国外生土建筑发展对我国的启示与借鉴
|
摘要
生土建筑形式多样,不仅是中国传统建筑重要的组成部分,在世界范围内也有广泛分布。在全球能源危机背景下,生土建筑材料的生态性能又一次受到世人瞩目。我国研究生土建筑时间较早,但相较于发达国家,在研究探索与经验累积等方面还存在一定差距。本文从研究机构、教育模式、规范标准三个不同层面对国内外生土建筑研究进行分析判断,寻找出目前国内外生土建筑发展的现状和需要改进之处,总结国外先进研究经验,以高校教育作为理论支撑、规范标准作为实践场地、研究机构作为理论与实践结合的统筹研究单位,使三方面形成集"产学研"为一体的完整链条,为我国生土建筑的进一步发展提供依据。
Earth construction is not only an important part of traditional Chinese architecture,but also widely distributed around the world in various forms. In the context of the global energy crisis, the ecological performance of biomass building materials has attracted worldwide attention, and was studied in depth. Although the study of earth construction in China started early, however, compared with the developed countries, it has a certain gap in the research achievements and experiences. This paper conducts a systematically comparative analysis on the development of domestic and foreign earth construction from three aspects: research institution,education model and standard. It points out the current situation and weaknesses of its own development in all aspects of China, and summarizes the experiences of foreign advanced research results. Taking university education as a theoretical support, standard as a practice field, research institutions as an integrated unit of theory and practice, three aspects can form a complete chain of production, learning and research. It can provide references for the further development of Chinese earth buildings. Raw earth building is not only in our country, but also in the global scope, which has a long history and wide distribution. Moreover, the performance of raw earth materials contains tremendous ecological value and potential. After the developed countries in Europe and the United States realized this point, they took the lead in carrying out the basic research and technological experiments in this field, and obtained more systematic research results in different directions. Not only that, many countries have incorporated the design, construction, acceptance and other processes of native buildings into the scope of national management, but also formulated relevant norms and standards for native buildings. At the same time, they also use internet technology to create a number of sites for native buildings,and provide more channels for the dissemination of native buildings. Our country has abundant research resources of raw earth architecture. Many universities and organizations are doing relevant research and promotion. In practical projects, enterprises are gradually exploring the application of raw earth materials in modern architectural design. However, due to the limitations of national consciousness, policy orientation and construction procedures, there is a lack of overall cooperation among universities, institutions and enterprises, a large number of research results can not be directly converted into social benefits for production, resulting in the lack of domestic research problem orientation and the formation of a perfect theoretical system. Therefore, in some aspects, there has been a lack of relevant research abroad. Through the analysis and comparison of domestic and foreign research institutions, educational models and normative standards, this paper summarizes the achievements and experiences of foreign countries and the shortcomings of our country. It aims to further enhance the relevant fields of our country by drawing lessons from the mature research system and operation mechanism of foreign countries. In this paper, the domestic and foreign systematic research of native architecture is taken as the object of study, and the standard represents production, education promotion model represents learning, and research institute represents research. The development status and interrelationship of domestic and foreign countries are elaborated respectively. Summarized in the current domestic context, the core connotation of production, learning and research is to promote schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions to make full use of different educational environments and resources, to give them full play to their respective advantages; to education as a foothold, to integrate classroom education and actual production organically, so that students can feel the close connection between professional knowledge and work skills; and finally to benefit as a result. A strong guarantee for further cooperation, such a three-in-one recycling mechanism can effectively solve the problem of disconnection between school education and market demand. Architecture, as a subject with strong practicality, can only be tested by practice.It should transform the theoretical results into reality, enhancing the practicality of theoretical knowledge, so that it can truly serve the society.Increasing environmental benefits and economic value are the primary goals of architecture in the process of practice. Architecture, as an art form of integration of construction technology and social humanities should not only be for professionals, but also for the public. In order to meet the needs of society, architects have been working hard to fulfill the social dream of housing for the residents and coordinating win-win cooperation in the industry. Satisfaction of the whole society is the fundamental criterion for evaluating the development of the construction industry. Therefore,it is expected that more academic research institutions will emerge in China to integrate the indigenous buildings into a production, teaching and research system, so as to solve the fundamental domestic problems in this regard.
