土壤肥力和氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响
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摘要
以垦粳5号为材料,设计3种土壤肥力(高、中、低肥力)和5种氮肥运筹模式[农民习惯施肥(M1)、V字形施肥(M2)、减氮施肥(M3)、减氮减磷施肥(M4)、前氮后移施肥(M5)],研究不同土壤肥力和氮肥运筹对寒地水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用的影响,旨在为提高寒地水稻氮肥综合生产能力、改善稻米品质提供理论参考。结果表明,土壤肥力和氮肥运筹二因素互作对水稻产量、品质、氮肥利用影响显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M3模式产量(31.2 g/穴)最高,M1、M2、M4模式依次次之;中肥力土壤条件下,M1模式产量(28.0 g/穴)最高,M2、M4模式依次次之;低肥力土壤条件下,M1模式产量(26.7 g/穴)最高,M2、M4、M3模式依次次之。高肥力土壤条件下,M4模式的垩白粒率和垩白度、M3和M4模式的蛋白质含量较低;中、低肥力土壤条件下,M5模式的垩白粒率和垩白度、M1模式蛋白质含量较低。高肥力土壤条件下,M3—M5模式的食味评分(84.11、83.30、83.36)较高;中肥力土壤条件下,M1、M2模式的食味评分(85.49、84.47)较高;低肥力土壤条件下,M1、M3、M4模式的食味评分(85.17、85.39、85.14)较高。M1模式茎秆抗倒伏指数显著低于其他模式,其他模式间的差异均不显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M4、M5模式氮肥贡献率较高;中肥力土壤条件下,各模式间差异均不显著;低肥力土壤条件下,M2模式氮肥贡献率最低,其余模式间差异均不显著。高肥力土壤条件下,M3模式的地上部吸氮量、氮肥农学利用率(51.46%)、氮肥吸收利用率(66.83 g/g)和氮肥偏生产力(131.52 g/g)最高,M5模式的氮肥生理利用率(134.54 g/g)最高;中肥力土壤条件下,M5模式的氮肥吸收利用率(58.29 g/g)、M4模式的氮肥偏生产力(104.05 g/g)、M1模式的氮肥生理利用率(100.18 g/g)最高,M2模式较高;低肥力土壤条件下,M2模式的地上部吸氮量、M2模式的氮肥吸收利用率(61.18 g/g)、M4模式的氮肥偏生产力(100.39 g/g)、M1模式的氮肥生理利用率(90.93 g/g)最高,M3模式较高。综合考虑,高肥力土壤采用M3模式、中肥力土壤采用M2模式、低肥力土壤采用M3模式有利于协调寒地水稻产量、品质、氮肥利用率的关系。
Trials with three treatments of soil fertilizer(high,middle and low)and five N application patterns[local farmer's fertilization(M1),V shape fertilization(M2),reducing N fertilization(M3),reducing N and P fertilization(M4),application of N at late growth stage(M5)] were set up to study the effects of soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization of rice in cold region,so as to provide theory reference for improving nitrogen comprehensive productivity and rice quality.The results showed that the interaction between soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns had significant effects on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization.Under high soil fertility condition,M3 pattern had the highest yield(31.2 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 and M4 patterns.Under middle soil fertility condition,the yield of M1 pattern was the highest(28.0 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 patterns.Under low soil fertility condition,M1 pattern had the highest yield(26.7 g/hole),followed by M2,M4 and M3 patterns.The chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M4 pattern, protein content of M3 and M4 were lower under high fertility soil condition,and the chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M5 pattern, protein content of M1 were lower under middle and low fertility soil conditions.The taste value of M3—M5 patterns(84.11,83.30,83.36),M1—M2 patterns(85.49, 84.47),and M1,M3,M4 patterns(85.17,85.39,85.14) were higher under high,middle and low fertility soil conditions,respectively.The lodging resistance index of M1 pattern was significantly lower than that of the other fertilization patterns,and there was no significant difference among the other fertilization patterns.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M4 and M5 patterns were higher under high fertility soil condition,and there were no significant differences among patterns under middle fertilizer soil condition.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M2 pattern was the lowest,and no significant differences were found among the other patterns under low fertility soil condition.Under high fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen agronomic efficiency(51.46%),nitrogen recovery use efficiency(66.83 g/g) and nitrogen partial factor productivity(131.52 g/g) of M3 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(134.54 g/g) of M5 pattern were the highest.Under middle fertility soil condition,nitrogen recovery use efficiency(58.29 g/g) of M5 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity(104.05 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(100.18 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M2 pattern were higher.Under low fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen recovery use efficiency(61.18 g/g) of M2 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity(100.39 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(90.93 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M3 pattern were higher.Therefore, the use of M3 pattern under high fertility soil condition,M2 pattern under medium soil fertility condition,M3 pattern under low fertility soil condition were helpful to coordinate the relationship of yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency.
