关于生态功能与管理的生物土壤结皮研究
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摘要
生物土壤结皮(biological soil crusts,BSCs)是由土壤中的低等植物、微生物和和土壤颗粒粘合形成的一种特殊复合体,广泛分布于世界干旱和半干旱地区。研究表明,BSCs主要由藻类、地衣、苔藓等自养生物和细菌、微小真菌等异养生物构成并被誉为生态系统修复工程师,对于沙地和荒漠碳、氮、磷等养分的固定以及土壤酶活性具有重要的意义,同时调节土壤表层的水文过程(降水入渗、地表径流、蒸发等过程),进而影响地上植被种子萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程。BSCs的分类,一般依据BSCs中的优势物种和演替方向,可将结皮依次分为藻类结皮、地衣结皮及苔藓结皮3类;其形成、发育和结构、功能受人类活动和气候干扰的影响,但关于BSCs的监测和管理研究甚少。本文结合比值植被指数(Simple Ratio Index)和归一化色素指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)方法,旨在对BSCs的形态类群进行科学监测,同时结合BSCs的恢复演替程度,重点阐述不同利用方式和强度下,生物结皮演替及其生态功能对干旱、半干旱生态系统的影响,以期探索可行的管理措施,为认识干旱半干旱区地表过程,促进退化生态系统修复进程奠定基础。
Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are special complexes composed of lower plant,microorganism(bacteria,fungi)and surface soil fine particles bonded by their exuding mucilaginous material,which are widespread in the semi-arid regions all over the world.In many literatures,BSCs are known as ecosystem restoration engineer,it not only makes great contribution to nutrient fixation(Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus)and soil enzyme activity,but also plays vital roles in seed germination and seedling survival by regulating hydrological process of soil surface(precipitation infiltration,surface runoff,evaporation and other processes),which include autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.The autotrophic organisms mainly consist of algae,lichen and moss,and heterotrophic organisms are composed of bacteria,microscopic fungi,etc.The classification of BSCs can be divided into three categories:algae,lichen and moss crust based on the dominant species and succession direction of BSCs.The formation,development and structure of BSCs are affected by human activities and climate disturbances,but little attention have devoted to the monitoring and management of BSCs.In this study,the simple ratio index(SRI)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were summarized to monitor the morphology of BSCs.Furthermore,the effect of BSCs succession and its ecological function on arid and semi-arid ecosystems under different utilization ways and intensity were also discussed,which laid a foundation for a further understanding of the surface process of arid and semi-arid areas and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystem.
Biological soil crusts(BSCs)are special complexes composed of lower plant,microorganism(bacteria,fungi)and surface soil fine particles bonded by their exuding mucilaginous material,which are widespread in the semi-arid regions all over the world.In many literatures,BSCs are known as ecosystem restoration engineer,it not only makes great contribution to nutrient fixation(Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus)and soil enzyme activity,but also plays vital roles in seed germination and seedling survival by regulating hydrological process of soil surface(precipitation infiltration,surface runoff,evaporation and other processes),which include autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.The autotrophic organisms mainly consist of algae,lichen and moss,and heterotrophic organisms are composed of bacteria,microscopic fungi,etc.The classification of BSCs can be divided into three categories:algae,lichen and moss crust based on the dominant species and succession direction of BSCs.The formation,development and structure of BSCs are affected by human activities and climate disturbances,but little attention have devoted to the monitoring and management of BSCs.In this study,the simple ratio index(SRI)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were summarized to monitor the morphology of BSCs.Furthermore,the effect of BSCs succession and its ecological function on arid and semi-arid ecosystems under different utilization ways and intensity were also discussed,which laid a foundation for a further understanding of the surface process of arid and semi-arid areas and promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystem.
