西南稻区机直播高产杂交籼稻养分吸收利用特征
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摘要
【目的】本文探索了机直播模式下丰产优质杂交籼稻养分利用及产量特征。【方法】以15个杂交籼稻品种为材料,研究施氮下机直播对杂交籼稻结实期氮磷钾吸收、转运、利用及产量的影响,并探讨各养分转运量和贡献率与产量及氮肥利用率间的关系。【结果】依据稻谷产量聚类分析的结果表明,机直播下,施氮处理与高产、中产、低产3类型品种对结实期各营养器官氮磷钾的累积、转运及最终产量均存在显著的影响,且各产量类型下叶片及茎鞘氮磷钾养分间转运存在显著的协同效应,对促进各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量有显著影响;但磷素的转运和贡献率与氮、钾素间的协同性显著降低,对提高氮肥利用率作用不显著。机直播不同产量类型杂交籼稻,施氮处理在产量及结实期养分吸收、转运各指标整体上均显著高于不施氮处理,且F优498、德香4103和川江优527在高产类型品种中,也具有较高的氮肥利用率,为本试验筛选出最适机直播的高产氮高效品种。与中产、低产类型品种相比,机直播高产品种均能不同程度的提高结实期养分累积,促进叶、茎鞘中养分转运,尤其能显著提高叶片氮、钾转运量,以及茎鞘钾转运量,进而显著提高钾转运贡献率,提升籽粒中氮、钾所占稻株各养分累积总量比例的主要特征,发挥出氮钾协同转运与利用的耦合效应;同时,在保证一定数量有效穗的前提下,具备较高的每穗粒数和结实率,是机直播杂交籼稻高产品种另一重要特征。相关分析表明,结实期叶、茎鞘氮、钾转运量以及钾转运贡献率与氮肥利用率均呈极显著正相关,保证结实期钾素转运量及贡献率对协同提高机直播杂交籼稻产量及氮肥利用率的作用显著。【结论】与机直播中产、低产类型杂交籼稻品种相比,高产类型品种能显著提高叶片氮、钾转运量,以及茎鞘钾转运量,进而显著提高结实期钾转运贡献率,对协同提高机直播杂交籼稻产量及氮肥利用率的作用显著,是机直播杂交籼稻高产品种主要生理特征;同时,在保证足量有效穗(>200×104/hm2)前提下,具备较高每穗粒数(>173.0粒)和结实率(>89.5%),是机直播杂交籼稻高产品种另一重要特征。
【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the nutrient utilization and yield characteristics of mechanical direct-sowing indica hybrid rice. 【Method】Taken fifteen different indica hybrid rice cultivars as tested materials,the effects of mechanical direct-sowing under different N fertilizers levels on the absorption,translocation and utilization of N,phosphorus(P),potassium(K) and yield of indica hybrid rice during filling stage were studied,meanwhile the correlations of nutrient utilization characteristics with grain yield and N utilization efficiency(NUE) were explored. 【Result】According to cluster analysis of yield,under mechanical direct-sowing,N fertilization treatment and three yield classification types had an obviously significant effect on the accumulation and translocation of N,P,K during filling stages and grain yield. There existed significantly positive correlations between the amounts of N,P and K translocation in leaves and stem-sheath under different yield types,which could promote nutrient translocation during filling stage and increase grain yield; However,the correlation coefficient of P and N, P and K significantly decreased in translocation conversion rate of P from heading to maturity stage,which could not significantly improve NUE. Under mechanical direct-sowing in different yield classification types,the various indicators on yield and nutrient utilization characteristics of N fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those of no N treatment. F you 498,Dexiang4103 and Chuanjiangyou 527 were high-yielding and high NUE indica hybrid rice cultivars,being the best cultivars in this paper referred as the mechanical direct-sowing condition. Compared with medium and low yield types,mechanical direct-seeding high-yielding cultivars promoted the accumulations of N,P and K at the heading and maturity stage,increased nutrient translocation in leaf and stem-sheath during filling stage,especially significantly enhanced the translocation amount of N and K in leaves and translocation amount of K in stem-sheath,further facilitated the translocation conversion rate of K in different vegetative organ,played the coupling effect of absorption and utilization of N and K and then promoted yield,which was the important characteristic of high-yielding indica hybrid rice under mechanical direct-seeding; The results also showed that on the premise of effective panicle number,high grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of high yield types,more than those of low yield cultivars,which was another important reason for high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivars further to increase yield under mechanical direct-seeding. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly positive correlations of the translocation amount of N and K in leaves and stem-sheath and the translocation conversion rate of K during filling stage with NUE,furthermore,the translocation amount and translocation conversion rate of K had high significant effects on grain yield and NUE under mechanical direct-seeding condition.【Conclusion】Compared hybrid indica rice varieties with the middle class and low-yield type,high-yielding varieties can significantly improve leaf nitrogen and potassium transfer volume,as well as the potassium transfer volume of the stem and then significantly improve the contribution rate of potassium transport in the strong period,which is significant for the production of hybrid indica rice and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the coordinated increase of the live transmission,which is the main physiological characteristics of the high-yielding varieties of the hybrid indica rice. At the same time,under the premise of ensuring sufficient amount of effective ear(> 200 × 104/hm2),higher per ear grain number(> 173. 0 granule) and the yield rate(> 89. 5 %) are another important characteristics of the high-yielding variety of hybrid indica rice.
