推动儿童早期发展——从个体到社会
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摘要
多项研究成果表明,儿童早期发展对个体的身体发育、大脑发展、心理健康有着长远影响,甚至会影响下一代的健康和福祉。数据显示,全球中低收入国家有近2.5亿儿童处于风险之中(极端贫困或发育滞后),他们的发展是促进经济增长、推动社会公平、实现全人类福祉的关键。母亲孕期及哺乳期的护理和喂养知识的普及、回应式养育照护的实施、对心理健康的关注等措施,能够有效提高孕产妇及婴幼儿的营养及健康状况。本文由儿童早期大脑发育规律及面临的风险开始,从干预内容、政府参与以及干预成本效益等方面,对有效的儿童早期发展干预项目进行了系统描述,并指出政府参与儿童早期发展的重要性,希望为未来各国在该领域的探索提供新的启示。
A number of research results show that early childhood development has a long-term impact on individual physical development, brain development, mental health, and even affects the health and well-being of the next generation. Data show that nearly 250 million children in low and middle-income countries around the world are at risk—in extreme poverty or underdevelopment —and that their development is key to economic growth, social equity and the well-being of all people. Nursing during pregnancy and lactation, popularization of feeding knowledge, implementation of responsive nursing care and attention to mental health can effectively improve the nutrition and health status of pregnant women and infants. This paper, first deals with the early childhood brain development rules and the risk involved, then systematically describes the effective early childhood development intervention from the aspect of content of the intervention, government involvement and intervention cost effectiveness. In conclusion, it points out the importance of government involvement in early childhood development, thus providing new inspiration for future research.
A number of research results show that early childhood development has a long-term impact on individual physical development, brain development, mental health, and even affects the health and well-being of the next generation. Data show that nearly 250 million children in low and middle-income countries around the world are at risk—in extreme poverty or underdevelopment —and that their development is key to economic growth, social equity and the well-being of all people. Nursing during pregnancy and lactation, popularization of feeding knowledge, implementation of responsive nursing care and attention to mental health can effectively improve the nutrition and health status of pregnant women and infants. This paper, first deals with the early childhood brain development rules and the risk involved, then systematically describes the effective early childhood development intervention from the aspect of content of the intervention, government involvement and intervention cost effectiveness. In conclusion, it points out the importance of government involvement in early childhood development, thus providing new inspiration for future research.
引文
夏万军,余功菊.(2018).我国区域经济发展不平衡性研究.安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),46(04),111-121.
Aboud,F.E.,& Yousafzai,A.K.(2015).Global health and development in early childhood.Annual Review of Psychology,66(1),433-457.
Anda,R.F.,Felitti,V.J.,Bremner,J.D.,Walker,J.D.,Whitfield,C.,Perry,B.D.,Dube,S.R.,& Giles W.H.( 2005 ).The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood:A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology.European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,56(3),174-186.
Anderson,A.L.,& Thomason,M.E.(2013).Functional plasticity before the cradle:A review of neural functional imaging in the human fetus.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9),2220–2232.
Bennett,I.M.,Schott,W.,Krutikova,S.,& Behrman,J.R.(2015).Maternal mental health,and child growth and development,in four low-income and middle-income countries.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,jech-2014-205311.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.H.,Andersen,C.T.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.(2016).Early childhood development coming of age:Science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Black,M.M.,Baqui,A.H.,Zaman,K.,Arifeen,S.E.,& Black,R.E.(2009).Maternal depressive symptoms and infant growth in rural Bangladesh.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,89(3),951S–957S.
Britto,P.R.,Lye,S.J.,Proulx,K.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Matthews,S.G.,& Vaivada,T.,et al.(2016).Nurturing care:Promoting early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),91-102.
Campbell,F.,Conti,G.,Heckman,J.J.,Moon,S.H.,Pinto,R.,& Pungello,E.,et al.(2014).Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health.Science,343(6178),1478-1485.
Christian,P.,Murray-Kolb,L.E.,Tielsch,J.M.,Katz,J.,Leclerq,S.C.,& Khatry,S.K.(2014).Associations between preterm birth,small-for-gestational age,and neonatal morbidity and cognitive function among school-age children in Nepal.BMC Pediatrics,14(1),58.
Dua,T.,Britto,P.,Darmstadt,G.L.,Daelmans,B.,Tomlinson,M.,& Yousfzai,A.,et al.(2016).Global research priorities to accelerate early child development in the sustainable development era.The Lancet Global Health,4(12),e887-e889.
