不同施氮量对晚稻抵御抽穗扬花期低温的影响
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摘要
以超级杂交晚稻品种五丰优T025为材料,设置4种施氮水平,低氮(N_1,90kg N·hm~(-2))、正常氮(N_2,180 kg N·hm~(-2))、高氮(N_3,250 kg N·hm~(-2))和超高氮(N_4,330kg N·hm~(-2)),研究了抽穗扬花期低温条件下不同施氮量对晚稻生长发育、产量形成和相关生理特性的影响.结果表明:遇低温条件下,各处理产量均有不同程度的下降,以N_2产量最高,N_1最低,N_3和N_4居中,N_3、N_4单株有效穗数、每穗总粒数均较高,但结实率和收获指数均显著下降;随施氮量增加,包穗率、总干物质量和叶绿素含量有不同程度的升高,而穗部干物质量则以N_2最多;低温来临后,各处理叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均有不同程度的下降,N_3、N_4的Pn、T_r较N_2降幅更大;各处理游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和过氧化物酶活性均一定程度上升高,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量下降,以N_3、N_4的变化幅度最为显著.表明高氮量不利于晚稻抵御抽穗扬花期低温,生产上应避免氮肥施用失当,双季晚稻施氮量以不超过180 kg·hm~(-2)为宜.
Four levels of nitrogen application(N_1, low nitrogen, 90 kg N · hm~(-2); N_2,normal nitrogen, 180 kg N · hm~(-2); N_3,high nitrogen, 250 kg N · hm~(-2); N_4,ultra high nitrogen, 330 kg N · hm~(-2)) were set to examine the effects of nitrogen application on the growth and development, yield formation and related physiological characteristics of late rice under low temperature condition during heading and flowering stage, with super hybrid late rice variety Wufengyou T025 as test material. The results showed that yield of all treatments decreased in different degrees under the low temperature conditions,with the yield of N_2 being the highest, and N_1 the lowest. The effective panicles per plant and total grains per panicle in N_3 and N_4 were higher than those of the other treatments,but their seed setting rate and harvest index were significantly decreased. With the increases of nitrogen application rates,pocketed panicle rate,the total dry mass and chlorophyll contents(SPAD value) increased to different extent,while the panicle dry mass of N_2 was the highest. After low temperature, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the total treatments decreased to varying degrees, and the declined range of the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in N_3 and N_4 were higher than other treatments. The contents of free proline, malondialdehyde and peroxidase activity of all treatments increased to varying extent,while superoxide dismutase,catalyes activities and the soluble protein contents decreased, with the magnitude of variation in N_3 and N_4 being the greatest. It demonstrated that high amounts of nitrogen application were unfavorable to late rice to resist low temperature at heading and flowering stage and thus misuse of nitrogen fertilizer application should be avoided in production. The suitable amount of nitrogen application in double cropping late rice was not more than 180 kg · hm~(-2).
Four levels of nitrogen application(N_1, low nitrogen, 90 kg N · hm~(-2); N_2,normal nitrogen, 180 kg N · hm~(-2); N_3,high nitrogen, 250 kg N · hm~(-2); N_4,ultra high nitrogen, 330 kg N · hm~(-2)) were set to examine the effects of nitrogen application on the growth and development, yield formation and related physiological characteristics of late rice under low temperature condition during heading and flowering stage, with super hybrid late rice variety Wufengyou T025 as test material. The results showed that yield of all treatments decreased in different degrees under the low temperature conditions,with the yield of N_2 being the highest, and N_1 the lowest. The effective panicles per plant and total grains per panicle in N_3 and N_4 were higher than those of the other treatments,but their seed setting rate and harvest index were significantly decreased. With the increases of nitrogen application rates,pocketed panicle rate,the total dry mass and chlorophyll contents(SPAD value) increased to different extent,while the panicle dry mass of N_2 was the highest. After low temperature, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of the total treatments decreased to varying degrees, and the declined range of the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in N_3 and N_4 were higher than other treatments. The contents of free proline, malondialdehyde and peroxidase activity of all treatments increased to varying extent,while superoxide dismutase,catalyes activities and the soluble protein contents decreased, with the magnitude of variation in N_3 and N_4 being the greatest. It demonstrated that high amounts of nitrogen application were unfavorable to late rice to resist low temperature at heading and flowering stage and thus misuse of nitrogen fertilizer application should be avoided in production. The suitable amount of nitrogen application in double cropping late rice was not more than 180 kg · hm~(-2).