【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the nutrient utilization and yield characteristics of mechanical direct-sowing indica hybrid rice. 【Method】Taken fifteen different indica hybrid rice cultivars as tested materials,the effects of mechanical direct-sowing under different N fertilizers levels on the absorption,translocation and utilization of N,phosphorus(P),potassium(K) and yield of indica hybrid rice during filling stage were studied,meanwhile the correlations of nutrient utilization characteristics with grain yield and N utilization efficiency(NUE) were explored. 【Result】According to cluster analysis of yield,under mechanical direct-sowing,N fertilization treatment and three yield classification types had an obviously significant effect on the accumulation and translocation of N,P,K during filling stages and grain yield. There existed significantly positive correlations between the amounts of N,P and K translocation in leaves and stem-sheath under different yield types,which could promote nutrient translocation during filling stage and increase grain yield; However,the correlation coefficient of P and N, P and K significantly decreased in translocation conversion rate of P from heading to maturity stage,which could not significantly improve NUE. Under mechanical direct-sowing in different yield classification types,the various indicators on yield and nutrient utilization characteristics of N fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those of no N treatment. F you 498,Dexiang4103 and Chuanjiangyou 527 were high-yielding and high NUE indica hybrid rice cultivars,being the best cultivars in this paper referred as the mechanical direct-sowing condition. Compared with medium and low yield types,mechanical direct-seeding high-yielding cultivars promoted the accumulations of N,P and K at the heading and maturity stage,increased nutrient translocation in leaf and stem-sheath during filling stage,especially significantly enhanced the translocation amount of N and K in leaves and translocation amount of K in stem-sheath,further facilitated the translocation conversion rate of K in different vegetative organ,played the coupling effect of absorption and utilization of N and K and then promoted yield,which was the important characteristic of high-yielding indica hybrid rice under mechanical direct-seeding; The results also showed that on the premise of effective panicle number,high grain number per panicle and seed setting rate of high yield types,more than those of low yield cultivars,which was another important reason for high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivars further to increase yield under mechanical direct-seeding. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly positive correlations of the translocation amount of N and K in leaves and stem-sheath and the translocation conversion rate of K during filling stage with NUE,furthermore,the translocation amount and translocation conversion rate of K had high significant effects on grain yield and NUE under mechanical direct-seeding condition.【Conclusion】Compared hybrid indica rice varieties with the middle class and low-yield type,high-yielding varieties can significantly improve leaf nitrogen and potassium transfer volume,as well as the potassium transfer volume of the stem and then significantly improve the contribution rate of potassium transport in the strong period,which is significant for the production of hybrid indica rice and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the coordinated increase of the live transmission,which is the main physiological characteristics of the high-yielding varieties of the hybrid indica rice. At the same time,under the premise of ensuring sufficient amount of effective ear(> 200 × 104/hm2),higher per ear grain number(> 173. 0 granule) and the yield rate(> 89. 5 %) are another important characteristics of the high-yielding variety of hybrid indica rice.
引文
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[6]孙永健,郑洪帧,杨志远,等.机械旱直播方式对水稻氮磷钾吸收转运及分配的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):73-80.