Eickmann,S.H.,Lima,A.C.,Guerra,M.Q.,Lima,M.C.,Lira,P.I.,& Huttly,S.R.,et al.(2003).Improved cognitive and motor development in a community-based intervention of psychosocial stimulation in northeast Brazil.Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,45(08),536-541.
Ellis,B.J.,& Boyce,W.T.(2010).Biological sensitivity to context.Current Directions in Psychological Science,17(3),183-187.
Ellis,B.J.,Boyce,W.T.,Belsky,J.,Bakermans-Kranenburg,M.J.,& van Ijzendoorn,M.H.(2011).Differential susceptibility to the environment:An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory.Development and Psychopathology,23(01),7–28.doi:10.1017/s0954579410000611.
Evans,G.W.,& Kim,P.(2013).Childhood poverty,chronic stress,self-regulation,and coping.Child Development Perspectives,7(1),43-48.
Gertler,P.,Heckman,J.,Pinto,R.,Zanolini,A.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.(2014).Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica.Science,344(6187),998-1001.
Gowani,S.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Armstrong,R.,& Bhutta,Z.A.(2014).Cost effectiveness of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on early child development outcomes in Pakistan.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1308(1),149-161.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Hamadani,J.D.,Huda,S.N.,Khatun,F.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.M.(2006).Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh.The Journal of Nutrition,136(10),2645-2652.
Heckman,J.J.(2006).Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children.Science,312 (5782),1900–2.
Hepper,P.G.(2015).Behavior during the prenatal period:Adaptive for development and survival.Child Development Perspectives,9(1),38–43.
Hepper,P.G.,& Shahidullah,B.(1994).The development of fetal hearing.Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review,6(03),167.
Juan Pablo Peňa-Rosas,De-Regil,L.M.,Dowswell,T.,& Viteri,F.E.(2012).Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy (review).Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online),12(12),CD004736.
Knudsen,E.I.,Heckman,J.J.,Cameron,J.L.,Shonloff,J.P.(2006).Economic,neurobiological,and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce.Working Paper 12298,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12298.
Lagercrantz,H.(2016).Infant Brain Development:Formation of the Mind and the Emergence of Consciousness.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Lu,C.,Black,M.M.,& Richter,L.M .(2016).Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries:An estimation and analysis at the global,regional,and country level.The Lancet Global Health,S2214109X16302662.
Luby,J.L.(2015).Poverty’s most insidious damage:The developing brain.Jama Pediatrics,169(9),810.
Mitchell,C.,Hobcraft,J.,McLanahan,S.S.,Siegel,S.R.,Berg,A.,Brooks-Gunn,J.,Notterman,D.(2014).Social disadvantage,genetic sensitivity,and children’s telomere length.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(16),5944–5949.doi:10.1073/pnas.1404293111
Mitra,S.,Posarac,A.,& Vick,B.C.(2011).Disability and poverty in developing countries:A snapshot from the world health survey.SSRN Electronic Journal.
Murray,L.,& Andrews,E.(2002).The Social Baby.London:The Children’s Project.
Nelson,C.A.,Bos,K.,Gunnar,M.R.,& Sonuga-Barke,E.J.S.(2011).V.the neurobiological toll of early human deprivation.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,76(4),127-146.
Parsons,C.E.,Young,K.S.,Rochat,T.J.,Kringelbach,M.L.,& Stein,A.(2011).Postnatal depression and its effects on child development:A review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries.British Medical Bulletin,101(1),57-79.
Pavlakis,A.E.,Noble,K.,Pavlakis,S.G.,Ali,N.,& Frank,Y.(2015).Brain imaging and electrophysiology biomarkers:Is there a role in poverty and education outcome research?Pediatric Neurology,52(4),383-388.
Peters,D.H.,Garg,A.,Bloom,G.,Walker,D.G.,Brieger,W.R.,& Rahman,M.H.(2010).Poverty and access to health care in developing countries.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1136(1),161-171.
Richter.L.M.,Daelmans,B.,Lombardi,J.,Heymann,J.,Boo,F.L.,Behrman,J.R.,& Darmstadt,G.L.(2017).Investing in the foundation of sustainable development:Pathways to scale up for early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),103–118.
Sheridan,S.M.,& Kratochwill,T.R.(2013).Promoting School Readiness and Early Learning:Implications of Developmental Research for Practice.New York,NY:Guilford Publications.
Singla,D.R.,Kumbakumba,E.,& Aboud,F.E.(2015).Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda:A community-based,cluster-randomized trial.The Lancet Global Health,3(8),e458-e469.
Smith,V.(2006).Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,17(4),CD004905.
Thompson,R.A.,& Nelson,C.A.(2001).Developmental science and the media:Early brain development.American Psychologist,56(1),5-15.