Earth construction is not only an important part of traditional Chinese architecture,but also widely distributed around the world in various forms. In the context of the global energy crisis, the ecological performance of biomass building materials has attracted worldwide attention, and was studied in depth. Although the study of earth construction in China started early, however, compared with the developed countries, it has a certain gap in the research achievements and experiences. This paper conducts a systematically comparative analysis on the development of domestic and foreign earth construction from three aspects: research institution,education model and standard. It points out the current situation and weaknesses of its own development in all aspects of China, and summarizes the experiences of foreign advanced research results. Taking university education as a theoretical support, standard as a practice field, research institutions as an integrated unit of theory and practice, three aspects can form a complete chain of production, learning and research. It can provide references for the further development of Chinese earth buildings. Raw earth building is not only in our country, but also in the global scope, which has a long history and wide distribution. Moreover, the performance of raw earth materials contains tremendous ecological value and potential. After the developed countries in Europe and the United States realized this point, they took the lead in carrying out the basic research and technological experiments in this field, and obtained more systematic research results in different directions. Not only that, many countries have incorporated the design, construction, acceptance and other processes of native buildings into the scope of national management, but also formulated relevant norms and standards for native buildings. At the same time, they also use internet technology to create a number of sites for native buildings,and provide more channels for the dissemination of native buildings. Our country has abundant research resources of raw earth architecture. Many universities and organizations are doing relevant research and promotion. In practical projects, enterprises are gradually exploring the application of raw earth materials in modern architectural design. However, due to the limitations of national consciousness, policy orientation and construction procedures, there is a lack of overall cooperation among universities, institutions and enterprises, a large number of research results can not be directly converted into social benefits for production, resulting in the lack of domestic research problem orientation and the formation of a perfect theoretical system. Therefore, in some aspects, there has been a lack of relevant research abroad. Through the analysis and comparison of domestic and foreign research institutions, educational models and normative standards, this paper summarizes the achievements and experiences of foreign countries and the shortcomings of our country. It aims to further enhance the relevant fields of our country by drawing lessons from the mature research system and operation mechanism of foreign countries. In this paper, the domestic and foreign systematic research of native architecture is taken as the object of study, and the standard represents production, education promotion model represents learning, and research institute represents research. The development status and interrelationship of domestic and foreign countries are elaborated respectively. Summarized in the current domestic context, the core connotation of production, learning and research is to promote schools, enterprises and scientific research institutions to make full use of different educational environments and resources, to give them full play to their respective advantages; to education as a foothold, to integrate classroom education and actual production organically, so that students can feel the close connection between professional knowledge and work skills; and finally to benefit as a result. A strong guarantee for further cooperation, such a three-in-one recycling mechanism can effectively solve the problem of disconnection between school education and market demand. Architecture, as a subject with strong practicality, can only be tested by practice.It should transform the theoretical results into reality, enhancing the practicality of theoretical knowledge, so that it can truly serve the society.Increasing environmental benefits and economic value are the primary goals of architecture in the process of practice. Architecture, as an art form of integration of construction technology and social humanities should not only be for professionals, but also for the public. In order to meet the needs of society, architects have been working hard to fulfill the social dream of housing for the residents and coordinating win-win cooperation in the industry. Satisfaction of the whole society is the fundamental criterion for evaluating the development of the construction industry. Therefore,it is expected that more academic research institutions will emerge in China to integrate the indigenous buildings into a production, teaching and research system, so as to solve the fundamental domestic problems in this regard.
引文
[1]李方正,胡楠,李雄,等.海绵城市建设背景下的城市绿地系统规划响应研究[J].城市发展研究,2016(7):39-45.LIF Z, HU N, LIX, et al. Research on Response of Urban Green Space SystemPlanning under the Background of Sponge City Construction[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2016, 23(7):39-45.
[2]丁跃元.德国的雨水利用技术[J].住宅产业,2005(1):31-34.DING Y Y. Rainwater Utilization Technology in Germany[J]. Housing Industry, 2005(1):31-34.
[3]吴丹洁,詹圣泽,李友华,等.中国特色海绵城市的新兴趋势与实践研究[J].中国软科学,2016(1):79-97.WU D J, ZHAN S Z, LI Y H, et al.New Trends and Practical Researchon the Sponge Cities with Chinese Characteristics[J]. China Soft Science,2016(1):79-97.
[4]李强.低影响开发理论与方法述评[J].城市发展研究,2013, 20(6):30-35.LI Q. Review on the Theory and Methods of Low Impact Development[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2013, 20(6):30-35.
[5]于冰沁,车生泉,严巍,等.上海海绵城市绿地建设指标及低影响开发技术示范[J].风景园林,2016(3):21-26.YUB Q, CHE S Q, YAN W, et al.Construction Indexes and Practices of Suitable Low Impact Development Techniques at Shanghai Urban Green Space[J]. Landscape Architecture,2016(3):21-26.
[6]吕伟娅,管益龙,张金戈.绿色生态城区海绵城市建设规划设计思路探讨[J].中国园林,2015, 31(6):16-20.LYU W Y, GUAN Y L, ZHANG J G. Discussion of the Design Ideas of Sponge City Planning in"Green Ecodistrict"Planning[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2015, 31(6):16-20.
