机场Ⅱ类运行下航空器起降间隔研究
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摘要
为了预估低能见度时航空器起降间隔变化,提高跑道使用效率,减少航班延误,提出机场Ⅱ类运行下航空器起降间隔模型。首先,分析Ⅱ类运行下航空器起降运行程序,细化航空器起飞、降落、进入跑道、脱离跑道过程。其次,基于Ⅱ类运行规定建立航空器起飞、降落模型。然后,定义元胞结构,引入避让减速规则和脱离跑道条件,定义航空器滑行元胞自动机模型。最后,将管制规则抽象为约束条件并量化航空器起降间隔。以乌鲁木齐机场为例进行仿真验证,计算机模拟得到机型比例、起降比例、临界区长度、脱离时间等参数对起降间隔、间隔标准差等值的影响。数值分析表明,Ⅱ类运行时起降间隔较大,峰值为228.6 s,降落、起飞容量仅为正常运行情况下的60%、90%,间隔标准差峰值为74 s,是正常运行情况下的1.64倍。脱离道位置对前机脱离时间影响较大,是连续降落间隔增加的主要因素。仿真结果表明,该模型能量化关键因素对起降间隔的影响,仿真结果与实际运行相符,能为提高机场Ⅱ类运行效率提供理论依据。
In order to estimate the change trend of aircraft taking off and landing separation in case of low visibility, improve the efficiency of runway use and reduce flight delay, an aircraft taking off and landing separation model in airport category Ⅱ operation was proposed. Firstly, the taking off and landing operation procedures under the category Ⅱ operation were analyzed to detail the process of aircraft taking off, landing, lining up and vacating runway. Secondly, a taking off and landing model was established based on the category Ⅱ operational regulations. Then, the cellular structure was defined, the rule of avoiding deceleration and the condition of vacating runway were introduced, and a cellular automata model of aircraft taxing was defined. Finally, the control rules were abstracted as constraint conditions and the taking off and landing separations were quantified. An example of Urumqi airport was used to verify the simulation. The change trends of taking off and landing separation and separation standard deviation were obtained through computer numerical simulation by setting different values for parameters such as the ratio of aircraft type, the ratio of landing and taking off, the length of the critical area and the time of vacating. The experiments demonstrated that in categoryⅡoperation,the separation was large, with a peak of 228.6 s. The capacity for landing and taking off were only 60% and 90% of the normal operation conditions. The peak of separation standard deviation was 74 s, which was 1.64 times of normal situation. The vacating position was the main factor for the increase of continuous landing separation. Results showed that the model could quantify the influence of key factors on the taking off and landing separation. The simulation results are in line with the actual operation, and provides theoretical foundation for improving efficiency in categoryⅡoperation.
In order to estimate the change trend of aircraft taking off and landing separation in case of low visibility, improve the efficiency of runway use and reduce flight delay, an aircraft taking off and landing separation model in airport category Ⅱ operation was proposed. Firstly, the taking off and landing operation procedures under the category Ⅱ operation were analyzed to detail the process of aircraft taking off, landing, lining up and vacating runway. Secondly, a taking off and landing model was established based on the category Ⅱ operational regulations. Then, the cellular structure was defined, the rule of avoiding deceleration and the condition of vacating runway were introduced, and a cellular automata model of aircraft taxing was defined. Finally, the control rules were abstracted as constraint conditions and the taking off and landing separations were quantified. An example of Urumqi airport was used to verify the simulation. The change trends of taking off and landing separation and separation standard deviation were obtained through computer numerical simulation by setting different values for parameters such as the ratio of aircraft type, the ratio of landing and taking off, the length of the critical area and the time of vacating. The experiments demonstrated that in categoryⅡoperation,the separation was large, with a peak of 228.6 s. The capacity for landing and taking off were only 60% and 90% of the normal operation conditions. The peak of separation standard deviation was 74 s, which was 1.64 times of normal situation. The vacating position was the main factor for the increase of continuous landing separation. Results showed that the model could quantify the influence of key factors on the taking off and landing separation. The simulation results are in line with the actual operation, and provides theoretical foundation for improving efficiency in categoryⅡoperation.