United Nations.(1989).The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child.New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015a).The Millennium Development Goals Report.New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015b).Survive,Thrive,Transform-The Global Strategy for Women’s,Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016-2030). New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015c).Transforming our World:The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.New York:United Nations.
Vally,Z.,Murray,L.,Tomlinson,M.,& Cooper,P.J.(2015).The impact of dialogic book-sharing training on infant language and attention:A randomized controlled trial in a deprived South African community.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,56(8),865-873.
WHO.(2015).Thinking Healthy:A Manual for Psychosocial Management of Perinatal Depression (WHO generic field-trial version 1.0).Geneva:WHO.
WHO.(2018).Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development.Geneva:WHO.
Yousafzai,A.K.,Rasheed,M.A.,Rizvi,A.,Armstrong,R.,& Bhutta,Z.A.(2014).Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the lady health worker programme in Pakistan on child development,growth,and health outcomes:A cluster-randomized factorial effectiveness trial.The Lancet,384(9950),1282-1293.
Aboud,F.E.,& Yousafzai,A.K.(2015).Global health and development in early childhood.Annual Review of Psychology,66(1),433-457.
Anda,R.F.,Felitti,V.J.,Bremner,J.D.,Walker,J.D.,Whitfield,C.,Perry,B.D.,Dube,S.R.,& Giles W.H.( 2005 ).The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood:A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology.European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,56(3),174-186.
Anderson,A.L.,& Thomason,M.E.(2013).Functional plasticity before the cradle:A review of neural functional imaging in the human fetus.Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,37(9),2220–2232.
Bennett,I.M.,Schott,W.,Krutikova,S.,& Behrman,J.R.(2015).Maternal mental health,and child growth and development,in four low-income and middle-income countries.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,jech-2014-205311.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.H.,Andersen,C.T.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.(2016).Early childhood development coming of age:Science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Black,M.M.,Baqui,A.H.,Zaman,K.,Arifeen,S.E.,& Black,R.E.(2009).Maternal depressive symptoms and infant growth in rural Bangladesh.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,89(3),951S–957S.
Britto,P.R.,Lye,S.J.,Proulx,K.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Matthews,S.G.,& Vaivada,T.,et al.(2016).Nurturing care:Promoting early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),91-102.
Campbell,F.,Conti,G.,Heckman,J.J.,Moon,S.H.,Pinto,R.,& Pungello,E.,et al.(2014).Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health.Science,343(6178),1478-1485.
Christian,P.,Murray-Kolb,L.E.,Tielsch,J.M.,Katz,J.,Leclerq,S.C.,& Khatry,S.K.(2014).Associations between preterm birth,small-for-gestational age,and neonatal morbidity and cognitive function among school-age children in Nepal.BMC Pediatrics,14(1),58.
Dua,T.,Britto,P.,Darmstadt,G.L.,Daelmans,B.,Tomlinson,M.,& Yousfzai,A.,et al.(2016).Global research priorities to accelerate early child development in the sustainable development era.The Lancet Global Health,4(12),e887-e889.
Eickmann,S.H.,Lima,A.C.,Guerra,M.Q.,Lima,M.C.,Lira,P.I.,& Huttly,S.R.,et al.(2003).Improved cognitive and motor development in a community-based intervention of psychosocial stimulation in northeast Brazil.Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,45(08),536-541.
Ellis,B.J.,& Boyce,W.T.(2010).Biological sensitivity to context.Current Directions in Psychological Science,17(3),183-187.
Ellis,B.J.,Boyce,W.T.,Belsky,J.,Bakermans-Kranenburg,M.J.,& van Ijzendoorn,M.H.(2011).Differential susceptibility to the environment:An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory.Development and Psychopathology,23(01),7–28.doi:10.1017/s0954579410000611.
Evans,G.W.,& Kim,P.(2013).Childhood poverty,chronic stress,self-regulation,and coping.Child Development Perspectives,7(1),43-48.
Gertler,P.,Heckman,J.,Pinto,R.,Zanolini,A.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.(2014).Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica.Science,344(6187),998-1001.
Gowani,S.,Yousafzai,A.K.,Armstrong,R.,& Bhutta,Z.A.(2014).Cost effectiveness of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on early child development outcomes in Pakistan.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1308(1),149-161.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Hamadani,J.D.,Huda,S.N.,Khatun,F.,& Grantham-Mcgregor,S.M.(2006).Psychosocial stimulation improves the development of undernourished children in rural Bangladesh.The Journal of Nutrition,136(10),2645-2652.