[7]蒋春博,李家科,马越,等雨水花园对实际降雨径流的调控效果研究[J].水土保持学报,2018, 32(4):122-127.[7] JIANG C B, LI J K, MA Y, et al.RegulatingEffect of Rain Garden on Actual Rainfall Runoff[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 32(4):122-127.
[8]褚彦杰.基于海绵城市理念的绿色建筑雨水设计[J].给水排水,2017, 53(S1):228-230.ZHU Y J. Rainwater Design for Green Buildings Based on Sponge City Concept[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering, 2017,53(S1):228-230.
[9]张质明,胡蓓蓓,李俊奇,等.中国日降雨空间变化对雨水径流源头总量控制的影响[J].水科学进展,2018, 29(4):465-472.ZHANG Z M, HU B B, LI J Q,et al. The Impact of Spatial Variations of Rainfall on Total Control of Rainfall RunoffSources in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2018, 29(4):465-472.
[10]苗伟,冯爽,康殿旭.海绵城市雨水年径流总量控制率研究——以沈阳市中心城区为例[J].给水排水,2018, 54(S2):141-145.MIAO W, FENG S, KANG D X. Study on the Copure Ratio of Total Annual Runoff Volume of Spine City:a Case Study in Shenyang City[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering, 2018, 54(S2):141-145.
[11]潘文斌,柯锦燕,郑鹏,等.低影响开发对城市内涝节点雨洪控制效果研究——不同降雨特性下的情景模拟[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(7):2555-2563.PAN W B, KE J Y, ZHENG P, et al.Flood Control Effects of Low-impact Development on Urban Waterlogging Node under Different Rainfall Characteristics[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(7):2555-2563.
[12]颜文涛,王云才,象伟宁.城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导[J].生态学报,2016, 36(16):4926-4928.YAN W T,WANG Y C,XIANG W N.Urban Rainwater Management Practice Needs the Guidance of Ecological Practice Wisdom[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(16):4926-4928.
[13]卢江林,颜文涛,邹锦,等.适应环境过程的西南山地住区绿色空间——构建策略与结构模式[J].南方建筑,2017(6):116-121.LU J L, YAN W T, ZOU J, et al.Construction Strategy and Structure Pattern of Green Open Spacein Mountain Residential Area in the Environment Adaptive Process[J]. South Architecture,2017(6):116-121.
[14]颜文涛,贵体进,赵敏华,等.成都城市形态与河流水系的关系变迁:适应性智慧及启示[J].现代城市研究,2018(7):14-19.YAN W T,GUI T J,ZHAN M H, et al. Changes in the Relationship BetweenUrban Morphology and River Systems in Chengdu:Adaptive Wisdomand Inspiration[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2018(7):14-19.
[15]颜文涛,周勤,叶林.城市土地使用规划与水环境效应:研究综述[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,31(3):35-41.YAN W T, ZHOU Q, YE L. Review of Urban Land Use Planning and Water Environmental Effects[J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2014, 31(3):35-41.
[16]邹锦,颜文涛,曹静娜,等.绿色基础设施实施的规划学途径——基于与传统规划技术体系融合的方法[J].中国园林,2014,30(9):92-95.ZOU J, YAN W T, CAO J N, et al.Exploring on Planning Implementation of Green Infrastructure-Approaches to Integrating Green Infrastructure into Traditional Planning System[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014, 30(9):92-95.
(1)资料来源:林挺,张雯.粘土“混凝土”--生土材料与夯土建造[J].建筑技艺,2013(03):238-242.
(2)资料来源:高翔.村镇民居建筑采取抗震措施前后的技术经济分析[D].西安:长安大学,2012:28.
(3)资料来源:王宝卿.夯土建筑材料耐久性试验研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006:43.
(4)根据《危险房屋鉴定标准》,危改工作主要针对两种危房。C级:部分承重结构承载力达不到正常使用要求,局部出现危险,构成部分危险房屋,一般需要局部改造或整体加固;D级:承重结构承载力完全达不到正常使用要求,已构成整体的危险性房屋,应该作为一个整体进行拆除。
[2]丁跃元.德国的雨水利用技术[J].住宅产业,2005(1):31-34.DING Y Y. Rainwater Utilization Technology in Germany[J]. Housing Industry, 2005(1):31-34.
[3]吴丹洁,詹圣泽,李友华,等.中国特色海绵城市的新兴趋势与实践研究[J].中国软科学,2016(1):79-97.WU D J, ZHAN S Z, LI Y H, et al.New Trends and Practical Researchon the Sponge Cities with Chinese Characteristics[J]. China Soft Science,2016(1):79-97.
[4]李强.低影响开发理论与方法述评[J].城市发展研究,2013, 20(6):30-35.LI Q. Review on the Theory and Methods of Low Impact Development[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2013, 20(6):30-35.