引文
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[36]邵晨曦,秦树高,冯薇,等.生物土壤结皮物理因子对植物种子萌发的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(2):20-30
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[41]Belnap J.Recovery rates of cryptobiotic crusts:inoculant use and assessment methods[J].The Great Basin Naturalist,1993,53(1):89-95
[42]Ford P L,Johnson G V.Effects of dormant-vs,growing-season fire in shortgrass steppe:biological soil crust and perennial grass responses[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67(1):1-14
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[44]张元明,曹同,潘伯荣.新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘土壤结皮中萏藓植物的研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(1):18-23
[45]Johansen J R.Cryptogamic crusts of semiarid and arid lands of north America[J].Journal of Phycology,1993,29(2):140-147
[46]Anderson D C,Harper K T,Rushforth S R.Recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges[J].Journal of Range Management Archives,1982,35(3):355-359
[47]Karnieli A,Tsoar H.Spectral reflectance of biogenic crust developed on desert dune sand along the Israel-Egypt border[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(2):369-374
[48]戎郁萍,韩建国,王培,等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4):41-47
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[51]Elmore A J,Mustard J F,Manning S J,et al.Quantifying vegetation change in semiarid environments:precision and accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,73(1):87-102
[52]Prasad V K.Recent advances in remote sensing and geoinformation processing for land degradation assessment[J].Photogrammetric Record,2012,27(138):238-239
[53]Wu W.The generalized difference vegetation index(GDVI)for dryland characterization[J].Remote Sensing,2014,6(2):1211-1233
[54]Chen J,Zhang M Y,Wang L,et al.A new index for mapping lichen-dominated biological soil crustsin desert areas[J].Remote Sens.Environ,2005,(96):165-175
[55]Karnieli A,Shachak M,Tsoar H,et al.The effect of microphytes on the spectral reflectance of vegetation in semiarid regions[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1996,57(2):88-96
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[60]Brooks M L.Effects of increased soil nitrogen on the dominance of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,40(2):344-353
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[62]肖波,赵允格,邵明安.黄土高原侵蚀区生物结皮的人工培育及其水土保持效应[J].草地学报,2008,16(1):28-33
[2]Belnap J,Lange O L.Biological Soil Crusts:Structure,Function,and Management[M].Berlin:Springer,2003:281-286
[3]刘翔,周宏飞,刘昊,等.不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下风沙土的入渗特征及模拟[J].生态学报,2016,36(18):5820-5826
[4]Li X R.Influence of variation of soil spatial heterogeneity on vegetation restoration[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2005,48(11):2020-2031
[5]Zhang Z S,Liu L C,Li X R,et al.Evaporation properties of a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,North China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2008,72(6):964-973
[6]陈孟晨,张景光,刘立超.生物土壤结皮对一年生植物影响研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(3):483-490
[7]Eldridge D J,Tozer M E,Slangen S.Soil hydrology is independent of microphytic crust cover:Further evidence from a wooded semiarid australian rangeland[J].Arid Soil Research&Rehabilitation,1997,11(2):113-126
[8]Dojani S,Büdel B,Deutschewitz K,et al.Rapid succession of biological soil crusts after experimental disturbance in the Succulent Karoo,South Africa[J].Applied soil ecology,2011,48(3):263-269
[9]马洁,陈先江,侯扶江.草地生物土壤结皮[J].草业科学,2016,33(7):1243-1252
[10]Elbert W,Weber B,Burrows S,et al.Contribution of cryptogamic covers to the global cycles of carbon and nitrogen[J].Nature Geoscience,2012,5(7):459-462
[11]Eldridge D J,Greene R S B.Assessment of sediment yield from a semi-arid red earth with varying cover of cryptogams[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1994,26:221-232
[12]李守中,郑怀舟,李守丽,等.沙坡头植被固沙区生物结皮的发育特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10):1675-1679
[13]Evans R D,Ehleringer J R.Water and nitrogen dynamics in an arid woodland[J].Oecologia,1994,99(3-4):233-242
[14]胡尧,侯雨乐,李懿.红壤生物结皮对土壤侵蚀及养分的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2015,43(5):114-119
[15]Levy G J,Levin J,Shainberg I.Seal formation and interrill soil erosion[J].Soil Science,1994,58
[16]Mayland H F,McIntosh T H.Availability of biologically fixed atmospheric nitrogen-15 to higher plants[J].Nature,1966,209(5021):421-422
[17]Rogers S L,Burns R G.Changes in aggregate stability,nutrient status,indigenous microbial populations,and seedling emergence,following inoculation of soil with Nostoc muscorum[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1994,18(3):209-215
[18]Li X R,He M Z,Zerbe S,et al.Micro-geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2010,35(8):932-940
[19]Reed S C,Coe K K,Sparks J P,et al.Changes to dryland rainfall result in rapid moss mortality and altered soil fertility[J].Nature Climate Change,2012,2(10):752-755
[20]Lange O L,Belnap J,Reichenberger H.Photosynthesis of the cyanobacterial soil-crust lichen Collema tenax from arid lands in southern Utah,USA:Role of water content on light and temperature responses of CO2exchange[J].Functional Ecology,1998,12(2):195-202