Heckman,J.J.(2006).Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children.Science,312 (5782),1900–2.
Hepper,P.G.(2015).Behavior during the prenatal period:Adaptive for development and survival.Child Development Perspectives,9(1),38–43.
Hepper,P.G.,& Shahidullah,B.(1994).The development of fetal hearing.Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review,6(03),167.
Juan Pablo Peňa-Rosas,De-Regil,L.M.,Dowswell,T.,& Viteri,F.E.(2012).Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy (review).Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online),12(12),CD004736.
Knudsen,E.I.,Heckman,J.J.,Cameron,J.L.,Shonloff,J.P.(2006).Economic,neurobiological,and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce.Working Paper 12298,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12298.
Lagercrantz,H.(2016).Infant Brain Development:Formation of the Mind and the Emergence of Consciousness.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing.
Lu,C.,Black,M.M.,& Richter,L.M .(2016).Risk of poor development in young children in low-income and middle-income countries:An estimation and analysis at the global,regional,and country level.The Lancet Global Health,S2214109X16302662.
Luby,J.L.(2015).Poverty’s most insidious damage:The developing brain.Jama Pediatrics,169(9),810.
Mitchell,C.,Hobcraft,J.,McLanahan,S.S.,Siegel,S.R.,Berg,A.,Brooks-Gunn,J.,Notterman,D.(2014).Social disadvantage,genetic sensitivity,and children’s telomere length.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(16),5944–5949.doi:10.1073/pnas.1404293111
Mitra,S.,Posarac,A.,& Vick,B.C.(2011).Disability and poverty in developing countries:A snapshot from the world health survey.SSRN Electronic Journal.
Murray,L.,& Andrews,E.(2002).The Social Baby.London:The Children’s Project.
Nelson,C.A.,Bos,K.,Gunnar,M.R.,& Sonuga-Barke,E.J.S.(2011).V.the neurobiological toll of early human deprivation.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,76(4),127-146.
Parsons,C.E.,Young,K.S.,Rochat,T.J.,Kringelbach,M.L.,& Stein,A.(2011).Postnatal depression and its effects on child development:A review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries.British Medical Bulletin,101(1),57-79.
Pavlakis,A.E.,Noble,K.,Pavlakis,S.G.,Ali,N.,& Frank,Y.(2015).Brain imaging and electrophysiology biomarkers:Is there a role in poverty and education outcome research?Pediatric Neurology,52(4),383-388.
Peters,D.H.,Garg,A.,Bloom,G.,Walker,D.G.,Brieger,W.R.,& Rahman,M.H.(2010).Poverty and access to health care in developing countries.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1136(1),161-171.
Richter.L.M.,Daelmans,B.,Lombardi,J.,Heymann,J.,Boo,F.L.,Behrman,J.R.,& Darmstadt,G.L.(2017).Investing in the foundation of sustainable development:Pathways to scale up for early childhood development.The Lancet,389(10064),103–118.
Sheridan,S.M.,& Kratochwill,T.R.(2013).Promoting School Readiness and Early Learning:Implications of Developmental Research for Practice.New York,NY:Guilford Publications.
Singla,D.R.,Kumbakumba,E.,& Aboud,F.E.(2015).Effects of a parenting intervention to address maternal psychological wellbeing and child development and growth in rural Uganda:A community-based,cluster-randomized trial.The Lancet Global Health,3(8),e458-e469.
Smith,V.(2006).Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,17(4),CD004905.
Thompson,R.A.,& Nelson,C.A.(2001).Developmental science and the media:Early brain development.American Psychologist,56(1),5-15.
United Nations.(1989).The United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child.New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015a).The Millennium Development Goals Report.New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015b).Survive,Thrive,Transform-The Global Strategy for Women’s,Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016-2030). New York:United Nations.
United Nations.(2015c).Transforming our World:The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.New York:United Nations.
Vally,Z.,Murray,L.,Tomlinson,M.,& Cooper,P.J.(2015).The impact of dialogic book-sharing training on infant language and attention:A randomized controlled trial in a deprived South African community.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,56(8),865-873.
WHO.(2015).Thinking Healthy:A Manual for Psychosocial Management of Perinatal Depression (WHO generic field-trial version 1.0).Geneva:WHO.
WHO.(2018).Nurturing Care for Early Childhood Development.Geneva:WHO.
Yousafzai,A.K.,Rasheed,M.A.,Rizvi,A.,Armstrong,R.,& Bhutta,Z.A.(2014).Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the lady health worker programme in Pakistan on child development,growth,and health outcomes:A cluster-randomized factorial effectiveness trial.The Lancet,384(9950),1282-1293.