[5]于冰沁,车生泉,严巍,等.上海海绵城市绿地建设指标及低影响开发技术示范[J].风景园林,2016(3):21-26.YUB Q, CHE S Q, YAN W, et al.Construction Indexes and Practices of Suitable Low Impact Development Techniques at Shanghai Urban Green Space[J]. Landscape Architecture,2016(3):21-26.
[6]吕伟娅,管益龙,张金戈.绿色生态城区海绵城市建设规划设计思路探讨[J].中国园林,2015, 31(6):16-20.LYU W Y, GUAN Y L, ZHANG J G. Discussion of the Design Ideas of Sponge City Planning in"Green Ecodistrict"Planning[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2015, 31(6):16-20.
[7]蒋春博,李家科,马越,等雨水花园对实际降雨径流的调控效果研究[J].水土保持学报,2018, 32(4):122-127.[7] JIANG C B, LI J K, MA Y, et al.RegulatingEffect of Rain Garden on Actual Rainfall Runoff[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 32(4):122-127.
[8]褚彦杰.基于海绵城市理念的绿色建筑雨水设计[J].给水排水,2017, 53(S1):228-230.ZHU Y J. Rainwater Design for Green Buildings Based on Sponge City Concept[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering, 2017,53(S1):228-230.
[9]张质明,胡蓓蓓,李俊奇,等.中国日降雨空间变化对雨水径流源头总量控制的影响[J].水科学进展,2018, 29(4):465-472.ZHANG Z M, HU B B, LI J Q,et al. The Impact of Spatial Variations of Rainfall on Total Control of Rainfall RunoffSources in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2018, 29(4):465-472.
[10]苗伟,冯爽,康殿旭.海绵城市雨水年径流总量控制率研究——以沈阳市中心城区为例[J].给水排水,2018, 54(S2):141-145.MIAO W, FENG S, KANG D X. Study on the Copure Ratio of Total Annual Runoff Volume of Spine City:a Case Study in Shenyang City[J]. Water&Wastewater Engineering, 2018, 54(S2):141-145.
[11]潘文斌,柯锦燕,郑鹏,等.低影响开发对城市内涝节点雨洪控制效果研究——不同降雨特性下的情景模拟[J].中国环境科学,2018, 38(7):2555-2563.PAN W B, KE J Y, ZHENG P, et al.Flood Control Effects of Low-impact Development on Urban Waterlogging Node under Different Rainfall Characteristics[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(7):2555-2563.
[12]颜文涛,王云才,象伟宁.城市雨洪管理实践需要生态实践智慧的引导[J].生态学报,2016, 36(16):4926-4928.YAN W T,WANG Y C,XIANG W N.Urban Rainwater Management Practice Needs the Guidance of Ecological Practice Wisdom[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(16):4926-4928.
[13]卢江林,颜文涛,邹锦,等.适应环境过程的西南山地住区绿色空间——构建策略与结构模式[J].南方建筑,2017(6):116-121.LU J L, YAN W T, ZOU J, et al.Construction Strategy and Structure Pattern of Green Open Spacein Mountain Residential Area in the Environment Adaptive Process[J]. South Architecture,2017(6):116-121.
[14]颜文涛,贵体进,赵敏华,等.成都城市形态与河流水系的关系变迁:适应性智慧及启示[J].现代城市研究,2018(7):14-19.YAN W T,GUI T J,ZHAN M H, et al. Changes in the Relationship BetweenUrban Morphology and River Systems in Chengdu:Adaptive Wisdomand Inspiration[J]. Modern Urban Research, 2018(7):14-19.
[15]颜文涛,周勤,叶林.城市土地使用规划与水环境效应:研究综述[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,31(3):35-41.YAN W T, ZHOU Q, YE L. Review of Urban Land Use Planning and Water Environmental Effects[J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2014, 31(3):35-41.
[16]邹锦,颜文涛,曹静娜,等.绿色基础设施实施的规划学途径——基于与传统规划技术体系融合的方法[J].中国园林,2014,30(9):92-95.ZOU J, YAN W T, CAO J N, et al.Exploring on Planning Implementation of Green Infrastructure-Approaches to Integrating Green Infrastructure into Traditional Planning System[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2014, 30(9):92-95.
(1)资料来源:林挺,张雯.粘土“混凝土”--生土材料与夯土建造[J].建筑技艺,2013(03):238-242.
(2)资料来源:高翔.村镇民居建筑采取抗震措施前后的技术经济分析[D].西安:长安大学,2012:28.
(3)资料来源:王宝卿.夯土建筑材料耐久性试验研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006:43.
(4)根据《危险房屋鉴定标准》,危改工作主要针对两种危房。C级:部分承重结构承载力达不到正常使用要求,局部出现危险,构成部分危险房屋,一般需要局部改造或整体加固;D级:承重结构承载力完全达不到正常使用要求,已构成整体的危险性房屋,应该作为一个整体进行拆除。