全年淹水种植茭白对水田土壤性态的影响
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摘要
水田全年淹水种植茭白是南方地区一种特色的土地利用方式,为了解其对土壤性状的影响,多点分别采集了全年淹水种植茭白(5 a以上)与长期种植水稻的水田耕层土壤样品,比较了它们之间在土壤理化性状上的差异;同时以长期种植水稻的水田为对照,选择种植茭白4、12、19 a的3块同类型土壤的水田,观察分析了土壤剖面的物理、化学和形态学性状,探讨水田长期种植茭白后土壤性态的演变趋势。结果表明,水田全年淹水种植茭白后耕层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾均呈现明显的增加,但土壤结构逐渐退化,土壤分散性增强,并容易出现黏闭、起浆、僵硬和水气矛盾等问题。全年淹水种植茭白后,水田土壤犁底层逐渐变薄最终消失,上部软糊土层加厚,种植茭白19 a时软糊土层厚度已达40 cm;全年淹水种植茭白20～40 cm土层有机质含量明显地增加,0～40 cm土层土壤氧化还原电位下降,土色变暗,无定形氧化铁和铁的活化度显著地增加;相应地土壤类型也逐渐由水耕人为土向滞水潜育土演变。
Plantation of Zizania latifolia in the paddy fields with the whole year water-logging was a special pattern of land use in the south of China. In order to understand the influence of land use on soil properties, the surface soil samples were collected from paddy fields planting Zizania latifolia for more than five years and from those long-time planting rice, and the differences in soil physical and chemical properties were compared between two patterns of land uses. The physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of soil profile with Zizania latifolia plantation for 0, 4,12, and 19 years were also characterized, and their evolution trends after the long-term plantation of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging were explored. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium increased obviously after the long-term plantation of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging. Meanwhile, the soil structure gradually was deteriorated, the soil dispersity was enhanced, and the problems of sticky closure, slurry, stiffness, and water and gas contradictions were easy to occur. With the plantation time of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging, the soil plough layer in the paddy field gradually thinned and eventually disappeared, the upper soft paste soil layer was thickened, and the thickness reached 40 cm after 19-year plantation. While the content of organic matter in the 20-40 cm soil layer was obviously increased, redox potential in the 0-40 cm soil layer decreased, the soil color became dark, and the amount and activity of amorphous iron oxides increased significantly. Correspondingly, the soil types gradually evolved from Stagnic Anthrosols to Stagnic Gleysols.
Plantation of Zizania latifolia in the paddy fields with the whole year water-logging was a special pattern of land use in the south of China. In order to understand the influence of land use on soil properties, the surface soil samples were collected from paddy fields planting Zizania latifolia for more than five years and from those long-time planting rice, and the differences in soil physical and chemical properties were compared between two patterns of land uses. The physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of soil profile with Zizania latifolia plantation for 0, 4,12, and 19 years were also characterized, and their evolution trends after the long-term plantation of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging were explored. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium increased obviously after the long-term plantation of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging. Meanwhile, the soil structure gradually was deteriorated, the soil dispersity was enhanced, and the problems of sticky closure, slurry, stiffness, and water and gas contradictions were easy to occur. With the plantation time of Zizania latifolia with the whole year water-logging, the soil plough layer in the paddy field gradually thinned and eventually disappeared, the upper soft paste soil layer was thickened, and the thickness reached 40 cm after 19-year plantation. While the content of organic matter in the 20-40 cm soil layer was obviously increased, redox potential in the 0-40 cm soil layer decreased, the soil color became dark, and the amount and activity of amorphous iron oxides increased significantly. Correspondingly, the soil types gradually evolved from Stagnic Anthrosols to Stagnic Gleysols.
引文
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[2]张杰,胡维,刘以珍,等.鄱阳湖湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落功能多样性[J].生态学报,2015,35(4):965-971.
[3]黄山,芮雯奕,彭现宪,等.稻田转变为旱地下土壤有机碳含量及其组分的变化特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):1146-1151.
[4]房飞,唐海萍,李滨勇.不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其组分影响研究[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(11):1774-1779.
[5]李庆逵.中国水稻土[M].北京:科学出版社,1992,1-60
[6]浙江省土壤普查办公室.浙江土壤[M].杭州:浙江省科学技术出版社,1993,266-390.
[7]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2001,1-50.
[8]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤分类课题组,中国土壤系统分类课题协作组.中国土壤系统分类(修订方案)[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995,1-52.
[9]丁潮洪,王来亮,王斌.茭白单季茭-双季茭轮作栽培模式与技术[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(10):1668-1670.
[10]沈学根,姚良洪,张永根,等.桐乡市茭白生产模式及产业发展对策[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(10):1665-1668.
[11]周杨.缙云县单季茭白收二茬两改三早栽培模式[J].浙江农业科学,2016,57(9):1414-1416.
[12]YANG D W,ZHANG M K.Effects of land-use conversion from paddy field to orchard farm on soil microbial genetic diversity and community structure[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,64(1):30-39.
[13]杨东伟,章明奎.水田改果园后土壤性质的变化过程及其特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(11):3825-3835.
[14]黄锦法,曹志洪,李艾芬,等.稻麦轮作田改为保护地菜田土壤肥力质量的演变[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):19-25.
[15]方利平,章明奎.利用方式改变对水稻土发生学特性的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(4):815-816.
[16]章明奎,杨东伟.南方丘陵地水改旱土壤发生学性质与类型的变化[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):786-792.
[17]杨东伟,张慧敏,章明奎.水田返旱地后铁锰氧化物及其相关性状的变化[J].土壤通报,2014,45(2):257-264.
[18]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.土壤野外描述、水热动态观测方法及土壤信息系统(中国土壤系统分类用)[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[19]张甘霖,龚子同.土壤调查实验室分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2012,8-187.
[20]熊毅,李庆逵.中国土壤(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,1987,339-351.