引文
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[22]Li F-S(李伏生),Kang S-Z(康绍忠),Zhang F-C(张富仓),et al.Effects of CO2enrichment,nitrogen and water on photosynthesis,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(3):387-389(in Chinese)
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[25]Lu Y-H(鲁艳红),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Tang H-T(汤海涛),et al.Effects of nitrogen application on rice yield,nitrogen uptake and use efficiency.Research of Agricultural Modernization(农业现代化研究),2010,31(4):479-483(in Chinese)
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[27]Li J(李进).Effects of low temperature stress on chill-resistance physiological index of rice seedlings.Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2014,20(12):21-22(in Chinese)
[28]Liu T(刘涛),He X-H(何霞红),Li C-Y(李成云),et al.Effects of low temperatures on the protective enzyme activity of rice at booting stage.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(云南农业大学学报),2015,30(1):25-29(in Chinese)
[29]Ding H(丁红),Zhang Z-M(张智猛),Dai L-X(戴良香),et al.Effects of water stress and nitrogen fertilization on peanut root morphological development and leaf physiological activities.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(2):450-456(in Chinese)
[2]Cong X-H(从夕汉),Shi F-Z(施伏芝),Ruan X-M(阮新民),et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield and quality of different rice varieties.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(4):1219-1226(in Chinese)
[3]Mi W,Zheng S,Yang X,et al.Comparison of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different types of nitrogen fertilizers for different rice cropping systems under subtropical monsoon climate in China.European Journal of Agronomy,2017,90:78-86
[4]Sun Z-M(孙志梅),Wu Z-J(武志杰),Chen L-J(陈利军),et al.Research advances in nitrogen fertilization and its environmental effects.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2006,37(4):782-786(in Chinese)
[5]Zhu Z-L(朱兆良).Research on soil nitrogen in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2008,45(5):778-783(in Chinese)
[6]Song Y-S(宋勇生),Fan X-H(范晓晖),Lin D-S(林德薯),et al.Study on ammonia volatilation from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2004,41(2):269-276(in Chinese)
[7]Ye C-R(叶昌荣),Dai L-Y(戴陆园),Wang J-J(王建军),et al.Analysis of the major factors affecting the fertility of rice at low temperature.Journal of Southwest Agricultural University(Natural Science)(西南大学学报:自然科学版),2000,22(4):307-309(in Chinese)
[8]Sthapit BR,Witcombe JR.Inheritance of tolerance to chilling stress in rice during germination and plumule greening.Crop Science,1998,38:660-665
[9]Qiu Z-H(邱在辉),Kong P(孔萍),Yu C-Y(余传元),et al.Study on the occurrence regularity of cold stress and rice cropping system in Jiangxi Province.China Rice(中国稻米),2016,22(5):20-26(in Chinese)
[10]Pan L(潘冷).Study on Cold Resistance Mechanism under Nitrogen of Tall Fescue Turfgrass.Master Thesis.Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2010(in Chinese)
[11]Li L-L(李伶俐),Yang T-G(杨铁钢),Li W(李文),et al.Effect of different nitrogen levels on the resistance to low temperatures of cotton seedlings.Journal of Henan Agricultural University(河南农业大学学报),2011,45(6):647-650(in Chinese)
[12]Duan S-P(段世萍),Du R-D(杜尧东),Chen X-G(陈新光),et al.Differential response of pepper seedlings in different N concentrations to low temperatures.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2010,30(6):1516-1523(in Chinese)
[13]Zhang G-X(张光星),Wang J-H(王靖华),Yang J-Z(杨锦忠),et al.Influence of low temperature stress and nitrogen on the occurrence of abnormal fruit of tomato.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),1997,31(1):21-26(in Chinese)