Trials with three treatments of soil fertilizer(high,middle and low)and five N application patterns[local farmer's fertilization(M1),V shape fertilization(M2),reducing N fertilization(M3),reducing N and P fertilization(M4),application of N at late growth stage(M5)] were set up to study the effects of soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization of rice in cold region,so as to provide theory reference for improving nitrogen comprehensive productivity and rice quality.The results showed that the interaction between soil fertility and nitrogen application patterns had significant effects on yield,quality and nitrogen utilization.Under high soil fertility condition,M3 pattern had the highest yield(31.2 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 and M4 patterns.Under middle soil fertility condition,the yield of M1 pattern was the highest(28.0 g/hole),followed by M1,M2 patterns.Under low soil fertility condition,M1 pattern had the highest yield(26.7 g/hole),followed by M2,M4 and M3 patterns.The chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M4 pattern, protein content of M3 and M4 were lower under high fertility soil condition,and the chalky grain rate and chalkiness of M5 pattern, protein content of M1 were lower under middle and low fertility soil conditions.The taste value of M3—M5 patterns(84.11,83.30,83.36),M1—M2 patterns(85.49, 84.47),and M1,M3,M4 patterns(85.17,85.39,85.14) were higher under high,middle and low fertility soil conditions,respectively.The lodging resistance index of M1 pattern was significantly lower than that of the other fertilization patterns,and there was no significant difference among the other fertilization patterns.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M4 and M5 patterns were higher under high fertility soil condition,and there were no significant differences among patterns under middle fertilizer soil condition.The nitrogen fertilization contribution rate of M2 pattern was the lowest,and no significant differences were found among the other patterns under low fertility soil condition.Under high fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen agronomic efficiency(51.46%),nitrogen recovery use efficiency(66.83 g/g) and nitrogen partial factor productivity(131.52 g/g) of M3 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(134.54 g/g) of M5 pattern were the highest.Under middle fertility soil condition,nitrogen recovery use efficiency(58.29 g/g) of M5 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity(104.05 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(100.18 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M2 pattern were higher.Under low fertility soil condition,total aboveground plant nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen recovery use efficiency(61.18 g/g) of M2 pattern,nitrogen partial factor productivity(100.39 g/g) of M4 pattern,and nitrogen physiological efficiency(90.93 g/g) of M1 pattern were the highest,and those of M3 pattern were higher.Therefore, the use of M3 pattern under high fertility soil condition,M2 pattern under medium soil fertility condition,M3 pattern under low fertility soil condition were helpful to coordinate the relationship of yield,quality and nitrogen use efficiency.
引文
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[16] 李超,陈恺林,刘洋,等.不同氮素水平对晚稻拟环纹豹蛛及稻飞虱种群动态的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2014,20(10):37-40,44.
[17] 曾泉,胡春锦,史国英,等.氮素营养对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的影响[J].南方农业学报,2015,46(6):1012-1017.
[18] 陈书强.氮肥运筹对水稻生育动态和茎蘖利用特征的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2018,57(6):20-25.
[19] 王士强,陈淑洁,赵海红,等.氮肥运筹对寒地水稻生长和产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(3):68-71.
[20] 杜晓东,赵宏伟,王敬国,等.氮肥运筹对寒地粳稻淀粉合成关键酶活性及淀粉积累的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(1):159-167.
[21] MITANI N,MA J F,IWASHITA T.Identification of the silicon form inxylem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)[J].Plant Cell Physiol,2005,46(2):279-283.
[22] 李金才,尹钧,魏凤珍.播种密度对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒指数的影响[J].作物学报,2005,3l(5):662-666.
[23] 国家质量技术监督局.优质稻谷:GB/T 17891—1999[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[24] 徐正进,陈温福,马殿荣,等.辽宁水稻食味值及其与品质性状的关系[J].作物学报,2005,31(8):1092-1094.
[25] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局,国家标准化委员会.优质稻谷:GB/T 17891—2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2018.