[21]Solheim B,Zielke M,Bjerke J W.Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic Ecosystems[J].Plant Ecology,2006,182(1):109-118
[22]West N E.Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semi-arid regions[J].Advances in ecological research,1990,20:179-223
[23]Natelhoffer K J,Fry B.Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundances in forest soil organic matter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1988,52(6):1633-1640
[24]Thomas A D.Impact of grazing intensity on seasonal variations in soil organic carbon and soil CO2efflux in two semiarid grasslands in southern Botswana[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2012,367(1606):3076-3086
[25]Grote E E,Belnap J,Housman D C.Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents:implications for global change[J].Global Change Biology,2010,16(10):2763-2774
[26]Escolar C,Martínez I,Bowker M A,et al.Warming reduces the growth and diversity of biological soil crusts in a semi-arid environment:implications for ecosystem structure and functioning[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2012,367(1606):3087-3099
[27]Ciais P,Bombelli A,Williams M,et al.The carbon balance of Africa:synthesis of recent research studies[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,369(1943):2038-2057
[28]Jafari M,Tavili A,Zargham N,et al.Comparing some properties of crusted and uncrusted soils in Alagol region of Iran[J].Pakistan Journal of Nutrition,2004,3:273-277
[29]吴易雯,饶本强,刘永定,等.不同生境对人工结皮发育及表土氮、磷含量及其代谢酶活性的影响[J].土壤,2013,45(1):52-59
[30]贾宝全,张红旗,张志强,等.甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(7):1442-1448
[31]Belnap J.The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles[J].Hydrological processes,2006,20(15):3159-3178
[32]Xiao B,Hu K,Ren T,et al.Moss-dominated biological soil crusts significantly influence soil moisture and temperature regimes in semiarid ecosystems[J].Geoderma,2016,263:35-46
[33]Booth W E,Johansen J R,Ashley J.Effects of rangefire on soil algal crusts in semiarid shrub-steppe of the lower Columbia Basin and their subsequent recovery[J].The Great Basin Naturalist,1993,53(1):73-88
[34]Beymer R J,Klopatek J M.Effects of grazing on cryptogamic crusts in pinyon-juniper woodlands in Grand Canyon National Park[J].American Midland Naturalist,1992,127(1):139-148
[35]Zhang Y,Belnap J.Growth responses of five desert plants as influenced by biological soil crusts from a temperate desert,China[J].Ecological Research,2015,30(6):1037-1045
[36]邵晨曦,秦树高,冯薇,等.生物土壤结皮物理因子对植物种子萌发的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(2):20-30
[37]Zamfir M.Effects of bryophytes and lichens on seedling emergence of alvar plants:evidence from greenhouse experiments[J].Oikos,2000,88(3):603-611
[38]Lebrun J D,Trinsoutrot-Gattin I,Vinceslas-Akpa M,et al.Assessing impacts of copper on soil enzyme activities in regard to their natural spatiotemporal variation under long-term different land uses[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,49(6):150-156
[39]杨航宇,刘艳梅,王廷璞.荒漠区生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):654-664
[40]Darby B J,Neher D A,Belnap J.Soil nematode communities are ecologically more mature beneath late-than early-successional stage biological soil crusts[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,35(1):203-212
[41]Belnap J.Recovery rates of cryptobiotic crusts:inoculant use and assessment methods[J].The Great Basin Naturalist,1993,53(1):89-95
[42]Ford P L,Johnson G V.Effects of dormant-vs,growing-season fire in shortgrass steppe:biological soil crust and perennial grass responses[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67(1):1-14
[43]Greene R S B,Chartres C J,Hodgkinson K C.The effects of fire on the soil in a degraded semiarid woodland of cryptogam cover and physical and micromorphologicalproperties[J].Soil Research,1990,28(5):755-777
[44]张元明,曹同,潘伯荣.新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘土壤结皮中萏藓植物的研究[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(1):18-23
[45]Johansen J R.Cryptogamic crusts of semiarid and arid lands of north America[J].Journal of Phycology,1993,29(2):140-147
[46]Anderson D C,Harper K T,Rushforth S R.Recovery of cryptogamic soil crusts from grazing on Utah winter ranges[J].Journal of Range Management Archives,1982,35(3):355-359
[47]Karnieli A,Tsoar H.Spectral reflectance of biogenic crust developed on desert dune sand along the Israel-Egypt border[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(2):369-374
[48]戎郁萍,韩建国,王培,等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4):41-47
[49]Shachak M,Lovett G M.Atmospheric deposition to a desert ecosystem and its implications for management[J].Ecological Applications,1998,8(2):455-463
[50]Belnap J,Rosentreter R,Leonard S,et al.Biological soil crusts:ecology and management[J].Ecological Studies,2001(47):119-131
[51]Elmore A J,Mustard J F,Manning S J,et al.Quantifying vegetation change in semiarid environments:precision and accuracy of spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,73(1):87-102
[52]Prasad V K.Recent advances in remote sensing and geoinformation processing for land degradation assessment[J].Photogrammetric Record,2012,27(138):238-239
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