminated marine sediment under conditions of submarine groundwater discharge[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35(11):2334-2340.
[18]Viana PZ,Yin K,Rockne KJ.Modeling active capping efficacy.1.metal and organometal contaminated sediment remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(23):8922-8929.
[19]Wang Z,Han L,Sun K,et al.Sorption of four hydrophobic organic contaminants by biochars derived from maize straw,wood dust and swine manure at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:285-291.
[20]Sun X L,Ghosh Upal.PCB bioavailability control in Lumbriculus variegatus through different modes of activated carbon addition to sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41(13):4774-80.
[21]David W,Higgins CP,Luthy RG.The sequestration of PCBs in Lake Hartwell sediment with activated carbon[J].Water Research,2005,39(10):2105-2113.
[22]Hyeok C,Shirish A,Al-Abed SR.Adsorption and simultaneous dechlorination of PCBs on GAC/Fe/Pd:mechanistic aspects and reactive capping barrier concept[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(2):488-493.
[23]Payne RB,Ghosh U,May HD,et al.Mesocosm studies on the efficacy of bioamended activated carbon for treating PCB-impacted sediment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(18):10691-10699.
[24]Chen J,Wang C,Pan Y,et al.Biochar accelerates microbial reductive debromination of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47)in anaerobic mangrove sediments[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,341:177-186.
[25]Yang X,Chen Z,Wu Q,et al.Enhanced phenanthrene degradation in river sediments using a combination of biochar and nitrate[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,619/620:600-605.
[26]Silvani L,Di Palma PR,Riccardi C,et al.Use of biochar as alternative sorbent for the active capping of oil contaminated sediments[J].Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2017,5(5):5241-5249.
[27]Thompson KA,Shimabuku KK,Kearns JP,et al.Environmental comparison of biochar and activated carbon for tertiary wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2016,50(20):11253-11262.
[28]Sower GJ,Anderson KA.Spatial and temporal variation of freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban river undergoing superfund remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(24):9065-9071.
[29]Cornelissen G,Krusa ME,Breedveld GD,et al.Remediation of contaminated marine sediment using thin-layer capping with activated carbon:a field experiment in Trondheim harbor,Norway[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(14):6110-6116.
[30]Keshavarzifard M,Moore F,Keshavarzi B,et al.Distribution,source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in intertidal sediment of Asaluyeh,Persian Gulf[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2017,40(2):721-735.
[31]Hassan HM,Castillo AB,Yigiterhan O,et al.Baseline concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Qatar marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,126:58-62.
[32]Sun D,Tang J,He Y,et al.Sources,distributions,and burial efficiency of terrigenous organic matter in surface sediments from the Yellow River mouth,northeast China[J].Organic Geochemistry,2017,118:89-102.
[33]Ma J,Liu H,Tong L,et al.Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in the soil-sediment profile of Jianghan Oil Field,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(15):13344-13351.
[34]Himmelheber DW,Thomas SH,L?Ffler FE,et al.Microbial colonization of an in situ sediment cap and correlation to stratified redox zones[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(1):66-74.
[35]Huang YJ,Lee CL,Fang MD.Distribution and source differentiation of PAHs and PCBs among size and density fractions in contaminated harbor sediment particles and their implications in toxicological assessment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(2):432-439.
[36]Wu CC,Bao LJ,Tao S,et al.Mediated distribution pattern of organic compounds in estuarine sediment by anthropogenic debris[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:132-139.
[37]Saison C,Perrin-Ganier C,Amellal S,et al.Effect of metals on the adsorption and extractability of 14C-phenanthrene in soils[J].Chemosphere,2004,55(3):477-485.
[38]Gidley PT,Kwon S,Yakirevich A,et al.Advection dominated transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in amended sediment caps[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(9):5032-5039.
[39]Josefsson S,Schaanning M,Samuelsson GS,et al.Capping efficiency of various carbonaceous and mineral materials for in situ remediation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran contaminated marine sediments:sediment-to-water fluxes and bioaccumulation in boxcosm tests[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(6):3343-3351.
[40]Kang S,Jung J,Choe JK,et al.Effect of biochar particle size on hydrophobic organic compound sorption kinetics:applicability of using representative size[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619/620:410-418.
[41]Kupryianchyk D,Noori A,Rakowska MI,et al.Bioturbation and dissolved organic matter enhance contaminant fluxes from sediment treated with powdered and granular activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47(10):5092-5100.
[42]Zhang J,You J,Li H,et al.Particle-scale understanding of cypermethrin in sediment:desorption,bioavailability,and bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrate Lumbriculus variegatus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:638-645.
[43]Ping L,Luo Y.Phenanthrene adsorption on soils from the Yangtze River Delta region under different pH and temperature conditions[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2018:1-8.
[44]Ran W,Ni J,Chen W,et al.Variation in soil aggregate-size distribution affects the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in long-term field-contaminated soils[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2017,24(28):22332-22339.
[45]Lin D,Cho YM,Werner D,et al.Bioturbation delays attenuation of DDT by clean sediment cap but promotes sequestration by thin-layered activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(2):1175-1183.
[46]Samuelsson GS,Raymond C,Agrenius S,et al.Response of marine benthic fauna to thin-layer capping with activated carbon in a large-scale field experiment in the Grenland fjords,Norway[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(16):14218-14233.
[47]Olsen M,Moy FE,Mjelde M,et al.An in situ experimental study of effects on submerged vegetation after activated carbon amendment of legacy contaminated sediments[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2018,229(8):263.
[48]Zheng H,Liu X,Liu G,et al.Comparison of the ecotoxicological effects of biochar and activated carbon on a marine clam(Meretrix meretrix)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,180:252-262.
[49]Kupryianchyk D,Reichman EP,Rakowska MI,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of activated carbon amendments on macroinvertebrates in nonpolluted and polluted sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(19):8567-8574.
[50]Lillicrap A,Schaanning M,Macken A.Assessment of the direct effects of biogenic and petrogenic activated carbon on benthic organisms[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(6):3705-3710.
[51]McLeod PB,Luoma SN,Luthy RG.Biodynamic modeling of PCB uptake by Macoma balthica and Corbicula fluminea from sediment amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42(2):484-490.
[52]McLeod PB,den MJv,Heuvel-Greve,et al.Biological uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls by Macoma balthica from sediment amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2007,26(5):980-987.
[53]Millward RN,Bridges TS,Ghosh U,et al.Addition of activated carbon to sediments to reduce PCB bioaccumulation by a polychaete(Neanthes arenaceodentata)and an amphipod(Leptocheirus plumulosus)[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(8):2880-2887.
[54]Nybom I,Werner D,Leppanen MT,et al.Responses of Lumbriculus variegatus to activated carbon amendments in uncontaminated sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46(23):12895-12903.
[55]Sanders JP,Andrade NA,Menzie CA,et al.Persistent reductions in the bioavailability of PCBs at a tidally inundated Phragmites australis marsh amended with activated carbon[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2018,37(9).
[56]Janssen EM,Beckingham BA.Biological responses to activated carbon amendments in sediment remediation[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47(14):7595-7607.
[57]Jonker MTO,Suijkerbuijk MPW,Schmitt H,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of activated carbon addition to sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43(15):5959-5966.