[26] 陈能,罗玉坤,谢黎虹,等.我国水稻品种的蛋白质含量及与米质的相关性研究[J].作物学报,2006,32(8):1193-1196.
[27] 阎志利,张景奎,林瑞敏.倒伏对水稻产量影响的分析研究[J].盐碱地利用,1990(3):7-9.
[28] STAM P P.Seedling traits of maize as indicators of root lodging[J].Agronomie,1992,12(2):157-162
[29] 郎有忠,杨晓东,王美娥,等.结实阶段不同时期倒伏对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2011,25(4):407-412.
[2] 王秀斌,徐新朋,孙刚,等.氮肥用量对双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(6):1279-1286.
[3] 何海兵,杨茹,廖江,等.水分和氮肥管理对灌溉水稻优质高产高效调控机制的研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(2):305-318.
[4] 严奉君,孙永健,马均,等.不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2015,29(1):56-64.
[5] 彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,等.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(9):1095-1103.
[6] 刘立军,杨立年,孙小淋,等.水稻实地氮肥管理的氮肥利用效率及其生理原因[J].作物学报,2009,35(9):1672-1680.
[7] 李庆逵.中国农业持续发展中的肥料问题[M].南昌:江西科学技术出版社,1997.
[8] 潘圣刚,曹凑贵,蔡明历,等.不同灌溉模式下氮肥水平对水稻氮素利用效率、产量及其品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):283-289.
[9] 尤小涛,荆奇,姜东,等.节水灌溉条件下氮肥对粳稻稻米产量和品质及氮素利用的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2006,20(2):199-204.
[10] 孙永健.水氮互作对水稻产量形成和氮素利用特征的影响及其生理基础[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2010.
[11] 王巧兰,吴礼树,赵竹青,等.氮水平对水稻植株氮素损失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):14-19.
[12] 陈刚,徐阳春,沈其荣.施氮水平对水稻生育后期地上部氨挥发的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(7):1483-1488.
[13] 潘圣刚,黄胜奇,翟晶,等.氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响[J].土壤,2012,44(1):23-29.
[14] 房贤涛,何花榕,谢祖钦,等.不同施氮量对杂交稻茎秆性状及抗倒伏性的影响[J].福建农业学报,2016,31(10):1034-1038.
[15] 吴晓然,张巫军,伍龙梅,等.超级杂交籼稻抗倒能力比较及其对氮素的响应[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(14):2705-2717.
[16] 李超,陈恺林,刘洋,等.不同氮素水平对晚稻拟环纹豹蛛及稻飞虱种群动态的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2014,20(10):37-40,44.
[17] 曾泉,胡春锦,史国英,等.氮素营养对水稻纹枯病菌致病力的影响[J].南方农业学报,2015,46(6):1012-1017.
[18] 陈书强.氮肥运筹对水稻生育动态和茎蘖利用特征的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2018,57(6):20-25.
[19] 王士强,陈淑洁,赵海红,等.氮肥运筹对寒地水稻生长和产量的影响[J].中国稻米,2015,21(3):68-71.
[20] 杜晓东,赵宏伟,王敬国,等.氮肥运筹对寒地粳稻淀粉合成关键酶活性及淀粉积累的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(1):159-167.
[21] MITANI N,MA J F,IWASHITA T.Identification of the silicon form inxylem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)[J].Plant Cell Physiol,2005,46(2):279-283.
[22] 李金才,尹钧,魏凤珍.播种密度对冬小麦茎秆形态特征和抗倒指数的影响[J].作物学报,2005,3l(5):662-666.
[23] 国家质量技术监督局.优质稻谷:GB/T 17891—1999[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.
[24] 徐正进,陈温福,马殿荣,等.辽宁水稻食味值及其与品质性状的关系[J].作物学报,2005,31(8):1092-1094.
[25] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局,国家标准化委员会.优质稻谷:GB/T 17891—2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2018.
[26] 陈能,罗玉坤,谢黎虹,等.我国水稻品种的蛋白质含量及与米质的相关性研究[J].作物学报,2006,32(8):1193-1196.
[27] 阎志利,张景奎,林瑞敏.倒伏对水稻产量影响的分析研究[J].盐碱地利用,1990(3):7-9.
[28] STAM P P.Seedling traits of maize as indicators of root lodging[J].Agronomie,1992,12(2):157-162
[29] 郎有忠,杨晓东,王美娥,等.结实阶段不同时期倒伏对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2011,25(4):407-412.