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[8]李敏,张洪程,杨雄,等.水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性[J].作物学报,2013,39:101-109.
[9]徐明岗,李冬初,李菊梅,等.化肥有机肥配施对水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3133-3139.
[10]Cabangon R J,Castillo E G,Tuong T P.Chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management of rice grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121:136-146.
[11]敖和军,王淑红,邹应斌,等.不同施肥水平下超级杂交稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收累积[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3123-3132.
[12]Li M,Zhang H C,Yang X,et al.Accumulation and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of irrigated rice cultivars with high productivities and high N use efficiencies[J].Field Crops Research,2014,161:55-63.
[13]赵春江.数字农业信息标准研究-作物卷[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[14]孙永健,孙园园,徐徽,等.水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(9):1639-1649.
[15]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,何予卿,等.氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2011,25(6):645-653.
[16]杨惠杰,房贤涛,何花榕,等.福建超级稻品种茎秆结构特征及其与抗倒性和产量的关系[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(7):909-913.
[17]胡雅杰,曹伟伟,钱海军,等.钵苗机插密度对不同穗型水稻品种产量、株型和抗倒伏能力的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):743-757.
[18]孙建军,张洪程,王生轩,等.播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(21):76-86.
[19]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,张帆,等.超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性[J].作物学报,2011,37(3):537-544.
[20]徐国伟,谈桂露,王志琴,等.秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2736-2746.
[21]霍中洋,姚义,张洪程,等.播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(13):2592-2606.
[22]冯洋,陈海飞,胡孝明,等.我国南方主推水稻品种氮效率筛选及评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1051-1062.
[2]孙永健,郑洪帧,徐徽,等.机械旱直播方式促进水稻生长发育提高产量[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):10-18.
[3]张银平,杜瑞成,刁培松,等.山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):24-30.
[4]许轲,唐磊,张洪程,等.不同机械直播方式对水稻分蘖特性及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(13):43-52.
[5]Sun Y J,Sun Y Y,Xu H,et al.Effects of fertilizer levels on the absorption,translocation,and distribution of phosphorus and potassium in rice cultivars with different nitrogen-use efficiencies[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,2016,8(11):38-50.
[6]孙永健,郑洪帧,杨志远,等.机械旱直播方式对水稻氮磷钾吸收转运及分配的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):73-80.
[7]Broadbent F E,De Datta S K,Laureles E V.Measurement of nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice genotypes[J].Agronomy Journal,1987,79:786-791.
[8]李敏,张洪程,杨雄,等.水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性[J].作物学报,2013,39:101-109.
[9]徐明岗,李冬初,李菊梅,等.化肥有机肥配施对水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3133-3139.
[10]Cabangon R J,Castillo E G,Tuong T P.Chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management of rice grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121:136-146.
[11]敖和军,王淑红,邹应斌,等.不同施肥水平下超级杂交稻对氮、磷、钾的吸收累积[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3123-3132.
[12]Li M,Zhang H C,Yang X,et al.Accumulation and utilization of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of irrigated rice cultivars with high productivities and high N use efficiencies[J].Field Crops Research,2014,161:55-63.
[13]赵春江.数字农业信息标准研究-作物卷[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[14]孙永健,孙园园,徐徽,等.水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特性及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(9):1639-1649.
[15]王伟妮,鲁剑巍,何予卿,等.氮、磷、钾肥对水稻产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2011,25(6):645-653.
[16]杨惠杰,房贤涛,何花榕,等.福建超级稻品种茎秆结构特征及其与抗倒性和产量的关系[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(7):909-913.
[17]胡雅杰,曹伟伟,钱海军,等.钵苗机插密度对不同穗型水稻品种产量、株型和抗倒伏能力的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):743-757.
[18]孙建军,张洪程,王生轩,等.播期对不同品种类型机插稻生长特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(21):76-86.
[19]潘圣刚,黄胜奇,张帆,等.超高产栽培杂交中籼稻的生长发育特性[J].作物学报,2011,37(3):537-544.
[20]徐国伟,谈桂露,王志琴,等.秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2736-2746.
[21]霍中洋,姚义,张洪程,等.播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(13):2592-2606.
[22]冯洋,陈海飞,胡孝明,等.我国南方主推水稻品种氮效率筛选及评价[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1051-1062.