引文
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[2]Zhang Qiang.Development trend of landing system[J].Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information,2015,3(27):87-88.[张强.着陆系统发展趋势研究[J].黑龙江科技信息,2015,3(27):87-88.]
[3]Bowen E G,Pearcy T.Delays in the flow of air traffic[J].The Aeronautical Journal,1948,52(448):251-258.
[4]Wolfram S.Statistical mechanics of cellular automata[J].Reviews of Modern Physics,1983,55(3):601-644.
[5]Mori R.Aircraft ground-taxiing model for congested airport using cellular automata[J].IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2013,14(1):180-188.
[6]Kang Rui,Yang Kai.Runway capacity evaluation model with considering of runway and taxiway instruction[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Natural Science Edition),2016,53(2):319-325.[康瑞,杨凯.考虑跑滑结构的机场跑道容量评估模型[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2016,53(2):319-325.]
[7]Yang Kai,Kang Rui.Research on taking off and landing space of aircrafts based on cellular automaton[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2016(Supp2):127-134.[杨凯,康瑞.基于元胞自动机的航空器起降间隔研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2016(增刊2):127-134.]
[8]Dai Qionghai.Research on basic theory of vision-based navigation for aircraft’s approach under complex conditions[J].Science and Technology Innovation Herald,2016,13(12):174-175.[戴琼海.复杂条件下飞行器进近可视导航的基础理论研究技术[J].科技创新导报,2016,13(12):174-175.]
[9]Rad T,Sch?nhals S,Hecker P.Dynamic separation minima coupled with wake vortex predictions in dependent runway configurations[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part G(Journal of Aerospace Engineering),2014,228(8):1450-1457.
[10]Furini F,Kidd M P,Persiani C A,et al.Improved rolling horizon approaches to the aircraft sequencing problem[J].Journal of Scheduling,2015,18(5):435-447.
[11]Skorupski J,Florowski A.Method for evaluating the landing aircraft sequence under disturbed conditions with the use of Petri nets[J].The Aeronautical Journal,2016,120(1227):819-844.
[12]Itoh E,Fukushima S,Hirabayashi H,et al.Evaluating energysaving arrivals of wide-body passenger aircraft via flightsimulator experiments[J].Journal of Aircraft,2018,55(6):2427-2443.
[13]Ahmed M,Alam S,Barlow M.A cooperative co-evolutionary optimisation model for best-fit aircraft sequence and feasible runway configuration in a multi-runway airport[J].Aerospace,2018,5(3):85.
[14]Yu Geng,Zong Ping,Su Xinsuo.Improving the lateral navigation performance based on differential GILS approach system[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2016,16(10):71 -75.[于耕,宗平,苏新锁.基于差分GILS进近系统的导航精度分析[J].科学技术与工程,2016,16(10):71-75.]
[15]Song Huayu,Cain Liangcai,Zheng Ruhai.Numerical value integral improvement algorithm of aircraft take-off running distance[J].Journal of Traffic and Transportion Engineering,2007,7(2):24-28.[宋花玉,蔡良才,郑汝海.飞机起飞滑跑距离数值积分改进算法[J].交通运输工程学报,2007,7(2):24-28.]
[16]Deng Yangchen,Wang Yahui,Qin Lidong,et al.Reduction of takeoff/landing running distances[J].Aircraft Design,2005(3):13-18.[邓扬晨,王亚辉,秦立东,等.飞机起飞与着陆过程中的最短滑跑距离[J].飞机设计,2005(3):13-18.]
[17]Chen Junping,Wang Lixin.The hazards of low energy state to flight safety and recovery methods[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2017,38(8):61-71.[陈俊平,王立新.低能量状态对飞行安全的危害及改出方法[J].航空学报,2017,38(8):61-71.]