[14]Hayashi T.Analysis of factors related to enhanced sterility due to coolness at the young microspore stage under high nitrogen supply in rice(Oryza sativa L.).Bulletin of the National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region,2011,113:67-96
[15]Li H-S(李合生).Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiological and Biochemical Experiments.2ndEd.Beijing:China Higher Education Press,2007(in Chinese)
[16]Cao N(曹娜),Chen X-R(陈小荣),He H-H(贺浩华),et al.Effects of spraying P and K fertilizers during panicle primordium differentiation stage on cold resistance,yield and physiological characteristics of early rice.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(11):3562-3570(in Chinese)
[17]Tao W(陶伟),Yan Y(阎勇),Liang T-F(梁天锋),et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice variety Guixiang 3.Journal of Southern Agriculture(南方农业学报),2014,45(2):250-254(in Chinese)
[18]Jian L-C(简令成).Application methods of plant coldresister and analysis of its effectiveness.Chinese Bulletin of Botany(植物学通报),1994,11(Special):172-175(in Chinese)
[19]Pan X-S(潘兴书),Feng Y-H(冯跃华),Zhao T-J(赵田径),et al.Characteristics of dry matter production of two super hybrid rice under different fertilizer-N application rates.Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences(江苏农业学报),2009,25(4):726-730(in Chinese)
[20]Yang J(杨军),Chen X-R(陈小荣),Zhu C-L(朱昌兰),et al.Effects of nitrogen level and high temperature at late booting stage on yield and physiological characteristics of two early rice cultivars.Chinese Journal of Rice Science(中国水稻科学),2014,28(5):523-533(in Chinese)
[21]Zhang Y-L(张延丽),Tian J-L(田吉林),Zhai B-N(翟丙年),et al.Relationship between leaf SPAD values and the nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity in cucumber at different nitrogen rates.Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science)(西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版),2009,37(1):189-193(in Chinese)
[22]Li F-S(李伏生),Kang S-Z(康绍忠),Zhang F-C(张富仓),et al.Effects of CO2enrichment,nitrogen and water on photosynthesis,evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(3):387-389(in Chinese)
[23]Shimshi D.Leaf chlorosis and stomatal aperture.New Phytologist,2010,66:455-461
[24]Yang S-C(杨盛昌),Lin P(林鹏),Nakasuga T.Effect of 5℃night temperature on photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of mangrove seedlings.Bulletin of Botanical Research(植物研究),2001,21(4):587-591(in Chinese)
[25]Lu Y-H(鲁艳红),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Tang H-T(汤海涛),et al.Effects of nitrogen application on rice yield,nitrogen uptake and use efficiency.Research of Agricultural Modernization(农业现代化研究),2010,31(4):479-483(in Chinese)
[26]Zhao T-H(赵天宏),Sun J-W(孙加伟),Fu Y(付宇).Advances of research on metabolism of plant reactive oxygen species and exogenous regulation under abiotic stresses.Crops(作物杂志),2008,26(3):10-13(in Chinese)
[27]Li J(李进).Effects of low temperature stress on chill-resistance physiological index of rice seedlings.Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin(安徽农学通报),2014,20(12):21-22(in Chinese)
[28]Liu T(刘涛),He X-H(何霞红),Li C-Y(李成云),et al.Effects of low temperatures on the protective enzyme activity of rice at booting stage.Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(云南农业大学学报),2015,30(1):25-29(in Chinese)
[29]Ding H(丁红),Zhang Z-M(张智猛),Dai L-X(戴良香),et al.Effects of water stress and nitrogen fertilization on peanut root morphological development and leaf physiological activities.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(2):450-456(in Chinese)